The DOI matches its Crossref record; 32 of the 33 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Ideological Realignment in the U.S. Electorate
Abstract
Using data from the 1976-1994 American National Election Studies and the 1992-94 ANES panel survey, this paper demonstrates that the outcomes of the 1994 and 1996 elections reflected a long-term shift in the bases of support and relative strength of the two major parties. This shift in the party loyalties of the electorate was based on the increased ideological polarization of the Democratic and Republican Parties during the Reagan and post-Reagan eras. Clearer differences between the parties' ideological positions made it easier for citizens to choose a party identification based on their policy preferences. The result has been a secular realignment of party loyalties along ideological lines.
Overview
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
In the citing paper
“The American electorate has thus come to be organized in two increasingly homogeneous parties, with a variety of social, cultural, economic, geographic, and ideological cleavages falling in line with the partisan divide (19, 50, 51).”
From How digital media drive affective polarization through partisan sorting (2022) · cites this paper as [50]
Citations
Cites
Katz, R. S. (1982) · American Political Science Review · doi:10.2307/1961197 · Cited by 2,471
Parties and Leaders in the Postreform House
Rohde, D. W. (1991) · University of Chicago Press eBooks · doi:10.7208/chicago/9780226724058.001.0001 · Cited by 1,392
Carmines, E. G., & Stimson, J. A. (1989) · Princeton University Press eBooks · doi:10.1515/9780691218250 · Cited by 1,338
Jackson, B. O. (1990) · Political Science Quarterly · doi:10.2307/2151248 · Cited by 1,035
Critical Elections and the Mainsprings of American Politics.
Boyd, R. W., & Burnham, W. D. (1971) · Midwest Journal of Political Science · doi:10.2307/2110114 · Cited by 933
A Theory of Critical Elections
Key, V. O. (1955) · The Journal of Politics · doi:10.2307/2126401 · Cited by 872
Jennings, M. K., & Niemi, R. G. (1981) · Princeton University Press eBooks · doi:10.1515/9781400854264 · Cited by 769
Elections and the Political Order
Poggi, G., Campbell, A., Converse, P. E., Miller, W. E., & Stokes, D. (1967) · British Journal of Sociology · doi:10.2307/588599 · Cited by 698
A Dynamic Simultaneous Equation Model of Electoral Choice
Markus, G. B., & Converse, P. E. (1979) · American Political Science Review · doi:10.2307/1953989 · Cited by 679
Reciprocal Effects of Policy Preferences, Party Loyalties and the Vote
Page, B. I., & Jones, C. (1979) · American Political Science Review · doi:10.2307/1953990 · Cited by 548
The Dynamics of Party Identification
Franklin, C. H., & Jackson, J. E. (1983) · American Political Science Review · doi:10.2307/1957569 · Cited by 501
Dynamics of the Party System: Alignment and Realignment of Political Parties in the United States
Hennessy, B. C., & Sundquist, J. L. (1974) · The Western Political Quarterly · doi:10.1177/106591297402700217 · Cited by 428
Plus ça change…: The New CPS Election Study Panel
Converse, P. E., & Markus, G. B. (1979) · American Political Science Review · doi:10.2307/1954729 · Cited by 402
Secular Realignment and the Party System
Key, V. O. (1959) · The Journal of Politics · doi:10.2307/2127162 · Cited by 384
Penniman, H. R. (1977) · American Political Science Review · doi:10.1017/s0003055400260012 · Cited by 373
MacKuen, M., Erikson, R. S., & Stimson, J. A. (1989) · American Political Science Review · doi:10.2307/1961661 · Cited by 360
Of Artifacts and Partisan Instability
GREEN, D. P., & Palmquist, B. (1990) · American Journal of Political Science · doi:10.2307/2111402 · Cited by 302
Hershey, M. R., & Burden, B. C. (2025) · Routledge eBooks · doi:10.4324/9781003328766 · Cited by 209
Burner, D., & Anderson, K. (1981) · Social Science History · doi:10.1017/s0145553200019180 · Cited by 208
How stable is party identification?
GREEN, D. P., & Palmquist, B. (1994) · Political Behavior · doi:10.1007/bf01498826 · Cited by 204
Issue Evolution Reconsidered: Racial Attitudes and Partisanship in the U.S. Electorate
Abramowitz, A. I. (1994) · American Journal of Political Science · doi:10.2307/2111333 · Cited by 189
Self-citationSorauf, F. J. (1981) · Verfassung in Recht und Übersee · doi:10.5771/0506-7286-1981-2-215 · Cited by 179
Macropartisanship: An Empirical Reassessment
Abramson, P. R., & Ostrom, C. W. (1991) · American Political Science Review · doi:10.2307/1962884 · Cited by 135
Campbell, B. C., Clubb, J. M., Flanigan, W. H., & Zingale, N. H. (1982) · Social Science History · doi:10.1017/s014555320001943x · Cited by 116
The Clinton presidency: first appraisals
(1996) · Choice Reviews Online · doi:10.5860/choice.33-3578 · Cited by 104
The Creation of a Democratic Majority 1928-1936, by Kristi Andersen
Schneider, W. S. (1980) · Political Science Quarterly · doi:10.2307/2149602 · Cited by 93
Measurement and the dynamics of party identification
Franklin, C. H. (1992) · Political Behavior · doi:10.1007/bf00991982 · Cited by 90
Issues and the Transmission of Partisanship
Luskin, R. C., McIver, J. P., & Carmines, E. G. (1989) · American Journal of Political Science · doi:10.2307/2111155 · Cited by 89
Unrealized Partisanship: A Theory of Dealignment
Carmines, E. G., McIver, J. P., & Stimson, J. A. (1987) · The Journal of Politics · doi:10.2307/2131306 · Cited by 70
Partisan Realignment: Voters, Parties, and Government in American History
McSeveney, S. T., Clubb, J. M., Flanigan, W. H., Zingale, N. H., & Petrocik, J. R. (1982) · Journal of American History · doi:10.2307/1900869 · Cited by 66
Campbell, J. E. (1985) · The Western Political Quarterly · doi:10.2307/448520 · Cited by 37
Gimpel, J. G. (1996) · Cited by 19
Flagged first, then by citations
1 of the 33 references couldn’t be matched to a known paper.
Research works printed but not linked: 8
- Campbell, 1960, The American Voter
- Beck, 1976, Political Opinion and Behavior
- Wilcox, 1995, The Latest American Revolution? The 1994 Elections and Their Implications for Governance
- Wayne, 1996, The Road to the White House 1996
- Stone, 1990, The Parties Respond
- Fiorina, 1981, Retrospective Voting in American National Elections
- Ladd, 1978, Transformations of the American Party System
- Jennings, 1974, The Political Character of Adolescence
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Political Polarization in the American Public
Fiorina, M. P., & Abrams, S. J. (2008) · Annual Review of Political Science · doi:10.1146/annurev.polisci.11.053106.153836 · Cited by 1,798
Mason, L. (2015) · American Journal of Political Science · doi:10.1111/ajps.12089 · Cited by 1,367
Abramowitz, A. I., & Saunders, K. L. (2008) · The Journal of Politics · doi:10.1017/s0022381608080493 · Cited by 1,308
Self-citationPolitics across Generations: Family Transmission Reexamined
Jennings, M. K., Stoker, L., & Bowers, J. (2009) · The Journal of Politics · doi:10.1017/s0022381609090719 · Cited by 1,139
Media and Political Polarization
Prior, M. (2013) · Annual Review of Political Science · doi:10.1146/annurev-polisci-100711-135242 · Cited by 1,125
Metadata
- Authors
- Abramowitz, A. I., & Saunders, K. L.
- Affiliations
- Emory University (US)
- Venue
- The Journal of Politics
- Publisher
- University of Chicago Press
- Published
- 1998-08
- Volume
- 60
- Issue
- 3
- Pages
- 634-652
- ISSN
- 0022-3816 (ISSN-L)
- 1468-2508
- OpenAlex
- W2052977165
- Cited by
- 681
- References
- 33
- Citations by year
- 2026: 20 · 2025: 12 · 2024: 17 · 2023: 20 · 2022: 21 · 2021: 19 · 2020: 84 · 2019: 16 · 2018: 36 · 2017: 33 · 2016: 38 · 2015: 31 · 2014: 28 · 2013: 24 · 2012: 48
- FWCI
- 20.11
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- The Journal of Politics (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Political Science and International Relations › Electoral Systems and Political Participation
- Social Sciences › Arts and Humanities › History › American Political and Social Dynamics
- Social Sciences › Political Science and International Relations › Political Theory and Democracy
- Keywords
- ideological realignment, party identification, partisan polarization, Democratic Party, Republican Party, policy preferences, 1994 midterm elections, 1996 presidential election, Reagan era, American National Election Studies, electoral realignment
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review