The DOI matches its Crossref record.
Evolutionary Games in Economics
Abstract
Evolutionary games are introduced as models for repeated anonymous strategic interaction.The basic idea is that actions (or behaviors) which are more "fit," given the current distribution of behaviors, tend over time to displace less fit behaviors.Simple numerical examples motivate the key concepts of fitness function and compatible dynamics, and illustrate the relation to previous biological models.Cone fields are introduced to characterize the continuous-time dynamical processes compatible with a given fitness function.The analysis focuses on dynamic steady state equilibria and their relation to the static equilibria known as NE (Nash equilibrium) and ESS (evolutionary stable state).For large classes of dynamics it is shown that all stable dynamic steady states are NE and that all NE are dynamic steady states.The biologists' ESS condition is less closely related to the dynamic equilibria.The paper concludes with a brief survey of economic applications.
Overview
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Citations
Cited by
Young, H. P. (1993) · Econometrica · doi:10.2307/2951778 · Cited by 2,399
Evolution of the Social Contract
Skyrms, B. (2014) · doi:10.1017/cbo9781139924825 · Cited by 743
Evolutionary Selection in Normal-Form Games
Ritzberger, K., & Weibull, J. W. (1995) · Econometrica · doi:10.2307/2171774 · Cited by 470
Potential Games with Continuous Player Sets
Sandholm, W. H. (2001) · Journal of Economic Theory · doi:10.1006/jeth.2000.2696 · Cited by 448
Understanding Cultural Persistence and Change
Giuliano, P., & Nunn, N. (2021) · The Review of Economic Studies · doi:10.1093/restud/rdaa074 · Cited by 336
Metadata
- Authors
- Friedman, D.
- Venue
- Econometrica
- Publisher
- JSTOR
- Published
- 1991-05
- Volume
- 59
- Issue
- 3
- Pages
- 637
- ISSN
- 0012-9682 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2109150831
- Cited by
- 1,939
- References
- 0
- FWCI
- 66.75
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
How to cite
Cite CoChat for the checks on this page, and the paper for its own findings.
- This page
- CoChat. (2026). Citation check: Evolutionary Games in Economics. https://app.cochat.ai/papers/10.2307/2938222
- The paper
- Friedman, D. (1991). Evolutionary Games in Economics. Econometrica. https://doi.org/10.2307/2938222
Data sources
Bibliographic data: Semantic Scholar, OpenAlex, Crossref.
Contains information from the Semantic Scholar Academic Graph Datasets, made available under the ODC Attribution License (ODC-BY 1.0).
Semantic Scholar’s data is described in: Kinney, R., et al. (2023). The Semantic Scholar Open Data Platform. arXiv:2301.10140.
