The DOI matches its Crossref record.
Beyond Impunity: Can International Criminal Justice Prevent Future Atrocities?
Abstract
Although still in the early stages of their institutional life, die International Criminal Tribunals for the former Yugoslavia (ICTY) and for Rwanda (ICTR) provide a unique empirical basis for evaluating the impact of international criminaljustice on postconflict peace building. The pursuit of justice may be dismissed as a well-intentioned, but futile, ritualistic attempt to restore equilibrium to a moral universe overwhelmed by evil. Moreover, measuring the capacity of punishment to prevent criminal conduct is an elusive undertaking, especially when a society is gripped by widespread habitual violence and an inverted morality has elevated otherwise “deviant” crimes to the highest expression of group loyalty. Yet an appreciation of die determinate causes of such large-scale violence demonstrates that stigmatization of criminal conduct may have far-reaching consequences, promoting postconflict reconciliation and changing die broader rules of international relations and legitimacy.
Overview
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Citations
Cites
No references could be resolved yet.
Research works printed but not linked: 27
- Akhavan, 1997, Justice and Reconciliation in the Great Lakes Region of Africa: The Contribution of the International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda,, 7 Duke J. Comp. and Int’l L, 325, 328
- Zimmermann, 1996, Origins of A Catastrophe, 210
- ‘Amato, 1994, Peace vs. Accountability in Bosnia,, 88 AJIL, 500, 10.2307/2203717 · DOI
- Gourevitch, Sept. 25, 2000, Forsaken, Congo Seems Less a Nation Than a Battlefield for Countless African Armies,, New Yorker, 53
- Chandrasekaran, Sept. 2-3, 2000, 19 Accused of East Timor Atrocities: But Top Generals Are Missing from Indonesia’s List of Suspects,, Int’l Herald Trib, 4
- Stern, 1997, La Compétence universelle en France: le cas des crimes commis en ex-Yougoslavie et au Rwanda,, 40 Ger. Y.B. Int’l L, 280
- Akhavan, 1996, The Yugoslav Tribunal at a Crossroads: The Dayton Peace Agreement and Beyond,, 18 Hum. Rts. Q, 259, 278
- Maison, 1995, Les Premiers Cos d’apptication des dispositions pénales des Conventions de Genève par les juridictions internes,, 6 Eur.J. Int’l L, 260, 270
- Vezic, May 16, 2000, Croatian Extremists on the March: Croatia’s Social and Economic Crisis Is Fueling an Ultra-Nationalist Revival,, IWPR’s [Institute on War and Peace Reporting] Balkan Crisis Report
- Richardson, Mar. 30, 2000, Wahid Seeks Inquiry into 1960s Killings in Indonesia,, Int’l Herald Trib, 1
- Muna, 1998, The ICTR Must Achieve Justice for Rwandans,, 13 Am. U. Int’l L. Rev, 1480, 1481
- Arbour, 1999, Conspicuous Absence of Jurisdictional Overreach, in, Reflections on the International Criminal Court, 129, 139
- Boyd, Jan. l998, Making Bosnia Work, Foreign, Aff, 42
- Wolfrum, 1996, The Decentralized Prosecution of International Offenses Through National Courts, in, War Crimes in International Law, 124
- Watson, May 18, 2000, Milosevic Clamps down on Opposition Media; Yugoslavia: Elite Police Storm TV and Radio Stations, Shutter Leading Independent Paper,, L.A. Times, 6
- Chandrasekaran, May 18, 2000, 24 Soldiers Are Convicted of Killing Aceh Villagers,, Int’l Herald Trib, 1
- Wedgwood, 2000, National Courts and the Prosecution of War Crimes, in, Substantive and Procedural Aspects of International Criminal Law: The Experience of International and National Courts, 393, 401
- Alvarez, 1999, Crimes of States/Crimes of Hate: Lessons from Rwanda,, 24 Yale J. Int’l L, 365, 462
- Wippman, 1999, Atrocities, Deterrence, and the Limits of International Justice,, 23 Fordham Int’l L. J, 473, 488
- Prunier, 1995, The Rwanda Crisis, History of a Genocide, 224
- Murphy, 2000, Contemporary Practice of the United States, 94 AJIL, 369, 10.1017/S0002930000757769 · doi:10.1017/s0002930000757769
- Kirka, Feb. 14, 2000, Serb Refugees Hope Croatian Elections Will Mean a Return Home,, AP
- 10.1007/BF01683223 · doi:10.1007/bf01683223
- Michael Reisman, 1996, Legal Responses to Genocide and Other Massive Violations of Human Rights,, 59 Law and Contemp. Probs, 75, 77
- 10.1257/jep.10.1.43 · DOI · Paper page
- Rudasingwa, 1998, The Rwanda Tribunal and Its Relationship to National Trials in Rwanda,, 13 Am. U. Int’l L. Rev, 1469, 1489
- Akhavan, 1998, Justice in The Hague, Peace in the Former Yugoslavia ? A Commentary on the United Nations War Crimes Tribunal,, 20 Hum. Rts. Q, 737, 810
Cited by
Trials and Errors: Principle and Pragmatism in Strategies of International Justice
Snyder, J., & Vinjamuri, L. (2004) · International Security · doi:10.1162/016228803773100066 · Cited by 644
Beyond Legalism: Towards a Thicker Understanding of Transitional Justice
McEvoy, K. (2007) · Journal of Law and Society · doi:10.1111/j.1467-6478.2007.00399.x · Cited by 601
Violence and Social Repair: Rethinking the Contribution of Justice to Reconciliation
Fletcher, L. E., & Weinstein, H. M. (2002) · Human Rights Quarterly · doi:10.1353/hrq.2002.0033 · Cited by 530
Credible Commitments and the International Criminal Court
Simmons, B. A., & Danner, A. (2010) · International Organization · doi:10.1017/s0020818310000044 · Cited by 466
Kim, H., & Sikkink, K. (2010) · International Studies Quarterly · doi:10.1111/j.1468-2478.2010.00621.x · Cited by 401
Metadata
- Authors
- Akhavan, P.
- Venue
- American Journal of International Law
- Publisher
- Cambridge University Press (CUP)
- Published
- 2001-01
- Volume
- 95
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 7-31
- ISSN
- 0002-9300 (ISSN-L)
- 2161-7953
- OpenAlex
- W2036055047
- Cited by
- 450
- References
- 0
- FWCI
- 31.86
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
How to cite
Cite CoChat for the checks on this page, and the paper for its own findings.
- This page
- CoChat. (2026). Citation check: Beyond Impunity: Can International Criminal Justice Prevent Future Atrocities? https://app.cochat.ai/papers/10.2307/2642034
- The paper
- Akhavan, P. (2001). Beyond Impunity: Can International Criminal Justice Prevent Future Atrocities? American Journal of International Law. https://doi.org/10.2307/2642034
Data sources
Bibliographic data: Semantic Scholar, OpenAlex, Crossref.
Contains information from the Semantic Scholar Academic Graph Datasets, made available under the ODC Attribution License (ODC-BY 1.0).
Semantic Scholar’s data is described in: Kinney, R., et al. (2023). The Semantic Scholar Open Data Platform. arXiv:2301.10140.
