Cited by 378Mental Health and PsychiatryPsychology and Mental HealthPsychometric Methodologies and Testing

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Measurement for a Human Science

Mirowsky, John, Ross, Catherine E.·2002·Journal of Health and Social Behavior

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Abstract

This paper argues a number of points about measurement in the sociology of mental health: (1) measurement is critical, (2) measures should represent and assess elements of human experience, taking measure of life as people feel it, sense it, and understand it, and (3) social scientists should create a human science, producing information for the people it studies so that they can better understand and control their own lives. We argue that a human science is best achieved with the use of indexes, not diagnoses, to measure mental health. We present a brief history of diagnostic instruments and detail how a diagnosis is made. We show how use of diagnoses to measure mental health discounts much human suffering. They dichotomize the true range of feelings and emotions into crude either/or distinctions that do not reflect the reality of people's lives, and they often exclude suffering such as that due to loss or illness that does not meet medical model preconceptions about mental disorder. Using diagnoses to measure mental health presents a reified image of hidden disease knowable and manageable only by trained professionals--beyond the capacity of the suffering individuals to understand and control.

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Mossakowski, K. N. (2014) · The Wiley Blackwell Encyclopedia of Health, Illness, Behavior, and Society · doi:10.1002/9781118410868.wbehibs455 · Cited by 2
Body mass index and psychological distress among Lebanese University students: examining the moderating effect of gender
Abbas, L. A., Salameh, P., Nasser, W., Nasser, Z., & Godin, I. (2015) · International Journal of Adolescence and Youth · doi:10.1080/02673843.2015.1083450 · Cited by 1
“…by a mixture of symptoms that include depression (e.g. lost interest; sadness; hopelessness), general anxiety (e.g. restlessness; feeling tense) (Mirowsky & Ross, 2002), personality traits, functional disabilities and behavioural problems (e.g. increased substance abuse, sleep disruption,…”
Background
The impact of COVID-19 social restrictions on culture and psychosocial well-being: The Ghanaian experience
Dai-Kosi, A. D., Acquaye, V. A., Pereko, K. K. A., Blankson, P., & Ackom, C. K. (2021) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-824289-6.00003-9 · Cited by 1
Understanding the patterns and predictors of elevated psychological distress among humanitarian migrants compared to the host population: comparative matched analysis using two national data sources from Australia
Handiso, D. W., Boyle, J. A., Paul, E. M., Shawyer, F., Meadows, G. N., & Enticott, J. (2025) · Epidemiology and Psychiatric Sciences · doi:10.1017/s2045796025100139 · Cited by 1
“EPD, characterised by emotional suffering with symptoms such as depression and anxiety, is common among humanitarian migrants and often exacerbated by the compounding effects of pre-and post-migration adversities (Keramat et al. , 2024; Mirowsky and Ross, 2002).”
Gender Differences in the Effects of Peer Victimization on Psychological Distress Among Chinese Children: Mediation by Social Withdrawal and School Burnout
Fan, X. (2025) · Psychological Reports · doi:10.1177/00332941251370225 · Cited by 2
Effectiveness of online social support interventions for psychological distress: A three-level meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials
Li, R., Liu, X., Jia, S., Lai, L., Lu, X., Xiong, Q., Cheng, W., Liu, S., Xu, R., Chen, Y., et al. (2025) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2025.120297 · Cited by 2
Experience of racism in young people and future mental health in England: longitudinal analysis from the Next Steps Study
Mona, H., Lacey, R. E., & John, A. M. (2025) · BMJ Mental Health · doi:10.1136/bmjment-2025-301668 · Cited by 1
Toward developing adolescent-centered machine learning methods to detect depression: Interviews with Latino adolescents to identify signals of emotional and somatic symptoms within social media data
Campos‐Castillo, C., Galinkala, P., Craig, K. A., & Laestadius, L. I. (2026) · PLOS Digital Health · doi:10.1371/journal.pdig.0001178 · Cited by 1
“Because people experience symptoms, not diagnoses [19], and because the labels used to refer to symptoms can vary cross-culturally [20], the approach seeks to identify signals of symptoms consistent with depression .”
The Effect of Ethnic Microaggression on Integration in Syrian University Students in Türkiye: The Serial Mediation of Interracial Stress and Psychological Distress
Özmen, M., & Atlı, A. (2026) · Journal of Humanistic Psychology · doi:10.1177/00221678251413294 · Cited by 1
“Psychological distress represents a construct characterized by anxiety and depression (Mirowsky & Ross, 2002).”
Religious Involvement and Depressive Symptoms in Mainland China: A Trend Analysis of Older Adults, 2012–2023
Ge, L., Zeng, L., Hill, T. D., Wang, W., & Wen, M. (2026) · Journal of Religion and Health · doi:10.1007/s10943-026-02669-4 · Cited by 1
Job Structures, Job Stress, and Mental Health
Tausig, M., & Fenwick, R. (2011) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-1-4614-0625-9_2 · Cited by 16
The Context and Dynamic Social Processes Underlying Mental Health Treatment: Classic and Contemporary Approaches to Understanding Individuals' Responses to Illness in Light of the Affordable Care Act
Pescosolido, B. A., & Boyer, C. A. (2017) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781316471289.025 · Cited by 1
EFFECT OF ANXIETY AND WORK FATIGUE ON JOB BURNOUT, DISTRESS, HEALTH EATING INDEX AND BLOOD PRESSURE THROUGH COPING MECHANISM IN OIL AND GAS COMPANY
Arini, S. Y., Atmaka, D. R., Nurhakim, I., Shodiq, A., & Roshida, D. S. (2023) · The Indonesian Journal of Public Health · doi:10.20473/ijph.v18i2.2023.302-313 · Cited by 1
When Tolerance Becomes Healthy: Influence of Corruption Tolerance on Psychological Distress among Employees in Nigeria
Ogungbamila, B., & Ajagunna, F. A. (2023) · Trends in Psychology · doi:10.1007/s43076-023-00326-3 · Cited by 1
“Psychological distress, which Mirowsky and Ross (2002) defined as emotional disturbance that is characterized by feelings of depression and anxiety, may compromise the social and occupational functioning of employees (Wheaton, 2007).”
A Cloud-Based Intelligent Virtual Assistant for Adolescents
Afrin, Z., Farid, D. M., & Mamun, K. A. (2023) · Communications in computer and information science · doi:10.1007/978-981-99-7649-2_9 · Cited by 1
Selfitis Behaviour as Predictor of Psychological Distress among Students of Dhaka City
Zaman, F. T. Z. B., Rathi, S. R., Hoq, M., Sarker, J., Arabi, S., & Hasan, T. (2024) · Jagannath University journal of life and Earth sciences. · doi:10.3329/jnujles.v9i2.72920 · Cited by 1
How COVID-19 Fear Affects Psychological Distress and Psychological Well-Being: The Mediating Role of Psychological Capital
Rahman, S. U., Shah, D. S. F. A., & Samad, D. A. U. (2024) · Journal for social science archives · doi:10.59075/jssa.v2i2.84 · Cited by 1
“(2017) reported that individual PsyC is an essential defensive aspect against PsyD, and it is defined as a condition of emotional pain attributed to symptoms of anxiety (e.g., agitation, sleep problems) and depression (e.g., hopelessness, lost interest, and misery) (Mirowsky and Ross, 2002).”
Socioeconomic and Psychosocial Adversity in Inuit Mothers from Nunavik during the First Postpartum Year / ᐃᓄᓕᕆᓂᕐᒧᑦ ᐱᕙᓪᓕᐊᔪᓕᕆᓂᕐᒧᓪᓗ ᐊᒻᒪᓗ ᐃᓄᓕᕆᓂᒃᑯᑦ ᐃᓱᒪᑎᒍᓪᓗ ᐅᓇᒻᒥᓇᖅᑐᑦ ᓄᓇᕕᒻᒥᑦ ᐃᓄᓐᓄᑦ ᐊᓈᓇᐅᔪᓄᑦ ᐊᕐᕌᒎᑉ ᓯᕗᓪᓕᖅᐹᖓᓂᑦ ᐃᕐᓂᓯᒪᓕᖅᑎᓪᓗᒋᑦ
Fortin, S., Jacobson, S. W., Gagnon, J., Forget‐Dubois, N., Dionne, G., Jacobson, J. L., & Muckle, G. (2015) · International Journal of Indigenous Health · doi:10.18357/ijih92201214363 · Cited by 1
Understanding Psychological Distress Among Female Caregivers of the Patients With Mental Illness
Pathak, A., & Subudhi, C. (2020) · Advances in psychology, mental health, and behavioral studies (APMHBS) book series · doi:10.4018/978-1-7998-1185-5.ch006 · Cited by 1
Community Mental Health Care Organizations
Dobransky, K. M. (2017) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781316471289.026 · Cited by 1
The Mental Health Consumers/Survivors Movement in the US
McLean, A. (2017) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781316471289.031 · Cited by 1
VÉCU DES INTERVENANTS ET RÔLE DE LA RÉGULATION ÉMOTIONNELLE FACE AUX COMPORTEMENTS DIFFICILES DES PERSONNES AYANT UNE DÉFICIENCE INTELLECTUELLE
Otis, A., & Maheux, J. (2021) · Revue québécoise de psychologie · doi:10.7202/1081254ar · Cited by 1
Do Prison Inmates Cope with Psychological Distress Well: A Qualitative Study Among Prison Inmates in Sri Lanka
Directorate of Policy Analysis and Development, M. O. H., Suranga, M. A., Vidanapathirana, J., & Directorate of Policy Analysis and Development, M. O. H. (2022) · Asian Journal of Interdisciplinary Research · doi:10.54392/ajir2223 · Cited by 1
Psychological Distress due to COVID-19 in the Albanian Adult Population
Ndreu, V., Themeli, Y., Zekja, I., & Kamberi, F. (2022) · OBM Neurobiology · doi:10.21926/obm.neurobiol.2203126 · Cited by 1
Two-year changes in sleep duration are associated with changes in psychological distress in adolescent girls and boys: the fit futures study
Linkas, J., Ahmed, L. A., Csifcsák, G., Emaus, N., Furberg, A., Pettersen, G., Rognmo, K., & Christoffersen, T. (2022) · Health Psychology and Behavioral Medicine · doi:10.1080/21642850.2022.2147936 · Cited by 2
“Such symptoms are often termed ‘psychological distress’, defined as ‘a state of emotional suffering characterized by symptoms of depression and anxiety’ (Mirowsky & Ross, 2002).”
Background

Authors: Mirowsky, J., & Ross, C. E.
Affiliations: The Ohio State University (US)
ORCID: Ross, Catherine E.
Venue: Journal of Health and Social Behavior
Publisher: SAGE Publications
Published: 2002-06
Volume: 43
Issue: 2
Pages: 152
ISSN: 0022-1465 (ISSN-L)
DOI: 10.2307/3090194
OpenAlex: W2331656655
Cited by: 378
References: 41
Citations by year: 2026: 22 · 2025: 26 · 2024: 28 · 2023: 18 · 2022: 36 · 2021: 27 · 2020: 22 · 2019: 17 · 2018: 16 · 2017: 45 · 2016: 12 · 2015: 13 · 2014: 20 · 2013: 7 · 2012: 16
FWCI: 22.07
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: closed
Locations: Journal of Health and Social Behavior (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
Topics: Social Sciences › Arts and Humanities › Philosophy › Mental Health and Psychiatry
Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Psychology and Mental Health
Social Sciences › Decision Sciences › Management Science and Operations Research › Psychometric Methodologies and Testing
Keywords: mental health measurement, human sciences, mental health index, psychiatric diagnosis, diagnostic tools, human suffering, emotions
MeSH terms: Attitude to Health, Mental Disorders, Diagnosis, Differential, Humans, Humanism, Mental Health, Sociology

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