The DOI matches its Crossref record; 47 of the 50 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Risk Factors for Cardiovascular Disease in Type 1 Diabetes
Open accessAbstract
Risk factors for cardiovascular disease (CVD) are well-established in type 2 but not type 1 diabetes (T1DM). We assessed risk factors in the long-term (mean 27 years) follow-up of the Diabetes Control and Complications Trial (DCCT) cohort with T1DM. Cox proportional hazards multivariate models assessed the association of traditional and novel risk factors, including HbA1c, with major atherosclerotic cardiovascular events (MACE) (fatal or nonfatal myocardial infarction [MI] or stroke) and any-CVD (MACE plus confirmed angina, silent MI, revascularization, or congestive heart failure). Age and mean HbA1c were strongly associated with any-CVD and with MACE. For each percentage point increase in mean HbA1c, the risk for any-CVD and for MACE increased by 31 and 42%, respectively. CVD and MACE were associated with seven other conventional factors, such as blood pressure, lipids, and lack of ACE inhibitor use, but not with sex. The areas under the receiver operating characteristics curves for the association of age and HbA1c, taken together with any-CVD and for MACE, were 0.70 and 0.77, respectively, and for the final models, including all significant risk factors, were 0.75 and 0.82. Although many conventional CVD risk factors apply in T1DM, hyperglycemia is an important risk factor second only to age.
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“Furthermore, several studies, including the DCCT/EDIC, have established pulse rate as an independent risk factor for cardiovascular outcomes and mortality [23, 25–28].”
From Cardiovascular autonomic neuropathy defined by indices of heart rate variability is associated with cardiovascular disease: a longitudinal cohort study of participants with type 1 diabetes (2025) · cites this paper as [23]
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Citations
Cites
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Self-citationStandards of Medical Care in Diabetes
Power, D. V. (2006) · Diabetes Care · doi:10.2337/diacare.29.02.06.dc05-1593 · Cited by 8,676
Modeling Survival Data: Extending the Cox Model
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General Cardiovascular Risk Profile for Use in Primary Care: The Framingham Heart Study
D’Agostino, R. B., Vasan, R. S., Pencina, M. J., Wolf, P. A., Cobain, M., Massaro, J. M., & Kannel, W. B. (2008) · Circulation · doi:10.1161/circulationaha.107.699579 · Cited by 7,491 · cited 2×
“While these models could be employed as the basis for a “risk” or prediction score, we hesitate to do so owing to the relatively small numbers of subjects with an outcome event (184 anyCVD, 88 MACE) compared, for example, to the 1174 CVD cases used to develop, validate and calibrate the Framingham Risk Score (43).”
ResultHeart Disease and Stroke Statistics—2015 Update: A Report From the American Heart Association
Mozaffarian, D., Benjamin, E. J., Go, A. S., Arnett, D. K., Blaha, M. J., Cushman, M., de Ferranti, S., Després, J.-P., Fullerton, H. J., Howard, V. J., et al. (2015) · Circulation · doi:10.1161/cir.0000000000000152 · Cited by 5,797 · cited 1×
“This finding contrasts with the higher risk of CVD among men than women in the general population (29).”
ResultHEART DISEASE AND STROKE STATISTICS–2014 UPDATE: A REPORT FROM THE AMERICAN HEART ASSOCIATION
Tarver, T. (2014) · Journal of Consumer Health on the Internet · doi:10.1080/15398285.2014.902284 · Cited by 5,595
Intensive diabetes treatment and cardiovascular disease in patients with type 1 diabetes
(2005) · New England Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1056/nejmoa052187 · Cited by 5,138
Self-citationBody Mass Index, Metabolic Syndrome, and Risk of Type 2 Diabetes or Cardiovascular Disease
Meigs, J. B., Wilson, P. W. F., Fox, C. S., Vasan, R. S., Nathan, D. M., SULLIVAN, L. M., & D’Agostino, R. B. (2006) · The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism · doi:10.1210/jc.2006-0594 · Cited by 1,088 · cited 2×
“Another risk factor established for CVD in type 2 diabetes (34) that did not emerge in our study was obesity or BMI.”
Matsushita, K., Coresh, J., Sang, Y., Chalmers, J. P., Fox, C. S., Güallar, E., Jafar, T. H., Jassal, S. K., Landman, G. W. D., Muntner, P., et al. (2015) · The Lancet Diabetes & Endocrinology · doi:10.1016/s2213-8587(15)00040-6 · Cited by 935
Model selection and model averaging
Claeskens, G., & Hjort, N. L. (2008) · Cited by 872
Flagged first, then by citations
3 of the 50 references couldn’t be matched to a known paper.
Research works printed but not linked: 1
- Pedersen, 1992, Long-term (18 year) prognosis for normo- and microalbuminuric type 1 (insulin-dependent) diabetic patients, Diabetologia, 35, A60
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Lipshultz, S. E., Law, Y. M., Asante‐Korang, A., Austin, E. D., Dipchand, A. I., Everitt, M. D., Hsu, D. T., Lin, K. Y., Price, J. F., Wilkinson, J. D., et al. (2019) · Circulation · doi:10.1161/cir.0000000000000682 · Cited by 422
Braffett, B. H., Gubitosi-Klug, R. A., Albers, J. W., Feldman, E. L., Martin, C. L., White, N. H., Orchard, T. J., Lopes-Virella, M., Lachin, J. M., Pop-Busui, R., et al. (2020) · Diabetes · doi:10.2337/db19-1046 · Cited by 221
Self-citationCardiovascular disease in diabetes, beyond glucose
Eckel, R. H., Bornfeldt, K., & Goldberg, I. J. (2021) · Cell Metabolism · doi:10.1016/j.cmet.2021.07.001 · Cited by 235
Risk Factors for Retinopathy in Type 1 Diabetes: The DCCT/EDIC Study
Hainsworth, D. P., Bebu, I., Aiello, L. P., Sivitz, W. I., Gubitosi‐Klug, R., Malone, J. I., White, N. H., Danis, R. P., Wallia, A., Gao, X., et al. (2019) · Diabetes Care · doi:10.2337/dc18-2308 · Cited by 208
Cardiovascular Risk in Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus
Schofield, J. D., Ho, J. H., & Soran, H. (2019) · Diabetes Therapy · doi:10.1007/s13300-019-0612-8 · Cited by 164
Metadata
- Authors
- The Diabetes Control and Complications Trial/Epidemiology of Diabetes Interventions and Complications (DCCT/EDIC) Research Group
- Corresponding author
- The Diabetes Control and Complications Trial/Epidemiology of Diabetes Interventions and Complications (DCCT/EDIC) Research Group
- Venue
- Diabetes
- Publisher
- American Diabetes Association
- Published
- 2016-02-19
- Volume
- 65
- Issue
- 5
- Pages
- 1370-1379
- ISSN
- 0012-1797 (ISSN-L)
- 1939-327X
- PMC
- PMC4839209
- OpenAlex
- W2280350954
- Cited by
- 209
- References
- 50
- Citations by year
- 2026: 11 · 2025: 20 · 2024: 20 · 2023: 24 · 2022: 21 · 2021: 26 · 2020: 25 · 2019: 29 · 2018: 10 · 2017: 15 · 2016: 8
- FWCI
- 20.75
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
- Locations
- Diabetes (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Disease (U01- DK-094176, U01-DK-094157)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism › Diabetes Management and Research
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism › Diabetes, Cardiovascular Risks, and Lipoproteins
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism › Diabetes Treatment and Management
- Keywords
- type 1 diabetes, cardiovascular disease, cardiovascular risk factors, HbA1c, hyperglycemia, age, myocardial infarction, stroke, congestive heart failure, ACE inhibitors, blood pressure, lipids
- MeSH terms
- Adolescent, Adult, Aging, Canada, Cardiovascular Diseases, Combined Modality Therapy, Cross-Sectional Studies, Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1, Diabetic Angiopathies, Female, Glycated Hemoglobin, Humans, Hyperglycemia, Longitudinal Studies, Male, Models, Cardiovascular, Risk Factors, United States, Cohort Studies, Incidence, Prevalence, Survival Analysis, Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic, Young Adult, Diabetic Cardiomyopathies
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