The DOI matches its Crossref record; 43 of the 43 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Evaluating Test Validity
Overview
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Citations
Cites
Convergent and discriminant validation by the multitrait-multimethod matrix.
Campbell, D. T., & Fiske, D. W. (1959) · Psychological Bulletin · doi:10.1037/h0046016 · Cited by 17,116
Construct validity in psychological tests.
Cronbach, L. J., & Meehl, P. E. (1955) · Psychological Bulletin · doi:10.1037/h0040957 · Cited by 11,195
(1941) · Research in International Economics by Federal Agencies · doi:10.7312/schw92626-009 · Cited by 4,682
Conjectures and Refutations: The Growth of Scientific Knowledge.
Hesse, M., & Popper, K. R. (1965) · The Philosophical Quarterly · doi:10.2307/2218271 · Cited by 4,189
Self-concept: validation of construct interpretations.
Shavelson, R. J., Hubner, J. J., & Stanton, G. C. (1976) · Review of Educational Research · doi:10.3102/00346543046003407 · Cited by 4,164
Educational measurement, 3rd ed.
Linn, R. L. (1989) · Cited by 2,857
Objective Tests as Instruments of Psychological Theory
Loevinger, J. (1957) · Psychological Reports · doi:10.2466/pr0.1957.3.3.635 · Cited by 1,473
The operational analysis of psychological terms.
Skinner, B. F. (1945) · Psychological Review · doi:10.1037/h0062535 · Cited by 1,262
Factors relevant to the validity of experiments in social settings.
Campbell, D. T. (1957) · Psychological Bulletin · doi:10.1037/h0040950 · Cited by 1,140
Bridgman, P. W. (1927) · CERN Document Server (European Organization for Nuclear Research) · Cited by 1,075
Cited by
Messick, S. (1995) · American Psychologist · doi:10.1037/0003-066x.50.9.741 · Cited by 4,198
Validating the interpretations and uses of test scores
Kane, M. T. (2013) · Journal of Educational Measurement · doi:10.1111/jedm.12000 · Cited by 2,110
Objectifying content validity: Conducting a content validity study in social work research
Rubio, D. M., Berg-Weger, M., Tebb, S. S., Lee, E. S., & Rauch, S. (2003) · Social Work Research · doi:10.1093/swr/27.2.94 · Cited by 1,591
The Construct of Content Validity
Sireci, S. G. (1998) · Social Indicators Research · doi:10.1023/a:1006985528729 · Cited by 430
Assessment 2000: Towards a Pluralistic Approach to Assessment
Birenbaum, M. (1996) · Alternatives in Assessment of Achievements, Learning Processes and Prior Knowledge · doi:10.1007/978-94-011-0657-3_1 · Cited by 275
Metadata
- Authors
- Shepard, L. A.
- Venue
- Review of Research in Education
- Publisher
- SAGE Publications
- Published
- 1993
- Volume
- 19
- Pages
- 405
- ISSN
- 0091-732X (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2047087529
- Cited by
- 466
- References
- 43
- FWCI
- 25.96
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
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How to cite
Cite CoChat for the checks on this page, and the paper for its own findings.
- This page
- CoChat. (2026). Citation check: Evaluating Test Validity. https://app.cochat.ai/papers/10.2307/1167347
- The paper
- Shepard, L. A. (1993). Evaluating Test Validity. Review of Research in Education. https://doi.org/10.2307/1167347
Data sources
Bibliographic data: Semantic Scholar, OpenAlex, Crossref.
Contains information from the Semantic Scholar Academic Graph Datasets, made available under the ODC Attribution License (ODC-BY 1.0).
Semantic Scholar’s data is described in: Kinney, R., et al. (2023). The Semantic Scholar Open Data Platform. arXiv:2301.10140.
