The DOI matches its Crossref record.
Trends in the Relationship Between Sex and Psychological Distress: 1957- 1976
Abstract
In recent years a great deal of interest has developed in the role as a way of understanding the high rates of psychological distress among women in our society. Although this work has been almost entirely cross-sectional, the underlying hypothesis predicts that the relationship between sex and distress should decline as sex roles become more comparable. Basing our analysis on three national surveys and two community surveys spanning the years 1957 to 1976 -a period of rapid changes in the roles of women-we document a reduction in the relationship between sex and one indicator of distress, a screening scale of psychophysiological symptoms. Specification analyses show that the increased labor-force participation of women has been responsible for part of this trend. However, there appear to be no relationships between the decline in psychophysiological symptoms and changes in educational attainment, rates of marriage, marital dissolution, or childbearing.
Overview
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Citations
Cited by
Epidemiology of women and depression
Kessler, R. (2003) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/s0165-0327(02)00426-3 · Cited by 2,006
Self-citationWomen's involvement in multiple roles and psychological distress.
BARNETT, R. C., & Baruch, G. K. (1985) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037//0022-3514.49.1.135 · Cited by 572
Sex and depression in the National Comorbidity Survey. II: cohort effects
Kessler, R. C., McGonagle, K. A., Nelson, C. B., Hughes, M., Swartz, M., & Blazer, D. G. (1994) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/0165-0327(94)90147-3 · Cited by 486
Self-citationRole quality, multiple role involvement, and psychological well-being in midlife women.
Baruch, G. K., & Barnett, R. C. (1986) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037//0022-3514.51.3.578 · Cited by 473
Everyday stressors and gender differences in daily distress
Almeida, D. M., & Kessler, R. C. (1998) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-3514.75.3.670 · Cited by 406
Self-citation
Metadata
- Authors
- Kessler, R. C., & McRae, J. A.
- Venue
- American Sociological Review
- Publisher
- SAGE Publications
- Published
- 1981-08
- Volume
- 46
- Issue
- 4
- Pages
- 443
- ISSN
- 0003-1224 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W1988833891
- Cited by
- 199
- References
- 0
- FWCI
- 31.07
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
How to cite
Cite CoChat for the checks on this page, and the paper for its own findings.
- This page
- CoChat. (2026). Citation check: Trends in the Relationship Between Sex and Psychological Distress: 1957- 1976. https://app.cochat.ai/papers/10.2307/2095263
- The paper
- Kessler, R. C., & McRae, J. A. (1981). Trends in the Relationship Between Sex and Psychological Distress: 1957- 1976. American Sociological Review. https://doi.org/10.2307/2095263
Data sources
Bibliographic data: Semantic Scholar, OpenAlex, Crossref.
Contains information from the Semantic Scholar Academic Graph Datasets, made available under the ODC Attribution License (ODC-BY 1.0).
Semantic Scholar’s data is described in: Kinney, R., et al. (2023). The Semantic Scholar Open Data Platform. arXiv:2301.10140.
