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Cited by 1,347Wildlife Ecology and ConservationMathematical and Theoretical Epidemiology and Ecology ModelsAnimal Ecology and Behavior Studies

The DOI matches its Crossref record; 35 of the 35 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.

The Ecology of Fear: Optimal Foraging, Game Theory, and Trophic Interactions

Brown, J. S., Laundre, J. W., Gurung, M.·1999·Journal of Mammalogy
DOI 10.2307/1383287
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Abstract

Mammalian predator-prey systems are behaviorally sophisticated games of stealth and fear. But, traditional mass-action models of predator prey dynamics treat individuals as behaviorally unresponsive “molecules” in Brownian motion. Foraging theory should provide the conceptual framework to envision the interaction. But, current models of predator feeding behavior generally envision a clever predator consuming large numbers of sessile and behaviorally inert prey (e.g., kangaroo rats, Dipodomys, collecting seeds from food patches). Here, we extend foraging theory to consider a predator-prey game of stealth and fear and then embed this game into the modeling of predator-prey population dynamics. The melding of the prey and predator's optimal behaviors with their population and community-level consequences constitutes the ecology of fear. The ecology of fear identifies the endpoints of a continuum of N-driven (population size) versus μ-driven (fear) systems. In N-driven systems, the major direct dynamical feedback involves predators killing prey, whereas μ-driven systems involve the indirect effects from changes in fear levels and prey catchability. In μ-driven systems, prey respond to predators by becoming more vigilant or by moving away from suspected predators. In this way, a predator (e.g., mountain lion, Puma concolor) depletes a food patch (e.g., local herd of mule deer, Odocoileus hemionus) by frightening prey rather than by actually killing prey. Behavior buffers the syste…

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Metadata

Authors
Brown, J. S., Laundre, J. W., & Gurung, M.
Affiliations
University of Illinois Chicago (US)
Venue
Journal of Mammalogy
Publisher
Oxford University Press (OUP)
Published
1999-05-20
Volume
80
Issue
2
Pages
385-399
ISSN
  • 0022-2372 (ISSN-L)
  • 1545-1542
DOI
10.2307/1383287
OpenAlex
W2005745339
Cited by
1,347
References
35
Citations by year
2026: 76 · 2025: 116 · 2024: 95 · 2023: 80 · 2022: 110 · 2021: 79 · 2020: 71 · 2019: 76 · 2018: 73 · 2017: 55 · 2016: 55 · 2015: 47 · 2014: 59 · 2013: 56 · 2012: 38
FWCI
12.48
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
closed
Locations
  • Journal of Mammalogy (publishedVersion)
  • HighWire Press Open Archive (submittedVersion)
Topics
  • Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Ecology › Wildlife Ecology and Conservation
  • Physical Sciences › Mathematics › Applied Mathematics › Mathematical and Theoretical Epidemiology and Ecology Models
  • Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Ecology › Animal Ecology and Behavior Studies
Keywords
ecology of fear, predator-prey interactions, optimal foraging theory, game theory, trophic interactions, predator-prey population dynamics, predator-prey coevolution

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