The DOI matches its Crossref record; none of the 80 sources its claims cite is checked for support yet.
Judenkrankheit, a Jewish Malady
Abstract
The year was 1870. josef seegen had been seeing patients at the Carlsbad baths in Bohemia since the summer of 1854, tending primarily to individuals who suffered from diabetes. Over the years, he had become convinced that drinking and bathing in the spa’s mineral waters were helping his patients assimilate carbohydrates and thereby reduce the glucose that passed into their urine. What he could not figure out was why over 25 percent of the more than two hundred patients he had seen in the previous fifteen years were Jewish. “This percentage is immense,” he declared, even if Jews tended to
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Written from the paper’s full text.
TL;DR
This chapter traces how diabetes became known as *Judenkrankheit* (“Jewish disease”) in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries, showing that the link was built through racial narratives, clinical impressions, and unreliable statistics rather than firm evidence. It argues the association faded in the postwar years not only because of new studies but also because Jews were increasingly reclassified as white and scientific racism lost authority.
Key findings
- In 1870 Josef Seegen reported that over 25 percent of more than two hundred diabetes patients he had seen at Carlsbad were Jewish, though Jews were just over 2 percent of Europe’s population; later studies claimed Jewish diabetes mortality was two to six times greater than the general population, leading German-language literature to call diabetes *Judenkrankheit*.
- In the United States, prominent physicians including William Osler and Elliott P. Joslin repeated the link; Joslin argued in 1924 that diabetes was “not a congenital stigma of the Jewish race” but that Jews were prone because they were fat, reporting that 85 percent of his Jewish diabetes patients were overweight versus 70 percent of Gentiles.
- The link was challenged by 1930s–1940s studies: Jacob Schwartz found only 2.9 percent of 4,398 Jewish patients had diabetes, comparable to general rates; Harold Blotner’s analysis of almost 70,000 selectees found Jews made up 6 percent of a control group but 5.8 percent of diabetes cases, suggesting greater awareness rather than higher incidence.
- Postwar Israeli studies, beginning in 1951, found no higher diabetes rate among Jews; A. M. Cohen reported a 0.06 percent rate among recent Yemenite and Iraqi immigrants, with rates rising after “Western mode of life and food habits,” and by 1970 Dennis Krikler wrote that impressions of Jewish susceptibility had “not been borne out.”
Methods
- Historical analysis of medical, scientific, and popular literature from the late nineteenth to the late twentieth century, focused mainly on the United States and Europe, including textbooks, journal articles, the *Jewish Encyclopedia*, symposium proceedings, and Israeli studies.
- The chapter examines how race, immigration, modernity, and disease categories shaped claims about Jews and diabetes, using published statistics and clinical reports as evidence.
- The main analysis is interpretive and narrative rather than a new epidemiological study; it compares shifting claims and counterclaims over time.
Limitations
- The paper states that it is impossible to know for certain whether Jews suffered disproportionately from diabetes, because definitions of both “diabetes” and “Jew” were ambiguous, statistics were often unreliable, drawn from select populations, and lacked standardized tests or religious affiliation on death certificates.
- The paper notes that postwar empirical studies did not unequivocally prove low diabetes rates among Jews; Blotner, for example, skewed findings by classifying subjects according to parents’ birthplace.
- Evident from the text: the chapter is a historical synthesis of selected published sources, not a systematic review or causal analysis, and it does not resolve actual historical incidence.
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Claims the paper makes
0 of 80 cited sources checked · 0 supported · 0 flagged
- Findingcitation§ Judenkrankheit, a Jewish Malady · p. 4
Those who did offer numbers and patterns offered statistics that were often unreliable.
“And those who did offer up numbers and patterns offered statistics that were often unreliable.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [6]
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- Findingcitation§ Judenkrankheit, a Jewish Malady · p. 3
Clinicians and medical researchers all over Europe confirmed Seegen's finding that Jews suffered disproportionately from diabetes.
“they confi rmed his fi nding that Jews suffered disproportionately from the disease.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [2]
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- Findingcitation§ Diabetes as a 'Jewish Peril' · p. 8
Some of these narratives were decidedly antagonistic toward Jews.
“Some of these narratives were decidedly antagonistic toward Jews.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [14]
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- Findingcitation§ Diabetes as a 'Jewish Peril' · p. 9
Later in the century, the influx of millions of Eastern European Jews cast doubt on the classification of Jews as white.
“But later in the century, the infl ux of millions of Eastern European Jews, with their strange language, clothing, and overall appearance, cast doubt on this classifi cation.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [16]
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- Findingcitation§ Diabetes as a 'Jewish Peril' · p. 7
Health professionals noted that the mortality rate for diabetes was increasing more rapidly than for heart disease and cancer.
“First, although many more people died from heart disease and cancer, the mortality rate for diabetes was increasing more rapidly than for these other ailments.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [13]
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- Findingreasoning§ Diabetes as a 'Jewish Peril' · p. 11
Wilson's hostility in his discussion of Jews and diabetes was the exception rather than the rule in the diabetes literature.
“The hostility that Wilson evinced in his discussion of Jews and diabetes was, however, the exception rather than the rule.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim - Findingnone given§ Judenkrankheit, a Jewish Malady · p. 7
Despite the highly ambiguous nature of the data, virtually no one questioned the fundamental link between Jews and diabetes during the first three decades of the twentieth century.
“But we can explore why, despite the highly ambiguous nature of the data-an ambiguity acknowledged at the time-virtually no one questioned the fundamental link between Jews and diabetes during the fi rst three decades of the century.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Findingcitation§ Judenkrankheit, a Jewish Malady · p. 3
By 1916, Elliott P. Joslin wrote in his textbook that 'the frequency with which diabetes occurs in the Jewish race is proverbial.'
“By 1916, Elliott P. Joslin, the foremost diabetes specialist in the nation, could write with confi dence in his highly acclaimed textbook that 'the frequency with which diabetes occurs in the Jewish race is proverbial.'”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [3]
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- Findingcitation§ Judenkrankheit, a Jewish Malady · p. 5
The discovery of insulin in 1921-1922 did little to clarify the fundamental cause of diabetes.
“Even the discovery of insulin in 1921-1922, which radically transformed the management of the disease, did little to clarify its fundamental cause.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [7]
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- Findingreasoning§ Diabetes as a 'Jewish Peril' · p. 11
Far more common in the diabetes literature was subtle trafficking in negative stereotypes.
“Far more common in the diabetes literature was subtle traffi cking in negative stereotypes.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Findingreasoning§ Judenkrankheit, a Jewish Malady · p. 4
It was not always clear how to determine whether someone was Jewish, especially when calculating mortality rather than morbidity rates.
“it was not always clear how to determine whether someone was Jewish-especially when calculating mortality rather than morbidity rates.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [6]
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- Findingcitation§ Judenkrankheit, a Jewish Malady · p. 6
The Jewish population in the United States was heterogeneous.
“the Jewish population in the United States was heterogeneous.”
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- Findingcitation§ Judenkrankheit, a Jewish Malady · p. 4
Physicians usually drew on select populations, such as their own private practice, a specific hospital's patient population, or those seeking relief at expensive spas.
“Not only did physicians usually draw on select populations, whether from their own private practice, the patient population of a specifi c hospital, or those seeking relief at expensive spas”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [6]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Findingcitation§ Diabetes as a 'Jewish Peril' · p. 8
Wilson assumed that the simultaneous increase in both the mortality rate from diabetes and the Jewish population meant that Jews were responsible.
“the speed with which he moved from correlation to causation, assuming that the simultaneous increase in both the mortality rate from diabetes and the Jewish population meant that Jews were responsible”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [14]
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- Findingcitation§ Judenkrankheit, a Jewish Malady · p. 3
Studies revealed that Jews seemed to be dying of diabetes at a rate two to six times greater than the rest of the population.
“Jews seemed to be dying of diabetes at a rate two to six times greater than the rest of the population.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [2]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Findingcitation§ Judenkrankheit, a Jewish Malady · p. 2
Josef Seegen observed that over 25 percent of the more than two hundred diabetes patients he had seen at the Carlsbad baths in the previous fifteen years were Jewish.
“over 25 percent of the more than two hundred patients he had seen in the previous fi fteen years were Jewish”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [1]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Findingcitation§ Diabetes as a 'Jewish Peril' · p. 11
Haven Emerson put the onus on Jews for spreading what he called 'this great luxury disease.'
“And Haven Emerson, professor of preventive medicine at Columbia's College of Physicians and Surgeons, and a previous commissioner of health for the city of New York, put the onus on Jews for spreading what he called 'this great luxury disease.'”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim - Findingnone given§ Jews as the 'Most Nervous of Civilized Peoples' · p. 18
Anti-Semitic sentiments are evident in many of the explanations for the alleged high rate of diabetes among Jews.
“Anti-Semitic sentiments are evident in many of the explanations for the alleged high rate of diabetes among Jews.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim - Findingreasoning§ Diabetes as a 'Jewish Peril' · p. 17
Few questioned Jews' inclusion in the 'civilized' elite.
“Few questioned Jews' inclusion in this 'civilized' elite.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Findingcitation§ Jews as the 'Most Nervous of Civilized Peoples' · p. 20
Almost every discussion of diabetes's etiology at the time included some reference to the nerves-whether nervous strain, nervous temperament, nervous derangements, nervous tension, or the nerve-shattering aspects of city life.
“Almost every discussion of diabetes's etiology at the time included some reference to the nerves-whether nervous strain, nervous temperament, nervous derangements, nervous tension, or the nerve-shattering aspects of city life.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [39]
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- Findingown data§ Diabetes as a 'Jewish Peril' · p. 14
Joslin found that 85 percent of his Jewish diabetes patients were overweight in comparison to just 70 percent of Gentiles.
“In fact, Joslin found that 85 percent of his Jewish diabetes patients were overweight in comparison to just 70 percent of Gentiles.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Findingcitation§ Jews as the 'Most Nervous of Civilized Peoples' · p. 20
Most fully developed in the writings of Charcot, the image of 'Jewish nervousness' became part of 'the standard fin-de-siècle rhetoric.'
“Most fully developed in the writings of the nineteenth-century French neurologist Jean-Martin Charcot, the image of 'Jewish nervousness' became, in one historian's words, part of 'the standard fi n-de-siècle rhetoric.'”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [40]
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- Findingcitation§ Diabetes as a 'Jewish Peril' · p. 13
In the early decades of the century, the 'fat Jew' became a potent symbol, in one historian's words, of 'the potential for disease and decay' associated with modernity.
“This image was fi nding particular resonance in the early decades of the century, when the 'fat Jew' became a potent symbol, in one historian's words, of 'the potential for disease and decay' associated with modernity.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [24]
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- Findingcitation§ Diabetes as a 'Jewish Peril' · p. 16
Obesity was also being linked to the immigrant body, and especially to Jews.
“Obesity was also being linked to the immigrant body, and especially to Jews.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [31]
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- Findingreasoning§ Jews as the 'Most Nervous of Civilized Peoples' · p. 20
Where some non-Jews viewed Jews' proclivity toward nervous diseases as a sign that they were a particularly pathological race, Jewish physicians and anthropologists offered alternative explanations for the labile nature of Jews' nervous system.
“But where some non-Jews viewed Jews' proclivity toward nervous diseases as a sign that they were a particularly pathological race, Jewish physicians and anthropologists offered alternative explanations for the labile nature of Jews' nervous system.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Findingcitation§ When Jews Became 'White Folk' · p. 28
Louis Zisserman found no difference in the diabetes mortality rate among Jews and non-Jews when he examined the Jewish Hospital in Philadelphia's records for the years 1930 to 1938.
“Louis Zisserman, who practiced medicine at the Jewish Hospital in Philadelphia, also found no difference in the diabetes mortality rate among Jews and non-Jews when he examined the hospital's records for the years 1930 to 1938.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [55]
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- Findingcitation§ When Jews Became 'White Folk' · p. 28
Blotner's analysis of the medical examinations of almost seventy thousand selectees showed that Jews, who made up 6 percent of a control group of 7,350 men, made up 5.8 percent of those who had diabetes.
“Blotner's doubts stemmed from his analysis of the medical examinations of almost seventy thousand selectees, which showed that Jews, who made up 6 percent of a control group of 7,350 men, made up 5.8 percent of those who had diabetes.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [56]
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- Findingcitation§ When Jews Became 'White Folk' · p. 26
One outcome of the Johnson-Reed Act was the gradual disappearance of the different shades of white that had mattered to the Dillingham Commission, and their replacement by a monolithic white population increasingly referred to as 'Caucasian.'
“As historians have shown, one of the outcomes of the Johnson-Reed Act was the gradual disappearance of the different shades of white that had mattered so much to the Dillingham Commission, and their replacement by a monolithic white population, increasingly referred to as 'Caucasian.'”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [51]
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- Findingcitation§ When Jews Became 'White Folk' · p. 27
It was not unusual well into the 1950s to read that Jews had a high prevalence of diabetes.
“Nevertheless, it was not unusual well into the 1950s to read that Jews had a high prevalence of the disease.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [53]
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- Interpretationreasoning§ Judenkrankheit, a Jewish Malady · p. 7
It is impossible to know whether Jews were overrepresented in the patient populations of those physicians who published statistical studies, or whether Jews went to physicians more often than other populations when they were not feeling well.
“It is impossible to know whether they were overrepresented in the patient populations of those physicians who published statistical studies, or whether, as implied by Epstein's joke about a thirsty Jew checking his sugar levels rather than taking a drink, Jews went to physicians more often than other populations when they were not feeling well.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Interpretationreasoning§ Judenkrankheit, a Jewish Malady · p. 6
Anyone who followed Joslin's lead would find more diabetes in the populations they examined than someone who worked with a more restrictive definition.
“But clearly anyone who followed the diabetes specialist's lead would fi nd more diabetes in the populations they examined than someone who worked with a more restrictive defi nition.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim - Interpretationcitation§ Diabetes as a 'Jewish Peril' · p. 7
In examining the relationship between rising diabetes rates and Jewish disproportionate affect, writers ended up constructing racial narratives about the disease.
“In examining the relationship between the two, these writers ended up constructing racial narratives about the disease.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [13]
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- Premisecitation§ Judenkrankheit, a Jewish Malady · p. 4
Studies of migration and disease have provided ample evidence that immigrants, especially those who have escaped lives of hardship and hunger, can develop high rates of diabetes after moving to a new environment.
“Studies of migration and disease have provided ample evidence that immigrants, especially those who have escaped lives of hardship and hunger, can develop high rates of diabetes after moving to a new environment.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [5]
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- Interpretationreasoning§ Judenkrankheit, a Jewish Malady · p. 7
It is impossible to know whether Jews had a higher rate of diabetes in the decades around the turn of the twentieth century.
“In short, we cannot know for certain whether 'Jews' did, in fact, suffer disproportionately from 'diabetes' in the decades around the turn of the twentieth century.”
- Also stated in: § Judenkrankheit, a Jewish Malady · p. 7 · plain
“It is thus impossible to answer the question of whether Jews had a higher rate of the disease.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Also stated in: § Judenkrankheit, a Jewish Malady · p. 7 · plain
- Interpretationreasoning§ Diabetes as a 'Jewish Peril' · p. 15
Joslin's admiration for those who heeded his message did not prevent him from employing language that propelled the image of 'the fat Jew' as a health threat to the nation.
“But the admiration he may have felt for those who heeded his message did not prevent him from employing language that propelled the image of 'the fat Jew' as a health threat to the nation.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Interpretationreasoning§ Diabetes as a 'Jewish Peril' · p. 16
Both Jews and diabetes had come to symbolize what many considered the worst aspects of modern life.
“Both had come to symbolize what many considered the worst aspects of modern life.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim - Interpretationreasoning§ Jews as the 'Most Nervous of Civilized Peoples' · p. 18
Anti-Semitic sentiments alone cannot account for the widespread belief that Jews suffered disproportionately from diabetes, if only because many Jews agreed that the disease posed a particular problem for people of Jewish descent.
“But such sentiments alone cannot account for the widespread belief that Jews suffered disproportionately from diabetes, if only because many Jews agreed that the disease posed a particular problem for people of Jewish descent.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Interpretationreasoning§ Diabetes as a 'Jewish Peril' · p. 18
Jews and diabetes both occupied ambivalent places in discourses about modernity.
“Jews and diabetes both occupied ambivalent places in discourses about modernity.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Interpretationreasoning§ Jews as the 'Most Nervous of Civilized Peoples' · p. 21
In addition to geography, history provided an explanation for Jews' 'nervous taint.'
“In addition to geography, history provided an explanation for Jews' 'nervous taint.'”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Interpretationreasoning§ Jews as the 'Most Nervous of Civilized Peoples' · p. 19
Despite acknowledging differences among American Jews and insisting that race had nothing to do with differential rates, Jacobs and Fishberg still lumped all Jews together when they offered a reason for 'the frequency of the disease among Jews.'
“Yet despite their acknowledgment of differences among American Jews, and despite insisting that race had nothing to do with differential rates, they still lumped all Jews together when they offered a reason for 'the frequency of the disease among Jews.'”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Interpretationreasoning§ Diabetes as a 'Jewish Peril' · p. 16
Whether blaming race or behavior and lifestyle, both Emerson and Joslin cast Jews as a population that burdened the health of the nation.
“But whether blaming race or behavior and lifestyle, both cast Jews as a population that burdened the health of the nation.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Interpretationreasoning§ Diabetes as a 'Jewish Peril' · p. 13
By his own account, Emerson's Jews were not the 'idle rich.'
“In other words, by his own account they were not the 'idle rich.'”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Interpretationreasoning§ Diabetes as a 'Jewish Peril' · p. 16
It would not have seemed unusual to include negative comments about the alleged character of Jews in explanations of why they suffered disproportionately from diabetes.
“Thus, it would not have seemed unusual to include negative comments about the alleged character of Jews in explanations of why they suffered disproportionately from diabetes.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim - Interpretationreasoning§ Diabetes as a 'Jewish Peril' · p. 14
By attacking the character of those who had diabetes while naming Jews as the 'race' with the highest rate, Emerson rendered Jews guilty by association.
“But by attacking the character of those who had diabetes, while naming Jews as the 'race' with the highest rate, he rendered them guilty by association.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Interpretationreasoning§ Diabetes as a 'Jewish Peril' · p. 14
In this context, the fat-and-diabetic body of the Jew became one important site where anxieties about modernity played out.
“In this context, the fat-and diabetic-body of the Jew became one important site where these anxieties played out.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Interpretationreasoning§ Diabetes as a 'Jewish Peril' · p. 13
The fears Emerson voiced reflected the changing meaning of fat from a marker of affluence and influence to a symbol of gluttony and decadence.
“The fears to which Emerson gave voice in his essay-that self-indulgence and hedonism were replacing self-discipline and asceticism as the social values to which one should aspire, and that the 'American way of life' was rapidly coming to an end-refl ected the changing meaning of fat from a marker of affl uence and infl uence to a symbol of gluttony and decadence.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Interpretationreasoning§ When Jews Became 'White Folk' · p. 32
Given the tensions between diabetes as a symbol of civilization and fears of civilizational decline, diabetes became fertile ground for anxieties about the destructive nature of consumer capitalism.
“Given these tensions, diabetes became fertile ground for anxieties about the destructive nature of consumer capitalism.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Interpretationnone given§ Jews as the 'Most Nervous of Civilized Peoples' · p. 24
Diabetes was considered a 'Jewish' disease in the early twentieth century because science, medicine, and culture all worked together to produce a slate of explanations for the disease's high prevalence among Jews.
“Diabetes was considered a 'Jewish' disease in the early twentieth century because science, medicine, and culture all worked together to produce a slate of explanations for the disease's high prevalence among Jews.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim
- Probably not a substantial claim. 58
- It may state two separate claims as one. 51
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
Findingcitation§ Diabetes as a 'Jewish Peril' · p. 12Emerson presented disturbing statistics about the fifteen-fold rise in the annual death rate from diabetes between 1866 and 1923.
“Instead he drew in his reader by presenting disturbing statistics about the fi fteen-fold rise in the annual death rate from diabetes between 1866 and 1923, and by targeting the social, economic, and cultural changes that were making the trend diffi cult to reverse.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
Findingcitation§ Diabetes as a 'Jewish Peril' · p. 7According to one diabetes specialist, the diabetes mortality rate had jumped 150 percent between 1850 and 1880.
“According to one diabetes specialist, its rate had jumped 150 percent between 1850 and 1880.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [13]
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Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
Findingcitation§ Diabetes as a 'Jewish Peril' · p. 10Wilson's message was that there are good immigrants and bad ones, and Jews belonged to the bad group.
“his message was clear: there are good immigrants and bad ones, and Jews belonged to the bad group.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [18]
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Findingcitation§ Judenkrankheit, a Jewish Malady · p. 5By the final decades of the nineteenth century, the medical community may have known that the pancreas was the damaged organ and that its islets of Langerhans had the greatest impact on the disease, but no one was sure what caused the islets to malfunction.
“By the fi nal decades of the nineteenth century, the medical community may have known that the pancreas was the damaged organ and that its islets of Langerhans, the site of insulin's production, had the greatest impact on the disease, but no one was sure what caused the islets to malfunction.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [7]
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It may state two separate claims as one.
Findingcitation§ Diabetes as a 'Jewish Peril' · p. 9The five major races were understood to exist in a hierarchy, with whites representing the most 'civilized' and blacks and American Indians the most 'savage.'
“The fi ve major races were understood to exist in a hierarchy, with whites representing the most 'civilized' of the groups and blacks and American Indians the most 'savage.'”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [16]
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Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
Findingcitation§ Judenkrankheit, a Jewish Malady · p. 6The definition of 'Jew' was equally ambiguous.
“The defi nition of 'Jew' was equally ambiguous.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [11]
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Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
Findingcitation§ Diabetes as a 'Jewish Peril' · p. 10Wilson believed that 'racial amalgamation' had long been a part of human history and should be embraced, at least between different branches of the white races.
“Wilson believed that 'racial amalgamation' had long been a part of human history and should be embraced, at least as long as it took place 'between different branches of the white races.'”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [18]
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Probably not a substantial claim.
Findingcitation§ Diabetes as a 'Jewish Peril' · p. 11Wilson insisted that Jews' 'clannishness,' reinforced by their refusal 'to intermarry with those of other religions,' worked against ensuring that immigrants adopt 'our inherited Anglo-Saxon ideals.'
“This 'clannishness,' Wilson insisted, reinforced by Jews' refusal 'to intermarry with those of other religions,' worked against ensuring that immigrants adopt, rather than obliterate, 'our inherited Anglo-Saxon ideals.'”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [19]
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It may state two separate claims as one.
Findingcitation§ Judenkrankheit, a Jewish Malady · p. 6Nineteenth-century physicians may have had chemical tests to detect sugar in the urine, but the lack of uniformity in testing meant that results from different examinations could not be properly compared.
“Nineteenth-century physicians may have had chemical tests to detect the presence of sugar in the urine without relying on their taste buds (as their predecessors had done), but the lack of uniformity in testing meant that results from different examinations could not be properly compared.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [9]
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Probably not a substantial claim.
Findingcitation§ Judenkrankheit, a Jewish Malady · p. 6Joslin suggested treating any patient who had sugar in the urine as though he or she had diabetes mellitus 'until the contrary is proven.'
“One solution to this lack of certainty was to treat any patient who had sugar in the urine as though he or she had diabetes mellitus, at least, as Joslin suggested, 'until the contrary is proven.'”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [9]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
It may state two separate claims as one.
Findingcitation§ Diabetes as a 'Jewish Peril' · p. 10J. G. Wilson published an article in Popular Science Monthly on 'The Crossing of the Races' the same year the Dillingham Commission published its final report, and one year before he blamed rising diabetes rates on the influx of Jewish immigrants.
“The same year the Dillingham Commission published its fi nal report, and one year before he blamed rising diabetes rates on the infl ux of Jewish immigrants, Wilson had published an article in Popular Science Monthly on 'The Crossing of the Races.'”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [18]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
It may state two separate claims as one.
Findingcitation§ Judenkrankheit, a Jewish Malady · p. 6Physicians believed that glycosuria (sugar in the urine) could be caused by a high sugar diet, an overly active thyroid, liver disease, or even a normal pregnancy, and thus was not always thought to signify diabetes.
“Besides, glycosuria (sugar in the urine) was not always thought to signify diabetes: physicians believed that a high sugar diet, an overly active thyroid, liver disease, or even a normal pregnancy could all cause it.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [9]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
It may state two separate claims as one.
Findingcitation§ Judenkrankheit, a Jewish Malady · p. 6There was no agreement on the concentration of blood sugar that should result in a diagnosis of diabetes, nor on the time of day to administer the blood test, how long a person had to fast, how much glucose to administer, or how quickly blood sugar had to return to normal.
“There was no agreement, for example, on the concentration of blood sugar that should result in a diagnosis of diabetes. Nor did clinicians and researchers agree on the time of day to administer the blood test, how long a person had to fast before taking the test, how much glucose to administer during the test, or how quickly the individual's blood sugar level had to return to normal for the person”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [10]
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Findingcitation§ Diabetes as a 'Jewish Peril' · p. 10The Dillingham Commission criticized the Bureau of Immigration's previous classification of Jews as 'Slavonic' and thus as 'Aryan,' and reclassified them as 'Semitic,' which placed them lower on the race ladder.
“This was apparent in their criticism of the Bureau of Immigration's previous classifi cation of Jews as 'Slavonic' and thus as 'Aryan,' and their reclassifi cation of them as 'Semitic,' which placed them lower on the race ladder.”
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Findingcitation§ Judenkrankheit, a Jewish Malady · p. 6Blood glucose tests became available in the early twentieth century, but there was considerable room for interpretation.
“Fortunately for those who preferred not to treat all their patients with glycosuria as diabetic until proven healthy, blood glucose tests became available in the early twentieth century. Yet even then there was considerable room for interpretation.”
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Findingcitation§ Diabetes as a 'Jewish Peril' · p. 11Wilson claimed that history provided the best clue to an immigrant group's moral mettle.
“Wilson claimed that history provided the best clue to an immigrant group's moral mettle”
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Probably not a substantial claim. It may state two separate claims as one.
Findingcitation§ Diabetes as a 'Jewish Peril' · p. 11In Wilson's interpretation, Jews had been welcomed in many different lands but had drawn others' wrath by insisting on 'certain special privileges' and keeping to themselves.
“In his interpretation of their history, Jews had been welcomed in many different lands from biblical times to the present, and each time they had begun by being treated as equals. Invariably, however, they had drawn others' wrath by insisting on 'certain special privileges' and keeping to themselves.”
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Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
Findingcitation§ Judenkrankheit, a Jewish Malady · p. 2Seegen commented that 10 percent would have been unusual given that Jews constituted just over 2 percent of the overall population in Europe.
“he commented that 10 percent would have been unusual enough, given that Jews constituted just over 2 percent of the overall population in Europe.”
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Findingcitation§ Diabetes as a 'Jewish Peril' · p. 9A group of radical nativists cast the latest influx of Jews as 'thoroughbred Asiatics.'
“A group of radical nativists jumped into the fray, going to great lengths to cast the latest infl ux of Jews as 'thoroughbred Asiatics.'”
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Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
Findingcitation§ Diabetes as a 'Jewish Peril' · p. 8In 1911, the Dillingham Commission produced a lengthy report recommending that immigration be curtailed.
“In 1911, just a year before Wilson published his study of diabetes in New York City, a congressional committee known as the Dilling ham Commission had produced a lengthy report recommending that immigration be curtailed.”
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Findingcitation§ Judenkrankheit, a Jewish Malady · p. 3In the German-language literature, diabetes came to be known as the Judenkrankheit, or 'Jewish disease.'
“diabetes even came to be known as the Judenkrankheit, or 'Jewish disease.'”
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Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
Findingcitation§ Diabetes as a 'Jewish Peril' · p. 8Wilson insisted that Jews had such a high rate of diabetes because of 'some hereditary defect' exacerbated by 'the practice of inbreeding.'
“his insistence that Jews had such a high rate of this disease because of 'some hereditary defect' exacerbated by 'the practice of inbreeding.'”
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Probably not a substantial claim.
Findingcitation§ Diabetes as a 'Jewish Peril' · p. 11Wilson concluded that Italians, Magyars, Poles, and other Slavs had demonstrated their ability 'to adopt the ways of western civilization,' while Jews had failed the test.
“His conclusion was that Italians, Magyars, Poles, and other Slavs had all demonstrated their ability 'to adopt the ways of western civilization.' Jews, on the other hand-he referred to them as 'the other type of immigrant'-had failed the test.”
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Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
Findingnone given§ Diabetes as a 'Jewish Peril' · p. 12Emerson's article 'Sweetness Is Death' was published in 1924 in The Survey.
“Emerson honed his argument in an article entitled 'Sweetness Is Death,' published in 1924 in The Survey, the leading journal of the social work profession.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimIt may state two separate claims as one.
Findingcitation§ Diabetes as a 'Jewish Peril' · p. 7The seemingly high rate of diabetes among Jews in the United States first attracted attention in the last decades of the nineteenth century, as diabetes rates in general appeared to be rising rapidly.
“The seemingly high rate of diabetes among Jews in the United States fi rst attracted attention in the last decades of the nineteenth century, as diabetes rates in general appeared to be rising rapidly.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [13]
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Findingcitation§ Judenkrankheit, a Jewish Malady · p. 7Even Albert A. Epstein, who drew attention to the unreliability of the statistical evidence, conceded the likelihood that Jews were more predisposed to diabetes and recommended that Jews take precautions to prevent the onset of the disease.
“Not even Epstein, who, despite drawing attention to the unreliability of the statistical evidence, conceded the likelihood that Jews were, in fact, more predisposed to diabetes. Better safe than sorry, he reasoned, as he recommended that Jews take proper precautions to prevent the onset of the disease.”
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Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
Findingcitation§ Diabetes as a 'Jewish Peril' · p. 9The Dillingham Commission divided immigrant populations into five major races and then into subgroups, ultimately identifying roughly six hundred 'branches or divisions of the human family' worldwide, forty-five of which could be found in the United States.
“the Dillingham Commission identifi ed roughly six hundred 'branches or divisions of the human family' throughout the world, forty-fi ve of which could be found in the United States.”
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Findingnone given§ Diabetes as a 'Jewish Peril' · p. 13Emerson claimed that tuberculosis barely affected Jews, whereas diabetes ran rampant among them, commonly known in Europe as 'Judenkrankheit.'
“In support of his argument that diabetes and wealth went hand in hand, he claimed that tuberculosis, 'a disease always fostered by poverty, low standards of living and food shortage,' barely affected Jews, whereas diabetes ran so rampant among them that it was 'commonly known in Europe as the ' Judenkrankheit.' '”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claimProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
Findingreasoning§ Diabetes as a 'Jewish Peril' · p. 12In the first two-thirds of 'Sweetness Is Death,' Emerson did not mention Jews.
“In the fi rst two-thirds of his article, Emerson did not even mention Jews.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimIt may state two separate claims as one.
Findingcitation§ Judenkrankheit, a Jewish Malady · p. 4Most writers who mentioned the link between Jews and diabetes rarely provided statistics to back up their claims; they simply repeated what everyone else was saying.
“most writers who mentioned this link rarely provided statistics to back up their claims. They simply repeated what everyone else was saying.”
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Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
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Findingcitation§ Diabetes as a 'Jewish Peril' · p. 8J. G. Wilson, a surgeon with the U.S. Public Health Service, referred to Jews as 'a highly inbred and psychopathically inclined race' in a study on 'Jewish psychopathology' a year after he wrote about diabetes.
“In a study he conducted on 'Jewish psychopathology' just a year after he wrote about diabetes, he referred to Jews as 'a highly inbred and psychopathically inclined race.'”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [14]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
It may state two separate claims as one.
Findingcitation§ Diabetes as a 'Jewish Peril' · p. 10The Dillingham Commission did not join the radical nativists in questioning whether Jews were white, but they struggled with the degree of Jews' whiteness.
“The members of the Dillingham Commission did not join the radical nativists in questioning whether Jews were white. But they evidently struggled with the degree of Jews' whiteness”
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Findingcitation§ Judenkrankheit, a Jewish Malady · p. 6Only a few who commented on the high rate of diabetes among Jews made any distinctions among Jewish groups, and among those who did, there was rarely agreement.
“Only a few who commented on the high rate of diabetes among Jews made any distinctions among these groups, and among those who did, there was rarely agreement.”
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Probably not a substantial claim. The authors may not put it forward as true. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
Findingcitation§ Diabetes as a 'Jewish Peril' · p. 9One question that received considerable attention was whether Jews should be considered white.
“One of the questions that received considerable attention was whether Jews should be considered white.”
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Findingcitation§ Diabetes as a 'Jewish Peril' · p. 9According to the 1790 naturalization law, only 'free white persons' could apply for citizenship, and in the early years of the American republic this included Jewish immigrants, who hailed primarily from Germany.
“According to the 1790 naturalization law, only 'free white persons' could apply for citizenship, and in the early years of the American republic this included Jewish immigrants, who hailed primarily from Germany.”
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Findingcitation§ Judenkrankheit, a Jewish Malady · p. 4Albert A. Epstein claimed that statistics showing Jews' predisposition to diabetes only taught how easy it is to 'prove anything by statistics not suffi ciently analyzed.'
“Albert A. Epstein, a Jewish physician who practiced in New York City, was so skeptical of the evidence linking Jews and diabetes that he claimed that statistics showing the Jews' predisposition to the disease only taught us how easy it is to 'prove anything by statistics not suffi ciently analyzed.'”
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Findingcitation§ Diabetes as a 'Jewish Peril' · p. 10The Dillingham Commission's report finally bore fruit: in 1921, and again in 1924, with the passage of the Johnson-Reed Act, the government put in place restrictive immigration laws that reduced the number of Jews entering the United States from a record high of 120,000 in 1921 to just 10,000 three years later.
“It took another decade, but the commission's report fi nally bore fruit: in 1921, and again in 1924, with the passage of the Johnson-Reed Act, the government put in place restrictive immigration laws that reduced the number of Jews entering the United States from a record high of 120,000 in 1921 to just 10,000 three years later.”
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Findingcitation§ Jews as the 'Most Nervous of Civilized Peoples' · p. 20Jews lacked the 'rejuvenation' that other populations received from rural immigrants, with the consequence, in Fishberg's words, 'that the evil effects of the strained, nerve-shattering city life have been deeply rooted on their [Jews'] bodies and minds, and this in turn has been transmitted to their offspring.'
“Jews, in contrast, lacked this 'rejuvenation,' with the consequence, in Fishberg's words, 'that the evil effects of the strained, nerve-shattering city life have been deeply rooted on their [Jews'] bodies and minds, and this in turn has been transmitted to their offspring.'”
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Findingcitation§ Jews as the 'Most Nervous of Civilized Peoples' · p. 18The Jewish Encyclopedia in the early twentieth century stated that statistics prove conclusively that diabetes occurs among Jews from two to six times as frequently as among non-Jews.
“Anyone, for example, who turned to the twelve-volume Jewish Encyclopedia in the early twentieth century to learn about diabetes would have read: 'Statistics prove conclusively that the disease occurs among Jews from two to six times as frequently as it does among non Jews.'”
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Findingreasoning§ Diabetes as a 'Jewish Peril' · p. 16The vast majority of writings on Jews and diabetes simply repeated the claim that Jews had an unusually high rate of the disease, suggesting that the link between Jews and diabetes made so much sense that few saw any reason to question it.
“To the contrary, the vast majority simply repeated the claim that Jews had an unusually high rate of the disease, suggesting that the link between Jews and diabetes made so much sense that few saw any reason to question it.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimProbably not a substantial claim.
Findingreasoning§ Diabetes as a 'Jewish Peril' · p. 14In 1924, Joslin declared unequivocally that 'diabetes [is] not a congenital stigma of the Jewish race.'
“when he declared unequivocally that 'diabetes [is] not a congenital stigma of the Jewish race.'”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claimProbably not a substantial claim. It may state two separate claims as one.
Findingcitation§ Jews as the 'Most Nervous of Civilized Peoples' · p. 21Josef Seegen first noted Jews' unusually high rate of diabetes and blamed it on their 'labile nervous system,' which he attributed to 'the long history of suffering, which the Jewish people have had to endure over thousands of years.'
“Indeed, when Josef Seegen fi rst noted Jews' unusually high rate of diabetes, he blamed it on their 'labile nervous system,' which he attributed to 'the long history of suffering, which the Jewish people have had to endure over thousands of years.'”
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Findingreasoning§ Diabetes as a 'Jewish Peril' · p. 14Joslin concluded that 'The Jew, in my opinion, is not prone to diabetes because he is a Jew, but rather because he is fat.'
“'The Jew,' he concluded, 'in my opinion, is not prone to diabetes because he is a Jew, but rather because he is fat.'”
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Findingcitation§ Jews as the 'Most Nervous of Civilized Peoples' · p. 21Hermann Oppenheim blamed the high rates of 'neuroses and psychoses' among Jews on the fact that they had been 'persecuted and oppressed, mostly only tolerated among the nations, living in peace for short times only, and then again tormented.'
“Hermann Oppenheim, for example, whose Textbook of Nervous Diseases for Physicians and Students became a standard in his fi eld, and which was translated from German into English in 1911, blamed the high rates of 'neuroses and psychoses' among Jews on the fact that they had been 'persecuted and oppressed, mostly only tolerated among the nations, living in peace for short times only, and then”
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Findingcitation§ Jews as the 'Most Nervous of Civilized Peoples' · p. 20Jacobs and Fishberg believed there was 'no room for doubt' that 'sudden emotional excitement, grief, terror, worry, and anxiety' triggered the onset of diabetes.
“Indeed, Jacobs and Fishberg believed there was 'no room for doubt' that 'sudden emotional excitement, grief, terror, worry, and anxiety' triggered the onset of the disease.”
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Findingcitation§ Diabetes as a 'Jewish Peril' · p. 16The idea that race-specific diseases existed was neither novel nor contested at the time; medical writers often attributed perceived disparities in the prevalence of specific diseases to the character of an entire race.
“Certainly, the idea that race-specifi c diseases existed was neither novel nor contested at the time; medical writers often attributed perceived disparities in the prevalence of specifi c diseases to the character of an entire race.”
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Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Findingnone given§ Diabetes as a 'Jewish Peril' · p. 16Not all writings on Jews and diabetes trafficked in racial stereotypes.
“Not all writings on Jews and diabetes traffi cked in racial stereotypes.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimProbably not a substantial claim.
Findingcitation§ Jews as the 'Most Nervous of Civilized Peoples' · p. 19The central message of the article on diabetes by Jacobs and Fishberg was that diabetes 'is not a racial disease of the Jews.'
“It is not surprising, then, that the central message of the article on diabetes by Jacobs and Fishberg was that it 'is not a racial disease of the Jews.'”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claimProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
Findingcitation§ Diabetes as a 'Jewish Peril' · p. 17Civilization came with health risks, producing stresses and strains that resulted in increased rates of diabetes as well as other so-called diseases of civilization, such as cardiovascular ailments and cancer.
“Yet civilization also came with health risks, producing stresses and strains that resulted in increased rates of diabetes as well as other so-called diseases of civilization, such as cardiovascular ailments and cancer.”
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Findingnone given§ Diabetes as a 'Jewish Peril' · p. 14A clear link between fat, Jews, and diabetes is evident in the writings of Joslin.
“A clear link between fat, Jews, and diabetes is also evident in the writings of Joslin.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
Findingreasoning§ Jews as the 'Most Nervous of Civilized Peoples' · p. 20One explanation for Jews' nervousness drew on geography: Jews had for centuries been concentrated in cities, where the pace of life was fast, streets and living quarters were crowded, community ties were weaker, and business deals necessitated a quick wit and competitive drive.
“One explanation drew on geography: Jews' nervousness arose because they had for centuries been concentrated in cities, where the pace of life was fast, streets and living quarters were crowded, community ties were weaker, and the business deals inherent in urban living necessitated a quick wit and competitive drive.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimIt may state two separate claims as one.
Findingnone given§ Diabetes as a 'Jewish Peril' · p. 14Joslin noted early on that the high rate of diabetes among Jews was 'proverbial,' but he did not weigh in on whether race had anything to do with it until 1924.
“Like other physicians, Joslin noted early on that the high rate of diabetes among Jews was 'proverbial,' but he did not weigh in on whether race had anything to do with it until 1924, when he declared unequivocally that 'diabetes [is] not a congenital stigma of the Jewish race.'”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimProbably not a substantial claim. It may state two separate claims as one.
Findingown data§ Diabetes as a 'Jewish Peril' · p. 14Joslin found that the rate of diabetes among his Jewish patients was unusually high only when they entered the fourth and fifth decades of their lives, a time when Jews packed on pounds.
“Comparing them with the rest of his patients, he found that the rate was unusually high only when they entered the fourth and fi fth decades of their lives, a time, he claimed, when Jews packed on the pounds.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claimIt may state two separate claims as one.
Findingcitation§ Jews as the 'Most Nervous of Civilized Peoples' · p. 20Jacobs and Fishberg endorsed the image of Jewish nervousness in another article on 'Nervous Diseases,' informing readers that 'Jews are more subject to diseases of the nervous system than the other races and peoples among which they dwell.'
“Jacobs and Fishberg endorsed this image in another article they wrote for the Jewish Encyclopedia on 'Nervous Diseases,' in which they informed readers that 'Jews are more subject to diseases of the nervous system than the other races and peoples among which they dwell.'”
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Findingcitation§ Jews as the 'Most Nervous of Civilized Peoples' · p. 19The only 'reasonable' explanation Jacobs and Fishberg offered for the frequency of diabetes among Jews was the Jews' 'extreme nervousness, the Jews being known as the most nervous of civilized peoples.'
“The only 'reasonable' explanation, they informed their readers, was the Jews' 'extreme nervousness, the Jews being known as the most nervous of civilized peoples.'”
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Findingcitation§ Diabetes as a 'Jewish Peril' · p. 14Emerson specifically added that 'it is not money in the bank, nor being a Jew . . . that determines the excess of diabetes deaths.'
“Indeed, he specifi cally added that 'it is not money in the bank, nor being a Jew . . . that determines the excess of diabetes deaths.'”
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Findingcitation§ Diabetes as a 'Jewish Peril' · p. 13Emerson described Jews as 'merchants, storekeepers, [and] needle workers,' who were 'abundantly though cheaply fed.'
“Yet Emerson's explanation for this proclivity did not fi t the picture he had just painted, for he described Jews as 'merchants, storekeepers, [and] needle workers,' who were 'abundantly though cheaply fed.'”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claimProbably not a substantial claim. It may state two separate claims as one.
Findingcitation§ Diabetes as a 'Jewish Peril' · p. 15Joslin explained that to stamp out a pestilence one studies and attacks it where its ravages are worse, and he stated that diabetes is fifteen times as frequent among adults, ten to twenty times as common among the fat, and two and a half times as common among Jews and slightly more so among Jewish females; a campaign should target adult, fat females, and particularly Jews.
“'To stamp out a pestilence,' he explained, 'one studies and attacks it where its ravages are worse. Yellow fever was investigated and prevention found in Cuba, not in the United States. The pathway is equally plain in diabetes. First, this disease is known to be fi fteen times as frequent among adults; second, this disease is ten to twenty times as common among the fat; third, this disease is two”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [30]
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Findingown data§ When Jews Became 'White Folk' · p. 27Those who worked hardest to sustain the message that Jews were particularly susceptible to diabetes made up an older group of researchers and provided precious little new material, drawing instead on studies they had conducted decades earlier.
“For one, those who worked the hardest to sustain this message made up an older group of researchers. Among the participants in the 1941 symposium, for example, most were in their sixties. Joslin, the oldest of them, was seventy-two. They also provided precious little new material, drawing instead on studies they had conducted decades earlier.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimProbably not a substantial claim. The paper may give no reason why it holds. It may state two separate claims as one.
Findingnone given§ Jews as the 'Most Nervous of Civilized Peoples' · p. 24For some, diabetes revealed Jews' gluttony and neuroses; for others it marked the centuries of suffering Jews had endured; for yet others it was a sign of Jews' highly civilized state. But all agreed that in one way or another Jews made up a distinct race.
“For some, diabetes revealed the Jews' gluttony and neuroses; for others it marked the centuries of suffering that Jews had endured; for yet others it was a sign of Jews' highly civilized state. But all agreed that in one way or another Jews made up a distinct race.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimIt may state two separate claims as one.
Findingnone given§ Jews as the 'Most Nervous of Civilized Peoples' · p. 22Lamarck's popularity among Jews was so profound that Fritz Lenz drew attention to it, insisting that 'the fondness of the Jews for Lamarckism' rested in their 'wish that there should be no unbridgeable racial distinctions.'
“Lamarck's popularity among Jews was so profound that the German racial hygienist Fritz Lenz drew attention to it, insisting that 'the fondness of the Jews for Lamarckism' rested in their 'wish that there should be no unbridgeable racial distinctions.'”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
Findingcitation§ Jews as the 'Most Nervous of Civilized Peoples' · p. 21Solomon Solis-Cohen maintained, in contrast to Jacobs and Fishberg, that Russian Jews had the highest diabetes rate of all Jews, and blamed it on the particularly 'cruel persecution' they had experienced.
“The Philadelphia physician Solomon Solis-Cohen, who maintained-in contrast to Jacobs and Fishberg-that Russian Jews had the highest diabetes rate of all the Jews, blamed it on the particularly 'cruel persecution' they had experienced.”
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Findingcitation§ Jews as the 'Most Nervous of Civilized Peoples' · p. 23To Epstein, the absence of diabetes or its symptoms in the Bible or the Talmud meant that the disease could not be racial, since racial traits had to have existed 'from time immemorial.'
“To Epstein, the fact that there was no mention of diabetes or its symptoms in the Bible or the Talmud, despite the 'rich . . . discussion of medical subjects' in those texts, meant that the disease could not be racial, since racial traits had to have existed 'from time immemorial.'”
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Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Findingnone given§ When Jews Became 'White Folk' · p. 27As the image of Jews as a distinct race faded, talk of diabetes as a Jewish disease also diminished.
“As the image of Jews as a distinct race faded, talk of diabetes as a Jewish disease also diminished.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
Findingcitation§ When Jews Became 'White Folk' · p. 29Dennis Krikler's 1970 survey of the medical literature on 'diseases of Jews' stated that 'impressions' that Jews suffer disproportionately from diabetes have 'not been borne out.'
“When the Jewish cardiologist Dennis Krikler decided in 1970 to survey the medical literature to determine 'the present state of knowledge' regarding 'diseases of Jews,' his short paragraph on diabetes mellitus stated simply that 'impressions' that Jews suffer disproportionately from diabetes have 'not been borne out.'”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [59]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
It may state two separate claims as one.
Findingreasoning§ When Jews Became 'White Folk' · p. 32While the strong link between Jews and diabetes began to weaken in the 1930s, the connections between race, diabetes, and civilization persisted until after World War II.
“But while the strong link between Jews and diabetes began to weaken in the 1930s, the connections between race, diabetes, and civilization persisted until after World War II.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claimIt may state two separate claims as one.
Findingcitation§ When Jews Became 'White Folk' · p. 31Studies of French Canadians from Eastern Quebec, Cajuns from Southern Louisiana, and the Pennsylvania Dutch revealed a high prevalence of Tay-Sachs, breaking the unique link between Ashkenazi Jews and the disease; the disease was thought to be a genetic mutation that had established itself in a reproductively isolated population.
“In subsequent decades, studies of French Canadians from Eastern Quebec, Cajuns from Southern Louisiana, and the Pennsylvania Dutch also revealed a high prevalence of Tay-Sachs, breaking the unique link between Ashkenazi Jews and the disease. Thus, few considered the presence of this disease in a population a racial trait; instead it was thought to be a genetic mutation that had established itself”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [62]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
It may state two separate claims as one.
Findingcitation§ When Jews Became 'White Folk' · p. 28Jacob Schwartz reported in 1934 that only 2.9 percent of the 4,398 Jewish patients he had seen in his practice had diabetes, a rate directly comparable to what Joslin had found in the general population.
“Jacob Schwartz, for example, a physician at Beth-El and Brooklyn Women's Hospitals in Brooklyn, New York, reported in 1934 that only 2.9 percent of the 4,398 Jewish patients he had seen in his practice had diabetes. This rate, he pointed out, was directly comparable to what Joslin had found in the general population.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [55]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may state two separate claims as one.
Findingreasoning§ Jews as the 'Most Nervous of Civilized Peoples' · p. 23Epstein concluded that ancient Hebrews did not suffer from diabetes; their proclivity for the disease could only have developed over time; and this was probably a result of persecution having rendered them a 'high-strung and nervous people.' Diabetes was 'acquired not racial.'
“Thus there was only one conclusion: ancient Hebrews did not suffer from diabetes; their proclivity for the disease could only have developed over time; and this was probably a result of persecution having rendered them a 'high-strung and nervous people.' Diabetes, he told his audience, was 'acquired not racial.'”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [46]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
It may state two separate claims as one.
Findingreasoning§ When Jews Became 'White Folk' · p. 28Only in the 1950s did the tide turn in favor of those who insisted that Jews were no more susceptible to diabetes than other groups, backed by studies emerging from the newly established state of Israel.
“Only in the 1950s did the tide turn in favor of those who insisted that Jews were no more susceptible to diabetes than other groups. Backing them up were studies emerging from the newly established state of Israel.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
Findingcitation§ Jews as the 'Most Nervous of Civilized Peoples' · p. 22Epstein insisted that he was not talking about a racial trait, but rather an acquired one.
“Nevertheless, he insisted that he was not talking about a racial trait, but rather an acquired one.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [43]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
Findingcitation§ Jews as the 'Most Nervous of Civilized Peoples' · p. 22Epstein described how the physical consequences of discrimination produced 'a profound and indelible impression' on the bodies of Jews, transmitted from generation to generation.
“Epstein described how the physical consequences of such discrimination had produced 'a profound and indelible impression' on the bodies of Jews, one that had been 'transmitted from generation to generation.'”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [43]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
It may state two separate claims as one.
Interpretationnone given§ Judenkrankheit, a Jewish Malady · p. 3The association between Jews and diabetes would not be seriously challenged until the 1930s, and would not disappear until well after World War II.
“The association between Jews and diabetes would not be seriously challenged until the 1930s, and would not disappear until well after World War II.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claimIt may state two separate claims as one.
Interpretationreasoning§ Diabetes as a 'Jewish Peril' · p. 12Labeling diabetes 'a great luxury disease,' Emerson expressed deep anxiety about economic prosperity from mass production, the rise of print culture and advertising, a credit economy, and new leisure activities.
“Labeling diabetes 'a great luxury disease,' he expressed deep anxiety about the transformation of fundamental aspects of American life: the economic prosperity that stemmed from the mass production of consumer goods, including clothing, radios, cars, and magazines; the rise of print culture and advertising, which encouraged citizens to support the new consumer culture; and a credit”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claimProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
Interpretationreasoning§ Diabetes as a 'Jewish Peril' · p. 12Emerson's diatribe in the first pages of his article was against 'the idle rich' and their conspicuous consumption, not Jews per se.
“Indeed, if anything, Emerson's diatribe in the fi rst pages of his article was against 'the idle rich' and their embrace of conspicuous consumption, not Jews per se.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimIt may state two separate claims as one.
Interpretationcitation§ Diabetes as a 'Jewish Peril' · p. 11Emerson drew on widespread fears of drastic changes shaking American society in the interwar years and on negative images of the Jew as the embodiment of much that was wrong with modernity.
“In doing so, he drew on not only widespread fears of the drastic changes shaking the foundation of American society in the interwar years, but also negative images of the Jew as the embodiment of much that was wrong with modernity.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [20]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
Probably not a substantial claim.
Interpretationreasoning§ Diabetes as a 'Jewish Peril' · p. 12To Emerson, diabetes was symbolic of all that he loathed; 'a disease of wealth and feeding and fatness' provided physical evidence of moral turpitude.
“To Emerson, diabetes was symbolic of all that he loathed; 'a disease of wealth and feeding and fatness,' it provided physical evidence of what was, in essence, moral turpitude.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claimProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
Interpretationreasoning§ Diabetes as a 'Jewish Peril' · p. 12'Sweetness Is Death' is about more than diabetes; it is also Emerson's denunciation of many changes taking place after the Great War.
“'Sweetness Is Death' is clearly about more than diabetes. It is also Emerson's denunciation of so many of the changes taking place in the years following the Great War.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimIt may state two separate claims as one.
Interpretationcitation§ Diabetes as a 'Jewish Peril' · p. 15Like Emerson, and despite his best intentions, Joslin continued to play into negative stereotypes-this time of the fat Jew-effectively replacing 'the stigma of a congenital tendency' with the stigma of obesity.
“Yet like Emerson, and despite his best intentions, Joslin continued to play into negative stereotypes-this time of the fat Jew-effectively replacing 'the stigma of a congenital tendency' with the stigma of obesity.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [28]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
It may state two separate claims as one.
Interpretationreasoning§ Jews as the 'Most Nervous of Civilized Peoples' · p. 20Even as Jacobs and Fishberg denied racial traits, they ascribed nervousness to Jews, drawing on a widespread belief that diabetes and the nervous system were intimately connected.
“Thus, even as Jacobs and Fishberg denied racial traits, they ascribed nervousness to Jews, drawing on a widespread belief that diabetes and the nervous system were intimately connected.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claimProbably not a substantial claim. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Interpretationreasoning§ Diabetes as a 'Jewish Peril' · p. 18As symbols of success taken to excess, and of an advanced society without restraint, Jews and diabetes fit together like a hand in a glove.
“As symbols of success taken to excess, and of an advanced society without restraint, they fi t together like a hand in a glove.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimIt may state two separate claims as one.
Interpretationreasoning§ Diabetes as a 'Jewish Peril' · p. 16As he railed against the 'pestilence,' Joslin gradually narrowed his target population, beginning with fat adults and ending with fat Jewish females, despite stating clearly that Jewish women had only a 'slightly' higher rate than Jewish men.
“As he railed against the 'pestilence,' he gradually narrowed his target population, beginning with fat adults and ending with fat Jewish females, despite stating clearly that Jewish women had only a 'slightly' higher rate than Jewish men.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claimIt may state two separate claims as one.
Interpretationreasoning§ Diabetes as a 'Jewish Peril' · p. 16Emerson's and Joslin's writings reflected and advanced common stereotypes that displaced onto Jews many of the anxieties associated with modernity.
“Nevertheless, their writings refl ected and advanced common stereotypes that displaced onto Jews many of the anxieties associated with modernity.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claimIt may state two separate claims as one.
Interpretationreasoning§ Diabetes as a 'Jewish Peril' · p. 14Joslin was the leading diabetes specialist in the United States in the first half of the twentieth century and may have shaped the conversation about Jews and diabetes more than any other individual of his day.
“As the leading diabetes specialist in the United States in the fi rst half of the twentieth century, and a physician of considerable international fame, Joslin may have shaped the conversation about Jews and diabetes more than any other individual of his day.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claimIt may state two separate claims as one.
Interpretationreasoning§ Diabetes as a 'Jewish Peril' · p. 16In this way, Joslin helped to shape the meaning of fat, which was not only becoming increasingly stigmatized in the interwar years, but also increasingly feminized.
“In this way, Joslin helped to shape the meaning of fat, which was not only becoming increasingly stigmatized in the interwar years, but also increasingly feminized.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claimProbably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
Interpretationreasoning§ Diabetes as a 'Jewish Peril' · p. 16If one had to match the imagined characteristics of a population with the imagined characteristics of a disease, one could not have done better around the turn of the century than to pair Jews and diabetes.
“Indeed, if you had to match the imagined characteristics of a population with the imagined characteristics of a disease, you could not have done better around the turn of the century than to pair Jews and diabetes.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimProbably not a substantial claim.
Interpretationreasoning§ Diabetes as a 'Jewish Peril' · p. 13By defining Jews as most at risk of developing 'this luxury disease,' and by linking the disease to 'wealth and feeding and fatness,' Emerson reinforced an image of the rich and fat Jew, hoarding money and indulging while the rest of the world struggled.
“Still, by defi ning Jews as the most at risk of developing 'this luxury disease,' and by linking the disease to 'wealth and feeding and fatness,' Emerson reinforced an image of the rich and fat Jew, hoarding his money and indulging himself while the rest of the world struggled with hunger and deprivation.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claimProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
Interpretationreasoning§ Diabetes as a 'Jewish Peril' · p. 15As with Emerson, Joslin was not targeting Jews alone.
“Again, as with Emerson, Joslin was not targeting Jews alone.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimProbably not a substantial claim.
Interpretationreasoning§ Diabetes as a 'Jewish Peril' · p. 14At least in theory, Emerson seemed to be writing that anyone who had 'the means to grow fat,' and who then chose 'self-indulgence' over 'self-control,' ran the risk of developing diabetes.
“At least in theory, he seemed to be writing, anyone who had 'the means to grow fat,' and who then chose 'self-indulgence' over 'self-control,' ran the risk of developing the disease.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claimProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Interpretationreasoning§ Jews as the 'Most Nervous of Civilized Peoples' · p. 22Jews favored an explanation that turned nervousness, and by extension diabetes, into a symbol of their oppression rather than a source of shame.
“It is easy to understand why Jews would favor an explanation that turned nervousness, and by extension diabetes, into a symbol of Jews' oppression rather than a source of shame.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimProbably not a substantial claim. The authors may not put it forward as true. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
Interpretationcitation§ When Jews Became 'White Folk' · p. 25If Boas's conclusions were true, they 'would destroy the foundations of anthropological research for race history.'
“As the anthropologist J. H. Fleure observed, if Boas's conclusions were true, they 'would destroy the foundations of anthropological research for race history.'”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [50]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
Premisecitation§ Jews as the 'Most Nervous of Civilized Peoples' · p. 22Lamarck postulated that organisms exposed to new environmental pressures responded with new habits, leading them to use some body parts and cease using others, and that changes in these body parts were transmitted to future generations.
“Lamarck had postulated that organisms exposed to new environmental pressures responded with new habits, which led them to use some body parts and to cease using others. The changes in these body parts were then transmitted to future generations.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [44]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
It may state two separate claims as one.
Interpretationreasoning§ When Jews Became 'White Folk' · p. 26Legislation that drastically reduced the number of Jews allowed to enter the United States also opened the door to their inclusion among the 'white' elite.
“There is a certain irony here: legislation that drastically reduced the number of Jews who were allowed to enter the United States also opened the door to their inclusion among the 'white' elite.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim
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Metadata
- Venue
- Diabetes
- Publisher
- Yale University Press
- Published
- 2020-08-05
- Pages
- 1-31
- OpenAlex
- W4231706971
- Cited by
- 0
- References
- 0
- FWCI
- 0.00
- Type
- book chapter
- Language
- de
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Yale University Press eBooks (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Genetics › Diabetes and associated disorders
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism › Diabetes Management and Research
- Social Sciences › Arts and Humanities › Religious studies › Religion, Theology, History, Judaism, Christianity
- Keywords
- diabetes mellitus, Jews, Jewish physicians, history of diabetes
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