The DOI matches its Crossref record.
How Europe Underdeveloped Africa
Abstract
How Europe Underdeveloped Africa is an ambitious masterwork of political economy, detailing the impact of slavery and colonialism on the history of international capitalism. In this classic book, Rodney makes the unflinching case that African “mal-development” is not a natural feature of geography, but a direct product of imperial extraction from the continent, a practice that continues up into the present. Meticulously researched, How Europe Underdeveloped Africa remains a relevant study for understanding the so-called “great divergence” between Africa and Europe, just as it remains a prescient resource for grasping the multiplication of global inequality today. In this new edition, Angela Davis offers a striking foreword to the book, exploring its lasting contributions to a revolutionary and feminist practice of anti-imperialism.
Overview
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
Citations
Cites
Still being checked.
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Items 401–500 of 2,519
South Sudan: institutional legacy of colonialism and the making of a new state
Zambakari, C. D. (2012) · The Journal of North African Studies · doi:10.1080/13629387.2012.671996 · Cited by 21
Brave black worlds: black superheroes as science fiction ciphers
Nama, A. (2009) · African Identities · doi:10.1080/14725840902808736 · Cited by 21
African Renaissance and Globalization: A Conceptual Analysis
Cossa, J. A. (2009) · Ufahamu A Journal of African Studies · doi:10.5070/f7361009576 · Cited by 21
Rodney, R. (2016) · Canadian Medical Education Journal · doi:10.36834/cmej.36840 · Cited by 21
Engmann, R. A. A. (2020) · Journal of Heritage Tourism · doi:10.1080/1743873x.2020.1817929 · Cited by 21
Globalization, Dispossession, and Subaltern Social Movement (SSM) Learning in the South
Kapoor, D. (2009) · Palgrave Macmillan US eBooks · doi:10.1057/9780230617971_5 · Cited by 21
African Philosophies of Education: Counter-Colonial Criticisms
Abdi, A. A. (2005) · Palgrave Macmillan US eBooks · doi:10.1057/9781403977199_2 · Cited by 21
Agents of Power, Landscapes of Fear: The Vampires and Heart Thieves of Madagascar
Jarosz, L. (1994) · Environment and Planning D Society and Space · doi:10.1068/d120421 · Cited by 21
Murrey, A. (2019) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-08-102295-5.10804-2 · Cited by 21
Reading Robert Mugabe Through the Third Chimurenga: Language, Discourse, Exclusion
Ndhlovu, F. (2019) · International Journal of Politics Culture and Society · doi:10.1007/s10767-019-09333-8 · Cited by 20
The sumud within: Walid Daka’s abolitionist decolonization
Gortler, S. (2022) · Contemporary Political Theory · doi:10.1057/s41296-021-00537-2 · Cited by 20
Botho/Ubuntu paradigm as cognitive justice in psychology
Sefotho, M. M., & Letseka, M. (2024) · School Psychology International · doi:10.1177/01430343241244748 · Cited by 20
Worker self-management in the Third World, 1952–1979
Plys, K. V. M. (2016) · International Journal of Comparative Sociology · doi:10.1177/0020715215627190 · Cited by 20
Links, S. (2021) · Amsterdam University Press eBooks · doi:10.1515/9789048553952-006 · Cited by 20
Valdez, I. (2022) · Kantian Review · doi:10.1017/s1369415422000358 · Cited by 20
Nhema, A. G., & Zinyama, T. (2016) · International Journal of Social Science Research · doi:10.5296/ijssr.v4i1.9040 · Cited by 20
Tadei, F. (2018) · Economic History of Developing Regions · doi:10.1080/20780389.2018.1527685 · Cited by 20
Africa-China-Europe relations: Conditions and conditionalities
Bodomo, A. B. (2019) · JOURNAL OF INTERNATIONAL STUDIES · doi:10.14254/2071-8330.2019/12-4/8 · Cited by 20
Young, unauthorised and Black: African unaccompanied minors and becoming an adult in Italy
Walker, S., & Gunaratnam, Y. (2021) · Journal of Sociology · doi:10.1177/1440783321993918 · Cited by 20
Cross, M. J., & Govender, L. (2021) · Journal of Education · doi:10.17159/2520-9868/i83a01 · Cited by 20
Kunnuji, M. O. N., Shawar, Y. R., Neill, R., Manoj, M., & Shiffman, J. (2023) · PLOS Global Public Health · doi:10.1371/journal.pgph.0001365 · Cited by 20
Thomas, D. C. (2005) · Race & Class · doi:10.1177/0306396805058077 · Cited by 20
Transitional Justice and Development: Partners for Sustainable Peace in Africa?
Selim, Y., & Murithi, T. (2011) · Journal of Peacebuilding & Development · doi:10.1080/15423166.2011.141478175834 · Cited by 20
Nigeria and the crisis of cultural identity in the era of globalization
Eze, D. (2014) · Journal of African Studies and Development · doi:10.5897/jasd2014.0292 · Cited by 20
The African Diaspora in Canada
(2006) · University of Calgary Press eBooks · doi:10.2307/j.ctv6gqw99 · Cited by 20
Wheeled transport in pre-colonial West Africa
Law, R. (1980) · Africa · doi:10.2307/1159117 · Cited by 20
QUANTITATIVE AND ECONOMIC ANALYSIS OF WEST INDIAN SLAVE SOCIETIES: RESEARCH PROBLEMS
Engerman, S. L. (1977) · Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1111/j.1749-6632.1977.tb47778.x · Cited by 20
When the lion tells the story: a response from South Africa
Motsa, Z. (2016) · Higher Education Research & Development · doi:10.1080/07294360.2017.1249070 · Cited by 20
State Strategy, Diamond Mining, and Indigenous Dispossession in Botswana
Mueller, J. C. (2024) · Critical Sociology · doi:10.1177/08969205241252619 · Cited by 19
Migration, African migrants, and the world: towards a radical political economy
Obeng‐Odoom, F. (2016) · African Identities · doi:10.1080/14725843.2016.1147342 · Cited by 19
History of Racial Capitalism in Africa: Violence, Ideology, and Practice
Phiri, M. Z. (2020) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-38922-2_4 · Cited by 19
States, Money and the Persistence of Colonial Financial Hierarchies in British West Africa
Bernards, N. (2022) · Development and Change · doi:10.1111/dech.12745 · Cited by 19
Bright, L. K. (2023) · Journal of Political Philosophy · doi:10.1111/jopp.12290 · Cited by 19
Ten challenges in reconfiguring African Studies
Ndlovu‐Gatsheni, S. J. (2023) · Review of African Political Economy · doi:10.62191/roape-2024-0002 · Cited by 19
Chidozie, F., Osimen, G. U., Bhadmus, J., & Newo, O. (2024) · Sustainable Development · doi:10.1002/sd.3183 · Cited by 19
Sociology of Education: Theoretical and Conceptual Perspectives
Abdi, A. A., & Cleghorn, A. (2005) · Palgrave Macmillan US eBooks · doi:10.1057/9781403977199_1 · Cited by 19
Biruk, C. (2020) · GLQ A Journal of Lesbian and Gay Studies · doi:10.1215/10642684-8311814 · Cited by 19
An Account of the Portuguese African Empire, 1885–1975
Lains, P. (1998) · Revista de Historia Económica / Journal of Iberian and Latin American Economic History · doi:10.1017/s0212610900007114 · Cited by 19
Biel, R. (2006) · Journal of World-Systems Research · doi:10.5195/jwsr.2006.373 · Cited by 19
Extractivism and Resistance in North Africa
Hamouchene, H. (2022) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oxfordhb/9780197527085.013.36 · Cited by 19
Distance education and electronic networking
Hall, P. (1996) · Information Technology for Development · doi:10.1080/02681102.1996.9525271 · Cited by 19
Assessment in Ghana and England: putting reform to the test of practice
pryor, J., & Akwesi, C. (1998) · Compare A Journal of Comparative and International Education · doi:10.1080/0305792980280304 · Cited by 19
POLITICAL ECONOMY AND RURAL TRANSPORT: A REAPPRAISAL OF TRANSPORTATION IMPACTS
McCall, M. K. (1977) · Antipode · doi:10.1111/j.1467-8330.1977.tb00082.x · Cited by 19
Introduction to the Special Issue: Management in Africa in the Global Context1
Shrestha, N. R., McKinley‐Floyd, L., & Mtwige, B. (2008) · Journal of African Business · doi:10.1080/15228910802052088 · Cited by 19
Is There a Long-Term Effect of Africa's Slave Trades?Preprint
Bottero, M., & Wallace, B. (2013) · SSRN Electronic Journal · doi:10.2139/ssrn.2369290 · Cited by 19
Health Management/Leadership of Small Island Developing States of the English-speaking Caribbean
Greaves, D. E. (2016) · Journal of Health Management · doi:10.1177/0972063416666345 · Cited by 18
Bolin, A., & Nkusi, D. (2021) · Journal of Social Archaeology · doi:10.1177/14696053211053974 · Cited by 18
Railway Imperialisms in East Africa
Zajontz, T. (2022) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oxfordhb/9780197527085.013.50 · Cited by 18
African metallurgy in the Atlantic world
Goucher, C. (1993) · African Archaeological Review · doi:10.1007/bf01118148 · Cited by 18
Ayee, J. R. A. (2014) · Palgrave Macmillan UK eBooks · doi:10.1057/9781137365613_2 · Cited by 18
The progressive Pentecostal conception of development within an African context of poverty
Kakwata, F. (2017) · Stellenbosch Theological Journal · doi:10.17570/stj.2017.v3n1.a08 · Cited by 18
Crisis of Identity and Xenophobia in Africa: The Imperative of a Pan-African Thought Liberation
Oloruntoba, S. O. (2017) · Advances in African economic, social and political development · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-64897-2_2 · Cited by 18
Introduction: Flint and the Racialized Geography of Indifference
Cassano, G., & Benz, T. A. (2018) · Critical Sociology · doi:10.1177/0896920517753697 · Cited by 18
Lubaale, G. (2019) · Sociology and Anthropology · doi:10.13189/sa.2019.070102 · Cited by 18
Religious influences on politics in Nigeria: Implications for national development
Umeanolue, I. L. (2020) · OGIRISI a New Journal of African Studies · doi:10.4314/og.v15i1.9s · Cited by 18
MERCANTILISM IN PERSPECTIVE: A HISTORIC REVIEW
CHIJIOKE, O. C., Aduma, A., & OBI, D. O. (2021) · Global economy journal · doi:10.1142/s2194565921500019 · Cited by 18
Orock, R. (2013) · Dialectical Anthropology · doi:10.1007/s10624-013-9293-2 · Cited by 18
Gutto, S. B. O. (2006) · International Journal of African Renaissance Studies - Multi- Inter- and Transdisciplinarity · doi:10.1080/18186870608529722 · Cited by 18
Brooks, A., & Herrick, C. (2019) · Progress in Development Studies · doi:10.1177/1464993418822857 · Cited by 18
Rwomire, A. (1992) · Prospects · doi:10.1007/bf02195549 · Cited by 18
Marxism and Development Sociology: Interpreting the Impasse
Booth, D. (1985) · Palgrave Macmillan UK eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-1-349-17912-1_3 · Cited by 18
The impact of the received law on planning and development in anglophonic Africa
Kanyeihamba, G. W. (1980) · International Journal of Urban and Regional Research · doi:10.1111/j.1468-2427.1980.tb00362.x · Cited by 18
Why are there African huts at the zoo? The racialized spectacle of conservation
Luna, J. K. (2023) · Environmental Sociology · doi:10.1080/23251042.2023.2218950 · Cited by 17
The Journal of Commonwealth Literature : The 1980s
Quayson, A. (2015) · The Journal of Commonwealth Literature · doi:10.1177/0021989415590673 · Cited by 17
Sounding out a continent: seven decades of bioacoustics research in Africa
Becker, F. K., Shabangu, F. W., Gridley, T., Wittmer, H. U., & Marsland, S. (2022) · Bioacoustics · doi:10.1080/09524622.2021.2021987 · Cited by 17
Singh, S. S., Pykett, J., Kraftl, P., Guisse, A., Hodgson, E. C., Humelnicu, U. E., Keen, N., Kéïta, S., McNaney, N., Menzel, A., et al. (2022) · Journal of Geography in Higher Education · doi:10.1080/03098265.2021.2007363 · Cited by 17
Exploring donor-driven skills development as a channel of continued aid dependency
Harris, J. (2023) · Third World Quarterly · doi:10.1080/01436597.2023.2178889 · Cited by 17
Of Rags and Riches in the Caribbean: Creolizing Migration Studies
Boatcă, M., & Santos, F. (2023) · Journal of Immigrant & Refugee Studies · doi:10.1080/15562948.2022.2129896 · Cited by 17
3 - Randomised Trials As A Dead-End For African Development
Muller, S. (2024) · Africa Development · doi:10.57054/ad.v49i1.5615 · Cited by 17
Decolonizing Knowledge, Education and Social Development: Africanist Perspectives
Abdi, A. A. (2020) · Beijing international review of education · doi:10.1163/25902539-02040006 · Cited by 17
Treffers, S. R., Ali, S. H., Keil, R., & Fallah, M. P. (2021) · Environment and Planning E Nature and Space · doi:10.1177/25148486211054932 · Cited by 17
Kehinde, A. (2006) · Ufahamu A Journal of African Studies · doi:10.5070/f7323016508 · Cited by 17
HIV/AIDS and discourses of denial in sub-Saharan Africa: An Afro-optimist response?
Mulwo, A. K., Tomaselli, K. G., & Francis, M. (2012) · International Journal of Cultural Studies · doi:10.1177/1367877912451690 · Cited by 17
African Underdevelopment and the Multinationals – A Political Commentary
Chukwuemeka, E. E. O., Anazodo, R., & Nzewi, H. N. (2011) · Journal of Sustainable Development · doi:10.5539/jsd.v4n4p101 · Cited by 17
Decoloniality as a Combative Ontology in African Development
Mpofu, W. J. (2017) · Palgrave Macmillan US eBooks · doi:10.1057/978-1-349-95232-8_5 · Cited by 17
Expanding conceptions of liberation: Holding Marxisms with liberation psychology
Malherbe, N. (2018) · Theory & Psychology · doi:10.1177/0959354318767757 · Cited by 17
A review of traditional Ghanaian and Western philosophies of adult education
Fordjor, P. K., Kotoh, A. M., Kpell, K. K., Kwamefio, A., Mensa, Q. B., Owusu, E., & Mullins, B. K. (2003) · International Journal of Lifelong Education · doi:10.1080/0260137032000055321 · Cited by 17
Newson, L. A. (2012) · The Journal of African History · doi:10.1017/s0021853712000011 · Cited by 17
Cultural Diversity and the Somali Conflict: Myth or Reality?
Osman, A. A. (2008) · African Journal on Conflict Resolution · doi:10.4314/ajcr.v7i2.39412 · Cited by 17
Uneven Development and National Income Inequality in Third World Countries
Sullivan, G. (1983) · Sociological Perspectives · doi:10.2307/1389091 · Cited by 17
Economic Development: Definition, Scope, and Measurement
Panth, P. (2021) · Encyclopedia of the UN sustainable development goals · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-95714-2_38 · Cited by 17
Obama, Africa, and the Post-Racial
Janis, M. (2009) · CLCWeb Comparative Literature and Culture · doi:10.7771/1481-4374.1466 · Cited by 16
Gendzier, I. L. (2018) · International Journal of Political Economy · doi:10.1080/08911916.2018.1497466 · Cited by 16
Perry, K. (2022) · Sociology Compass · doi:10.1111/soc4.13012 · Cited by 16
The Global South and global human rights: international responsibility for the right to development
Beall, K. M. (2022) · Third World Quarterly · doi:10.1080/01436597.2022.2098711 · Cited by 16
The semi-periphery and ecologically unequal exchange: carbon emissions and recursive exploitation
Tinay, H. E. (2024) · Environmental Sociology · doi:10.1080/23251042.2024.2309407 · Cited by 16
The Colonial History of Systemic Racism: Insights for Psychological Science
Tarlow, K. R. (2024) · Perspectives on Psychological Science · doi:10.1177/17456916231223932 · Cited by 16
States of transition: a political economy approach
Newell, P. (2025) · New Political Economy · doi:10.1080/13563467.2025.2524629 · Cited by 16
Tsikata, P. Y. (2014) · Communicatio · doi:10.1080/02500167.2014.835530 · Cited by 16
On the charter question: black Marxism and black nationalism
Stern, M., & Hussain, K. (2014) · Race Ethnicity and Education · doi:10.1080/13613324.2014.946490 · Cited by 16
Pentecostal and Development Imaginaries in West Africa
Piot, C. (2012) · Palgrave Macmillan UK eBooks · doi:10.1057/9781137017253.0011 · Cited by 16
The Limits of Socio-Legal Radicalism
Harrington, J., & Manji, A. (2017) · Social & Legal Studies · doi:10.1177/0964663917729874 · Cited by 16
Biocultural Conservation and Biocultural Ethics
Rozzi, R. (2018) · Ecology and ethics · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-99513-7_19 · Cited by 16
Lombard, L. (2020) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781108778794 · Cited by 16
How capitalism is destroying the Horn of Africa: sheep and the crises in Somalia and Sudan
Duffield, M., & Stockton, N. (2023) · Review of African Political Economy · doi:10.62191/roape-2024-0001 · Cited by 16
Zakiya, A. S. (2014) · Development in Practice · doi:10.1080/09614524.2014.936367 · Cited by 16
Decolonizing Educational and Social Development Platforms in Africa
Abdi, A. A. (2013) · African and Asian Studies · doi:10.1163/15692108-12341251 · Cited by 16
Empathy: simple and inevitable? Development education and narratives of African poverty
Kurian, N. C. (2019) · International Journal of Development Education and Global Learning · doi:10.18546/ijdegl.11.1.08 · Cited by 16
Yeboah, I. E. A. (1998) · East African Geographical Review · doi:10.1080/00707961.1998.9756255 · Cited by 16
The primitive accumulation of capital in a neo‐colony: the Nigerian case
Iyayi, F. (1986) · Review of African Political Economy · doi:10.1080/03056248608703665 · Cited by 16
Metadata
- Authors
- Gerhart, G. M., & Rodney, W.
- Venue
- Foreign Affairs
- Publisher
- JSTOR
- Published
- 1997
- Volume
- 76
- Issue
- 5
- Pages
- 237
- ISSN
- 0015-7120 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W4246066143
- Cited by
- 2,530
- References
- 0
- Citations by year
- 2025: 110 · 2024: 229 · 2023: 274 · 2022: 298 · 2021: 229 · 2020: 205 · 2019: 148 · 2018: 117 · 2017: 106 · 2016: 95 · 2015: 63 · 2014: 67 · 2013: 69 · 2012: 62
- FWCI
- 48.20
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Foreign Affairs (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Anthropology › African history and culture studies
- Social Sciences › Political Science and International Relations › World Systems and Global Transformations
- Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Political Economy and Marxism
- Keywords
- European colonialism, underdevelopment, Africa, colonialism
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review