The DOI matches its Crossref record; 1 of the 1 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Electoral Competition in the American States
Abstract
Electoral competition is a concept that has played a central role in much of the state politics literature. One commonly used indicator of competition in the states is the Ranney index. We offer an alternative indicator of competition, one based on district-level outcomes of state legislative elections. After evaluating both indicators in terms of validity and reliability, the analysis suggests that the district-level indicator is both empirically and intuitively superior as a measure of electoral competition. The implications of this finding are discussed.
Overview
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Citations
Cites
Reliability and Validity Assessment
Carmines, E., & Zeller, R. (1979) · doi:10.4135/9781412985642 · Cited by 5,884
Cited by
Political institutions and policy choices: evidence from the United States
Besley, T. (2002) · Working Paper Series · doi:10.1920/wp.ifs.2002.0213 · Cited by 577
Setting the Terms of Relief: Explaining State Policy Choices in the Devolution Revolution
Soss, J., Schram, S. F., Vartanian, T. P., & O'Brien, E. (2001) · American Journal of Political Science · doi:10.2307/2669347 · Cited by 514
Political Institutions and Policy Choices: Evidence from the United States
Besley, T., & Case, A. (2003) · Journal of Economic Literature · doi:10.1257/jel.41.1.7 · Cited by 401
The Politics of Gay and Lesbian Rights: Expanding the Scope of the Conflict
Haider-Markel, D. P., & Meier, K. J. (1996) · The Journal of Politics · doi:10.2307/2960229 · Cited by 346
The Political Economy of Government Responsiveness: Theory and Evidence from India
Besley, T. J., & Burgess, R. (2002) · SSRN Electronic Journal · doi:10.2139/ssrn.319012 · Cited by 344
Metadata
- Authors
- Holbrook, T. M., & Van Dunk, E.
- Venue
- American Political Science Review
- Publisher
- Cambridge University Press (CUP)
- Published
- 1993-12
- Volume
- 87
- Issue
- 4
- Pages
- 955-962
- ISSN
- 0003-0554 (ISSN-L)
- 1537-5943
- OpenAlex
- W2106643525
- Cited by
- 360
- References
- 1
- FWCI
- 16.15
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
How to cite
Cite CoChat for the checks on this page, and the paper for its own findings.
- This page
- CoChat. (2026). Citation check: Electoral Competition in the American States. https://app.cochat.ai/papers/10.2307/2938827
- The paper
- Holbrook, T. M., & Van Dunk, E. (1993). Electoral Competition in the American States. American Political Science Review. https://doi.org/10.2307/2938827
Data sources
Bibliographic data: Semantic Scholar, OpenAlex, Crossref.
Contains information from the Semantic Scholar Academic Graph Datasets, made available under the ODC Attribution License (ODC-BY 1.0).
Semantic Scholar’s data is described in: Kinney, R., et al. (2023). The Semantic Scholar Open Data Platform. arXiv:2301.10140.
