The DOI matches its Crossref record; 3 of the 3 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Building Better Theory: Time and the Specification of When Things Happen
Abstract
In any investigation of a causal relationship between an X and a Y, the time when X and Y are measured is crucial for determining whether X causes Y, as well as the true strength of that relationship. Using past research and a review of current research, we develop a set of X,Y configurations that describe the main ways that causal relationships are represented in theory and tested in research. We discuss the theoretical, methodological, and analytical issues pertaining to when we measure X and Y and discuss the implications of this analysis for constructing better organizational theories.
Overview
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Citations
Cites
Gergen, K. J. (1973) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/h0034436 · Cited by 1,845
CHANNEL EXPANSION THEORY AND THE EXPERIENTIAL NATURE OF MEDIA RICHNESS PERCEPTIONS.
Carlson, J. R., & Zmud, R. W. (1999) · Academy of Management Journal · doi:10.2307/257090 · Cited by 1,270
A Selective Review of Time Assumptions in Strategy Research
Mosakowski, E., & Earley, P. C. (2000) · The Academy of Management Review · doi:10.2307/259207 · Cited by 279
Cited by
Getting to the “COR”: Understanding the Role of Resources in Conservation of Resources Theory
Halbesleben, J. R. B., Neveu, J.-P., Paustian-Underdahl, S. C., & Westman, M. (2014) · Journal of Management · doi:10.1177/0149206314527130 · Cited by 3,356
The dynamics of proactivity at work
Grant, A. M., & Ashford, S. J. (2008) · Research in Organizational Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.riob.2008.04.002 · Cited by 2,057
Common method bias: It’ s bad, it’ s complex, it’ s widespread, and it’ s not easy to fix
Podsakoff, P. M., Podsakoff, N. P., Williams, L. J., Huang, C., & Yang, J. (2024) · Annual Review of Organizational Psychology and Organizational Behavior · doi:10.1146/annurev-orgpsych-110721-040030 · Cited by 1,899
Longitudinal Research: The Theory, Design, and Analysis of Change
Ployhart, R. E., & Vandenberg, R. J. (2010) · Journal of Management · doi:10.1177/0149206309352110 · Cited by 1,496
Cross-Sectional versus longitudinal survey research: concepts, findings, and guidelines
Rindfleisch, A., Malter, A. J., Ganesan, S., & Moorman, C. (2008) · Journal of Marketing Research · doi:10.1509/jmkr.45.3.261 · Cited by 1,305
Metadata
- Authors
- Mitchell, T. R., & James, L. R.
- Venue
- The Academy of Management Review
- Publisher
- Academy of Management
- Published
- 2001-10
- Volume
- 26
- Issue
- 4
- Pages
- 530
- ISSN
- 0363-7425 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2144971549
- Cited by
- 972
- References
- 3
- FWCI
- 18.83
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
Data sources
Bibliographic data: Semantic Scholar, OpenAlex, Crossref.
Contains information from the Semantic Scholar Academic Graph Datasets, made available under the ODC Attribution License (ODC-BY 1.0).
Semantic Scholar’s data is described in: Kinney, R., et al. (2023). The Semantic Scholar Open Data Platform. arXiv:2301.10140.
