The Analysis of Permutations
Abstract
SUMMARY A probability distribution is defined over the r! permutations of r objects in such a way as to incorporate up to r! -1 parameters. Problems of estimation and testing are considered. The results are applied to data on voting at elections and beanstores.
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Behavior cloning is likely to perform poorly in out-of-distribution prompts.
“Furthermore, behavior cloning is likely to perform poorly in out-of-distribution prompts [145].”
From RLHF Deciphered: A Critical Analysis of Reinforcement Learning from Human Feedback for LLMs (2026) · cites this paper as [145]
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- Authors
- Plackett, R. L.
- Corresponding author
- Plackett, R. L.
- Venue
- Applied Statistics
- Publisher
- JSTOR
- Published
- 1975
- Volume
- 24
- Issue
- 2
- Pages
- 193
- ISSN
- 0035-9254 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W43928053
- Cited by
- 731
- References
- 8
- Citations by year
- 2026: 35 · 2025: 57 · 2024: 50 · 2023: 36 · 2022: 57 · 2021: 53 · 2020: 49 · 2019: 64 · 2018: 49 · 2017: 36 · 2016: 35 · 2015: 29 · 2014: 38 · 2013: 18 · 2012: 25
- FWCI
- 0.67
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Journal of the Royal Statistical Society Series C (Applied Statistics) (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Mathematics › Statistics and Probability › Probability and Statistical Research
- Physical Sciences › Mathematics › Statistics and Probability › Statistical Distribution Estimation and Applications
- Social Sciences › Economics, Econometrics and Finance › Economics and Econometrics › Game Theory and Voting Systems
- Keywords
- permutations, estimation, hypothesis testing, voting data
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
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