Cited by 2,530African history and culture studiesWorld Systems and Global TransformationsPolitical Economy and Marxism

The DOI matches its Crossref record.

How Europe Underdeveloped Africa

Gerhart, Gail M., Rodney, Walter·1997·Foreign Affairs

DOI 10.2307/20048265

Open this paper in CoChat — free account

Abstract

How Europe Underdeveloped Africa is an ambitious masterwork of political economy, detailing the impact of slavery and colonialism on the history of international capitalism. In this classic book, Rodney makes the unflinching case that African “mal-development” is not a natural feature of geography, but a direct product of imperial extraction from the continent, a practice that continues up into the present. Meticulously researched, How Europe Underdeveloped Africa remains a relevant study for understanding the so-called “great divergence” between Africa and Europe, just as it remains a prescient resource for grasping the multiplication of global inequality today. In this new edition, Angela Davis offers a striking foreword to the book, exploring its lasting contributions to a revolutionary and feminist practice of anti-imperialism.

Integrity signals

Registry

Crossref · 10.2307/20048265

Cites

Statistics

Recomputing p-values needs the paper’s full text.

Claims the paper makes

This paper’s full text isn’t openly available, so its claims and self-check weren’t run. The registry and citation checks still apply.

Still being checked.

Sorted by citations

Items 901–1,000 of 2,519

The Political Economy of Africa: Connecting the Past to the Present and Future of Development in Africa
Oloruntoba, S. O., & Falọla, T. (2020) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-38922-2_1 · Cited by 5
Race, Entitlement, and Belonging: A Discursive Analysis of the Political Economy of Land in Zimbabwe
Dube, L. M. (2020) · Journal of Black Studies · doi:10.1177/0021934720946448 · Cited by 5
Socio-Economic Transformations in Nigeria: The Role of Church Missionary Society (CMS) Schools and Social Stigmatization in Onitsha Province, 1904 – 1975
Isiani, M. C., Okonkwo, U. U., & Obi-Ani, N. A. (2021) · Cogent Arts and Humanities · doi:10.1080/23311983.2021.1922154 · Cited by 5
Unregulated Migration and Nigeria-EU Relations
Ezemenaka, K. E. (2019) · Central European Journal of International and Security Studies · doi:10.51870/cejiss.a130302 · Cited by 5
Smuggling, survival, and civil war economies
Ahmad, A. (2021) · Routledge eBooks · doi:10.4324/9781003043645-27 · Cited by 5
Globalization and Adult Education in the South
Shizha, E., & Abdi, A. A. (2009) · Palgrave Macmillan US eBooks · doi:10.1057/9780230617971_2 · Cited by 5
Decolonization, Disenchantment, and Arab Feminist Genealogies of Worldmaking
Saglier, V. (2022) · Feminist Media Histories · doi:10.1525/fmh.2022.8.1.72 · Cited by 5
Against Imperial Social Policy: Recasting Mkandawire’s Transformative Ideas for Africa’s Liberation
Phiri, M. Z. (2022) · Critical Sociology · doi:10.1177/08969205221100832 · Cited by 5
Managing Transnational UNESCO World Heritage sites in Africa
Houéhounha, D. H. M., & Moukala, E. (2023) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-80910-2 · Cited by 5
State versus Market Debate and Shaping of the Gender Empowerment Agenda
Jalil, M. M. (2023) · Review of Development and Change · doi:10.1177/09722661231169144 · Cited by 5
Faith-based radio: Beyond spirituality, encompassing development
Osunkunle, O. O., & Wozniak, J. (2015) · African Journalism Studies · doi:10.1080/23743670.2015.1043692 · Cited by 5
Reﬂections on Teaching Africa in South Africa
Matthews, S. (2015) · Politics · doi:10.1111/1467-9256.12107 · Cited by 5
International Dependency and the Economic Development of Less Advanced Countries
Oumar, S. B., & Sama, M. C. (2015) · International Business Research · doi:10.5539/ibr.v8n6p117 · Cited by 5
Post-Colonialism, Memory and the Remaking of African Identity
William, I. W. (2009) · Politikon · doi:10.1080/02589341003600221 · Cited by 5
Victims as Defenders: African Troops in the Rhodesian Defence System 1890–1980
McLaughlin, P. J. (1991) · Small Wars and Insurgencies · doi:10.1080/09592319108422981 · Cited by 5
The Image of Africa in Our Classrooms
Pahl, R. H. (1995) · The Social Studies · doi:10.1080/00377996.1995.9958403 · Cited by 5
Afrikanizacija: Eastern European Epistemologies and African Labour
Mayer, Á. (2016) · Intersections · doi:10.17356/ieejsp.v2i1.135 · Cited by 5
Environmental Justice Cross-Culturally
Steady, F. C. (2009) · Palgrave Macmillan US eBooks · doi:10.1057/9780230622531_3 · Cited by 5
Seasonal Hunger in the Northern Territories of the Gold Coast, 1900-40
Shaffer, P. (2017) · Economic History of Developing Regions · doi:10.1080/20780389.2017.1340093 · Cited by 5
Introduction: Contextualizing the Debates on Politics, Governance and Development
Oloruntoba, S. O., & Falọla, T. (2017) · Palgrave Macmillan US eBooks · doi:10.1057/978-1-349-95232-8_1 · Cited by 5
Home to Hargeisa: Migritude, Pan-Africanism, and the Politics of Movement from Banjo to Black Mamba Boy
Foster, C. I. (2015) · Ufahamu A Journal of African Studies · doi:10.5070/f7382025975 · Cited by 5
Development as freedomafter Flint: a geographical approach to capabilities and antipoverty communication
Rosati, C. (2018) · Journal of Multicultural Discourses · doi:10.1080/17447143.2018.1474884 · Cited by 5
Exploring Manifestations of White Supremacy Culture in Art Museum Education and Interpretation
Fifi, D., & Heller, H. D. (2019) · Journal of Cultural Research in Art Education · doi:10.2458/jcrae.4944 · Cited by 5
V. I. Lenin on the ‘Black Question’
Pateman, J. (2020) · Critique · doi:10.1080/03017605.2019.1706786 · Cited by 5
The Cold War and Africa’s Political Culture
Kalu, K. E. (2020) · Vestnik RUDN International Relations · doi:10.22363/2313-0660-2020-20-1-11-21 · Cited by 5
Decrypting Crypto-Colonialism and unveiling the Mask of Innocence : Switzerland’s Covert Colonial Designs and Continuity in Africa.
Appiah, J. S., & Yeboah, R. M. (1970) · Contemporary Journal of African Studies · doi:10.4314/contjas.v7i2.3 · Cited by 5
What Is the Ethical Reflection of the Sustainable Development Goals?
Khayesi, M. (2021) · Sustainability and Climate Change · doi:10.1089/scc.2020.0073 · Cited by 5
Colonialism and the Post- Colonial Nigeria: Complexities and Contradictions 1960 – 2015: A Post -Development Perspective
(2016) · International Journal of Political Science · doi:10.20431/2454-9452.0203002 · Cited by 5
The Gulf in World History
Fromherz, A. J. (2018) · Edinburgh University Press eBooks · doi:10.1515/9781474430678 · Cited by 5
CO-PRODUCTION OF MANAGEMENT KNOWLEDGE IN/FROM EMERGING COUNTRIES AND SOCIETIES
Faria, A. D. A. (2023) · Revista de Administração de Empresas · doi:10.1590/s0034-759020230108 · Cited by 5
Slavery Revisited: Using Economic Reasoning to Teach about the Past and Present
Patterson, J. (2002) · The Social Studies · doi:10.1080/00377990209599879 · Cited by 5
The quest for a union government of Africa: reflections on the vision and the realities of political integration
Gebe, B. Y. (2008) · South African Journal of International Affairs · doi:10.1080/10220460802217959 · Cited by 5
Language and Democracy in Africa
Brock‐Utne, B. (2008) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-90-481-2652-1_7 · Cited by 5
Dependent Development
Munck, R. P. (2021) · Marx, Engels, and Marxisms · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-73811-2_7 · Cited by 5
The Sacred Nature of the Akan Chief and its Implications for Tradition, Modernity and Religious Human Rights in Ghana
Tweneboah, S. (2012) · doi:10.25148/etd.fi12050127 · Cited by 5
A Model of Gendered Production in Colonial Africa and Implications for Development in the Post-Colonial Period
Fofack, H. (2013) · World Bank, Washington, DC eBooks · doi:10.1596/1813-9450-6438 · Cited by 5
Climate Shocks Cash Crops and Resilience: Evidence from Colonial Tropical AfricaPreprint
Papaioannou, K. J., & de Haas, M. (2015) · SSRN Electronic Journal · doi:10.2139/ssrn.2679299 · Cited by 5
Nkrumahism and neo-Nkrumahism.
Frimpong, P. (2012) · doi:10.18297/etd/462 · Cited by 5
Kenya: Strategies for Development
Stewart, F. (1976) · Palgrave Macmillan UK eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-1-349-02755-2_4 · Cited by 5
Alternative Approaches to Peace and Security in Africa
Shaw, T. M., & Inegbedion, E. J. (1991) · Palgrave Macmillan UK eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-1-349-11877-9_11 · Cited by 5
Race, Power and Economic Extraction in Benton Harbor, MIPreprint
Seamster, L. (2017) · SocArXiv (OSF Preprints) · doi:10.31235/osf.io/6qx9j · Cited by 5
LANGUAGE, RHETORIC, AND POLITICS IN A GLOBAL CONTEXT: A DECOLONIAL CRITICAL DISCOURSE PERSPECTIVE ON NIGERIA’S 2015 PRESIDENTIAL CAMPAIGN
Ahmed, Y. (2017) · doi:10.37099/mtu.dc.etdr/400 · Cited by 5
An anatomy of colonial states and fiscal regimes in Portuguese Africa: long-term transformations in Angola and Mozambique, 1850s-1970s
Alexopoulou, K. (2018) · doi:10.18174/463804 · Cited by 5
Introduction to Media and Extraction: On the Extractive Film
Jaikumar, P., & Grieveson, L. (2024) · Media+Environment · doi:10.1525/001c.123925 · Cited by 5
Bait and Switch: The European Union’s Incoherency towards Africa
Taylor, I. (2016) · Insight on Africa · doi:10.1177/0975087816646890 · Cited by 4
Over 50 years of African statehood: Locating a new narrative for African development challenges
Thovoethin, P.-S., & Ewalefoh, J. O. (2019) · Africa’s Public Service Delivery and Performance Review · doi:10.4102/apsdpr.v7i1.253 · Cited by 4
Building new practices of solidarity: the community mobilisation in crisis project
Wills, E. R., Richani, D. E., & Abu-Zahra, N. (2020) · Gender & Development · doi:10.1080/13552074.2020.1717174 · Cited by 4
From Anomansa to Elmina: The Establishment and the Use of the Elmina Castle – From the Portuguese to the British
Womber, P. K. (2020) · Athens Journal of History · doi:10.30958/ajhis.6-4-4 · Cited by 4
Cinematic Independence
Tsika, N. (2021) · University of California Press eBooks · doi:10.1525/luminos.118 · Cited by 4
Tearing asunder the pretty fancies of capitalism: Reflections on Marx and empire
Smith, A. G. R. (2022) · Journal of Classical Sociology · doi:10.1177/1468795x221105723 · Cited by 4
On Economic Security and the Political Economy of Neocolonialist Capitalism: The Case of France and Niger’s Uranium Resources
Yülek, M. Â., Karabulut, S., & Karcı, A. O. (2023) · Springer studies in alternative economics · doi:10.1007/978-3-031-23257-2_9 · Cited by 4
The decolonization paradigm in criminology
Agozino, B. (2023) · Routledge eBooks · doi:10.4324/9781003176619-45 · Cited by 4
Global Capitalism and the Underdevelopment of African Political Economy: Where Will Our Help Come From?
Onah, C. C., & Amujiri, B. A. (2023) · Insight on Africa · doi:10.1177/09750878231170178 · Cited by 4
Development Cooperation and Dependency: An Analysis of Brazilian‐Spanish Cooperation in Latin America Between 2010 and 2018
Cívico, J. C. P., Yarza, I. M., & Martí-González, X. (2023) · Bulletin of Latin American Research · doi:10.1111/blar.13508 · Cited by 4
Development Strategies for Africa: Lessons from Asia, Europe, USA and Canada
Udofa, S. I., & Ekeuwei, T. A. (2023) · AKSU Journal of Administration and Corporate Governance · doi:10.61090/aksujacog.2023.009 · Cited by 4
Introduction – Degrowth: Swimming Against the Ideological Tide
Heron, K., & Eastwood, L. E. (2024) · De Gruyter eBooks · doi:10.1515/9783110778359-002 · Cited by 4
A History of Exploitation of the Colonised in Northern Nigeria During the Influenza Pandemic of 1918–1919
Itodo, U. F. (2023) · African Historical Review · doi:10.1080/17532523.2024.2314401 · Cited by 4
Beyond the Income: The Normative Effects of Unemployment in the Goldfields of Welkom, Free State, South Africa
Sefalafala, T. (2024) · South African Review of Sociology · doi:10.1080/21528586.2024.2316000 · Cited by 4
A Critical Analysis of the European Union (EU) Securitization of African Migration as Societal Insecurity
Oluyemi, O. A. (2024) · International Journal of Social Science Research and Review · doi:10.47814/ijssrr.v7i6.2149 · Cited by 4
Reconceptualizing early childhood education: Cartographic relational stories
Nxumalo, F., & Peers, J. (2024) · Global Studies of Childhood · doi:10.1177/20436106241267834 · Cited by 4
Late Colonialism and Postcolonial Development in Africa: A Comparative-Historical Analysis of Former Italian Africa
Noor, S. (2024) · International Journal of Comparative Sociology · doi:10.1177/00207152241269033 · Cited by 4
Repositioning African states to prudently engage the global (dis)order and advance peace, security and development
Lebakeng, T. J. (2023) · Global Change Peace & Security · doi:10.1080/14781158.2024.2412638 · Cited by 4
On the limits and prospects of African humour
Nwankwọ, I. (2024) · Critical African Studies · doi:10.1080/21681392.2024.2427508 · Cited by 4
Donors and international aid in neoliberal Africa: taking stock of the 2010s
Wiegratz, J., & Price, S. (2024) · Canadian Journal of Development Studies/Revue canadienne d études du développement · doi:10.1080/02255189.2024.2436150 · Cited by 4
Coloniality of the Biomedical Model
Jayawickrama, J., & Wright, J. (2025) · The politics of mental health and illness · doi:10.1007/978-3-031-78258-9_3 · Cited by 4
Wendepunkte der Moderne: Refiguration und Transformation in der Karibik
Santos, F., & Boatcă, M. (2025) · Berliner Journal für Soziologie · doi:10.1007/s11609-025-00552-9 · Cited by 4
Notes Toward a World Systems Theory of Platforms: Made in China and India on Amazon.com
Weigel, M. (2025) · Social Media + Society · doi:10.1177/20563051251340863 · Cited by 4
The Sahel Confederation: The Historic Role of the Military in West African Developmentalism
Gerőcs, T. (2025) · International Critical Thought · doi:10.1080/21598282.2025.2506990 · Cited by 4
Public treasury looting for global North banking, public welfare denial, migration and sex-slave trafficking of Nigerians after colonialism
Ingwe, R. (2014) · Bulletin of Geography Socio-economic series · doi:10.2478/bog-2014-0015 · Cited by 4
Egypt and the Transformations of the Pan-African Movement: The Challenge of Adaptation
Tawfik, R. (2016) · African Studies · doi:10.1080/00020184.2016.1193382 · Cited by 4
Materializing Colonial Pasts: African Archaeological Perspectives
Richard, F. G. (2015) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-1-4939-2633-6_1 · Cited by 4
Perceptions of the existence and causes of structural violence in Ogoni communities, Nigeria
Okeke‐Ogbuafor, N., Gray, T. S., & Stead, S. M. (2018) · Journal of Contemporary African Studies · doi:10.1080/02589001.2018.1437256 · Cited by 4
From Economic Diplomacy to Pan-African Identity: Exploring Nigeria-South Africa Cooperation for Continental Integration and Development in Africa
Oloruntoba, S. O. (2018) · Advances in African economic, social and political development · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-00081-3_8 · Cited by 4
Do non-governmental organizations bring change or maintain the status quo in times of crisis? A case study of the Marikana massacre in South Africa
Langa, M., Rebello, S., & Harms-Smith, L. (2019) · Community Development Journal · doi:10.1093/cdj/bsz023 · Cited by 4
Remapping citizenship: Relationships between education levels and ethnonational identities in Côte d’Ivoire, Ghana, and Liberia
Quaynor, L., & Borkorm, B. (2019) · Education Citizenship and Social Justice · doi:10.1177/1746197919861075 · Cited by 4
Regional Integration, Borders and Development in Africa
Oloruntoba, S. O. (2020) · Advances in African economic, social and political development · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-42890-7_3 · Cited by 4
Creative Writing as Literary Activism: Decolonial Perspectives on the Writing Workshop
Mwesigire, B. B., & Krishnan, M. (2020) · Eastern African Literary and Cultural Studies · doi:10.1080/23277408.2020.1818494 · Cited by 4
Beyond Abyssal Thinking: The Deep Decolonization of the Studies on War and Violence in Contemporary Mozambique
Meneses, M. P. (2022) · Tripodos · doi:10.51698/tripodos.2021.51p13-32 · Cited by 4
The Oil Extractive Industry in The Niger Delta: Impacts on the Livelihoods of Women
Mai-Bornu, Z. L. (2023) · Cosmopolitan Civil Societies An Interdisciplinary Journal · doi:10.5130/ccs.v15.i1.8354 · Cited by 4
African Civilization: From Ancient Kingdoms to Modern Societies
Mohamed, H. A. (2023) · International Journal of Social Science and Human Research · doi:10.47191/ijsshr/v6-i6-11 · Cited by 4
Colonial Capitalist Heterochronicity: Socio-Ecological Rhythms of the Sugar Plantation and the Formal Subsumption of Historical and Cultural Difference
Kolia, Z. (2023) · Critical Sociology · doi:10.1177/08969205231181111 · Cited by 4
Subversive Semantics in Political and Cultural Discourse
Mackenthun, G., & Dosch, J. (2023) · Edition Politik · doi:10.1515/9783839461778 · Cited by 4
Travails of Conflict and Economic Development in Syria
Suliman, F., Khwanda, H., & Murthy, R. V. R. (2024) · International Critical Thought · doi:10.1080/21598282.2024.2332972 · Cited by 4
Five decades of neoliberal developmentalism in “Least Developed Countries”: A decolonial critique
Regmi, K. D. (2024) · Journal of International Development · doi:10.1002/jid.3951 · Cited by 4
Theorising universality in the modern world-system: the abstract, the concrete, and the case of Botswana
Mueller, J. C. (2024) · Third World Quarterly · doi:10.1080/01436597.2024.2403691 · Cited by 4
On Social Closure
Mackert, J. (2024) · doi:10.1093/oso/9780197781685.001.0001 · Cited by 4
No Development (Economics or Studies) Without Decolonisation
Dutt, D. (2025) · European Journal of Development Research · doi:10.1057/s41287-025-00692-x · Cited by 4
Starvation and Social Class: Amartya Sen on Markets and Famines
Peacock, M. (2009) · Review of Political Economy · doi:10.1080/09538250903391988 · Cited by 4
Local governance and spatial distribution of resources: The need to harness traditional leadership for service delivery in South Africa
Amoateng, A. Y., & Kalule‐Sabiti, I. (2011) · International Journal of African Renaissance Studies - Multi- Inter- and Transdisciplinarity · doi:10.1080/18186874.2011.650848 · Cited by 4
Globalization as a Constraint to Development in Africa: The Nigerian Experience
Makinde, T. (2013) · Public Administration Research · doi:10.5539/par.v2n2p191 · Cited by 4
Critical Perspectives on Development and Learning in Community Action in Bangladesh and Thailand
Barua, B. P. (2011) · SensePublishers eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-94-6091-561-1_11 · Cited by 4
Developing a Multinational Case: LONRHO in Africa
Holloway, A. F. (1975) · A Current Bibliography on African Affairs · doi:10.1177/001132557500800305 · Cited by 4
Democracy, Good Governance and Development: Nigeria’s Experience
Ayatse, F. H. (2013) · IOSR Journal of Humanities and Social Science · doi:10.9790/0837-0856167 · Cited by 4
The Violence of Development: Guerrillas, Gangs, and Goondas in Perspective
Jones, G. A., & Rodgers, D. (2016) · Palgrave Macmillan UK eBooks · doi:10.1057/978-1-137-42724-3_24 · Cited by 4
Regionalism in Africa
Motsamai, D., & Qobo, M. (2012) · Palgrave Macmillan UK eBooks · doi:10.1057/9781137028327_9 · Cited by 4
The Potential Contribution of Ethiopian Diaspora in Development: The Presenting Absent Partners
Lencho, T. R. (2017) · Humanities and Social Sciences · doi:10.11648/j.hss.20170501.14 · Cited by 4
Competing Theories and Concepts on Politics, Governance, and Development
Nasong’o, W. S. (2017) · Palgrave Macmillan US eBooks · doi:10.1057/978-1-349-95232-8_2 · Cited by 4
Theories of Social Change and Development in Africa
Agugua, A. O. (2017) · Palgrave Macmillan US eBooks · doi:10.1057/978-1-349-95232-8_6 · Cited by 4
Radical Pan-Africanism and Africa’s Integration: A Retrospective Exploration and Prospective Prognosis
Basiru, A. S., Salawu, M. L. A., & Adepoju, A. (2018) · Ufahamu A Journal of African Studies · doi:10.5070/f7411042306 · Cited by 4
Puzzling Politics: A Methodology for Turning World-Systems Analysis Inside-Out
Gates, L. C., & Deniz, M. (2019) · Journal of World-Systems Research · doi:10.5195/jwsr.2019.667 · Cited by 4

Authors: Gerhart, G. M., & Rodney, W.
Venue: Foreign Affairs
Publisher: JSTOR
Published: 1997
Volume: 76
Issue: 5
Pages: 237
ISSN: 0015-7120 (ISSN-L)
DOI: 10.2307/20048265
OpenAlex: W4246066143
Cited by: 2,530
References: 0
Citations by year: 2025: 110 · 2024: 229 · 2023: 274 · 2022: 298 · 2021: 229 · 2020: 205 · 2019: 148 · 2018: 117 · 2017: 106 · 2016: 95 · 2015: 63 · 2014: 67 · 2013: 69 · 2012: 62
FWCI: 48.20
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: closed
Locations: Foreign Affairs (publishedVersion)
Topics: Social Sciences › Anthropology › African history and culture studies
Social Sciences › Political Science and International Relations › World Systems and Global Transformations
Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Political Economy and Marxism
Keywords: European colonialism, underdevelopment, Africa, colonialism

About these checks

Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.

Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.

Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.

What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›

Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review

How Europe Underdeveloped Africa

Abstract

Overview

Integrity signals

Verification

Claims the paper makes

Citations

Cites

Cited by

Related

Metadata

Record

About these checks