CoChat
Sign Up
Cited by 305Diabetes and associated disordersDiabetes Management and ResearchDiabetes Treatment and Management

Management of Latent Autoimmune Diabetes in Adults: A Consensus Statement From an International Expert Panel

Open access
Buzzetti, Raffaella, Tuomi, Tiinamaija, Mauricio, Didac, Pietropaolo, Massimo, Zhou, Zhiguang, Pozzilli, Paolo, Leslie, Richard David·2020·Diabetes
DOI 10.2337/dbi20-0017PMC PMC7809717
Open this paper in CoChat — free accountOpen PDF

Abstract

A substantial proportion of patients with adult-onset diabetes share features of both type 1 diabetes (T1D) and type 2 diabetes (T2D). These individuals, at diagnosis, clinically resemble T2D patients by not requiring insulin treatment, yet they have immunogenetic markers associated with T1D. Such a slowly evolving form of autoimmune diabetes, described as latent autoimmune diabetes of adults (LADA), accounts for 2–12% of all patients with adult-onset diabetes, though they show considerable variability according to their demographics and mode of ascertainment. While therapeutic strategies aim for metabolic control and preservation of residual insulin secretory capacity, endotype heterogeneity within LADA implies a personalized approach to treatment. Faced with a paucity of large-scale clinical trials in LADA, an expert panel reviewed data and delineated one therapeutic approach. Building on the 2020 American Diabetes Association (ADA)/European Association for the Study of Diabetes (EASD) consensus for T2D and heterogeneity within autoimmune diabetes, we propose “deviations” for LADA from those guidelines. Within LADA, C-peptide values, proxy for β-cell function, drive therapeutic decisions. Three broad categories of random C-peptide levels were introduced by the panel: 1) C-peptide levels <0.3 nmol/L: a multiple-insulin regimen recommended as for T1D; 2) C-peptide values ≥0.3 and ≤0.7 nmol/L: defined by the panel as a “gray area” in which a modified ADA/EASD algorithm for T2D is recommended; consider insulin in combination with other therapies to modulate β-cell failure and limit diabetic complications; 3) C-peptide values >0.7 nmol/L: suggests a modified ADA/EASD algorithm as for T2D but allowing for the potentially progressive nature of LADA by monitoring C-peptide to adjust treatment. The panel concluded by advising general screening for LADA in newly diagnosed non–insulin-requiring diabetes and, importantly, that large randomized clinical trials are warranted.

The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.

Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.

A few free checks a day · papers already verified open instantly · results are public

Integrity signals

Registry

Crossref · 10.2337/dbi20-0017

Cites

12 of 12 references verified0 citation errors · 0 not checkable

Statistics

Claims the paper makes

The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.

Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.

A few free checks a day · papers already verified open instantly · results are public

Claims other papers make about this one

Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?

  • Controversy remains as to whether latent autoimmune diabetes of adulthood is a discrete subtype, a milder form of type 1 diabetes, or a mixture of type 1 and type 2 diabetes.

    “Controversy remains as to whether latent autoimmune diabetes of adulthood (LADA) is a discrete subtype, a milder form of type 1 diabetes, or a mixture of some individuals with type 1 diabetes and others with type 2 diabetes (16,17).”

    From The management of type 1 diabetes in adults. A consensus report by the American Diabetes Association (ADA) and the European Association for the Study of Diabetes (EASD) (2021) · cites this paper as [17]

    The Introduction describes LADA as a slowly progressive autoimmune condition within the type 1 diabetes spectrum, while Identifying Subjects With LADA calls it a clinical and metabolic hybrid of types 1 and 2. Characteristics of LADA reports that some patients have a type 1 phenotype and others resemble type 2, but the paper does not present the stated three-way classification controversy or say that LADA is a mixture of people who actually have type 1 and people who actually have type 2 diabetes. Page numbers are unavailable in our copy. (LLM, conf=0.84)

    Experimental — accuracy not yet measured

Self-check

Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.

The self-check needs the paper’s full text.

Cites

Flagged first, then by citations

Research works printed but not linked: 77

  1. [1]Di Mario U, Irvine WJ, Borsey DQ, Kyner JL, Weston J, Galfo C Immune abnormalities in diabetic patients not requiring insulin at diagnosis. Diabetologia 1983; 25: 392– 395 6360778
  2. [2]Groop LC, Bottazzo GF, Doniach D Islet cell antibodies identify latent type I diabetes in patients aged 35-75 years at diagnosis. Diabetes 1986; 35: 237– 241 3510930
  3. [3]Tuomi T, Groop LC, Zimmet PZ, Rowley MJ, Knowles W, Mackay IR Antibodies to glutamic acid decarboxylase reveal latent autoimmune diabetes mellitus in adults with a non-insulin-dependent onset of disease. Diabetes 1993; 42: 359– 362 8425674
  4. [4]Turner R, Stratton I, Horton V,.; UK Prospective Diabetes Study Group UKPDS 25: autoantibodies to islet-cell cytoplasm and glutamic acid decarboxylase for prediction of insulin requirement in type 2 diabetes. Lancet 1997; 350: 1288– 1293 9357409
  5. [5]Tuomi T, Carlsson A, Li H, Clinical and genetic characteristics of type 2 diabetes with and without GAD antibodies. Diabetes 1999; 48: 150– 157 9892237
  6. [6]Naik RG, Palmer JP Latent autoimmune diabetes in adults (LADA). Rev Endocr Metab Disord 2003; 4: 233– 241 14501174
  7. [7]Buzzetti R, Di Pietro S, Giaccari A,.; Non Insulin Requiring Autoimmune Diabetes Study Group High titer of autoantibodies to GAD identifies a specific phenotype of adult-onset autoimmune diabetes. Diabetes Care 2007; 30: 932– 938 17392553
  8. [8]Maioli M, Pes GM, Delitala G, Number of autoantibodies and HLA genotype, more than high titers of glutamic acid decarboxylase autoantibodies, predict insulin dependence in latent autoimmune diabetes of adults. Eur J Endocrinol 2010; 163: 541– 549 20603341
  9. [10]Zhou Z, Xiang Y, Ji L,.; LADA China Study Group Frequency, immunogenetics, and clinical characteristics of latent autoimmune diabetes in China (LADA China study): a nationwide, multicenter, clinic-based cross-sectional study. Diabetes 2013; 62: 543– 550 23086039 PMC3554388
  10. [12]Carlsson S Etiology and pathogenesis of latent autoimmune diabetes in adults (LADA) compared to type 2 diabetes. Front Physiol 2019; 10: 320 30971952 PMC6444059
  11. [13]Battaglia M, Ahmed S, Anderson MS, Introducing the endotype concept to address the challenge of disease heterogeneity in type 1 diabetes. Diabetes Care 2020; 43: 5– 12 31753960 PMC6925574
  12. [14]Barinas-Mitchell E, Pietropaolo S, Zhang YJ, Islet cell autoimmunity in a triethnic adult population of the Third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey. Diabetes 2004; 53: 1293– 1302 15111499
  13. [15]Xiang Y, Huang G, Zhu Y,.; China National Diabetes and Metabolic Disorders Study Group Identification of autoimmune type 1 diabetes and multiple organ-specific autoantibodies in adult-onset non-insulin-requiring diabetes in China: a population-based multicentre nationwide survey. Diabetes Obes Metab 2018; 21: 893– 902 30471182
  14. [16]Mishra R, Hodge KM, Cousminer DL, Leslie RD, Grant SFA A global perspective of latent autoimmune diabetes in adults. Trends Endocrinol Metab 2018; 29: 638– 650 30041834
  15. [17]Leslie RD, Pozzilli P Type I diabetes masquerading as type II diabetes: possible implications for prevention and treatment. Diabetes Care 1994; 17: 1214– 1219 7821148
  16. [18]Tuomi T, Santoro N, Caprio S, Cai M, Weng J, Groop L The many faces of diabetes: a disease with increasing heterogeneity. Lancet 2014; 383: 1084– 1094 24315621
  17. [20]Redondo MJ, Evans-Molina C, Steck AK, Atkinson MA, Sosenko J The influence of type 2 diabetes-associated factors on type 1 diabetes. Diabetes Care 2019; 42: 1357– 1364 31167894 PMC6647039
  18. [21]Lohmann T, Nietzschmann U, Kiess W “Lady-like”: is there a latent autoimmune diabetes in the young? Diabetes Care 2000; 23: 1707– 1708 11092301
  19. [22]Andersen MK, Lundgren V, Turunen JA, Latent autoimmune diabetes in adults differs genetically from classical type 1 diabetes diagnosed after the age of 35 years. Diabetes Care 2010; 33: 2062– 2064 20805278 PMC2928363
  20. [23]Sørgjerd EP, Skorpen F, Kvaløy K, Midthjell K, Grill V Time dynamics of autoantibodies are coupled to phenotypes and add to the heterogeneity of autoimmune diabetes in adults: the HUNT study, Norway. Diabetologia 2012; 55: 1310– 1318 22297581
  21. [24]Fourlanos S, Perry C, Stein MS, Stankovich J, Harrison LC, Colman PG A clinical screening tool identifies autoimmune diabetes in adults. Diabetes Care 2006; 29: 970– 975 16644622
  22. [26]Hawa MI, Thivolet C, Mauricio D,.; Action LADA Group Metabolic syndrome and autoimmune diabetes: action LADA 3. Diabetes Care 2009; 32: 160– 164 18945926 PMC2606853
  23. [27]Liu L, Li X, Xiang Y,.; LADA China Study Group Latent autoimmune diabetes in adults with low-titer GAD antibodies: similar disease progression with type 2 diabetes: a nationwide, multicenter prospective study (LADA China Study 3). Diabetes Care 2015; 38: 16– 21 25336751
  24. [28]Isomaa B, Almgren P, Henricsson M, Chronic complications in patients with slowly progressing autoimmune type 1 diabetes (LADA). Diabetes Care 1999; 22: 1347– 1353 10480781
  25. [29]Maddaloni E, Coleman RL, Pozzilli P, Holman RR Long-term risk of cardiovascular disease in individuals with latent autoimmune diabetes in adults (UKPDS 85). Diabetes Obes Metab 2019; 21: 2115– 2122 31099472
  26. [30]Maddaloni E, Coleman RL, Agbaje O, Buzzetti R, Holman RR Time-varying risk of microvascular complications in latent autoimmune diabetes of adulthood compared with type 2 diabetes in adults: a post-hoc analysis of the UK Prospective Diabetes Study 30-year follow-up data (UKPDS 86). Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol 2020; 8: 206– 215 32032540
  27. [31]Davis AK, DuBose SN, Haller MJ,.; T1D Exchange Clinic Network Prevalence of detectable C-peptide according to age at diagnosis and duration of type 1 diabetes. Diabetes Care 2015; 38: 476– 481 25519448
  28. [32]Pipi E, Marketou M, Tsirogianni A Distinct clinical and laboratory characteristics of latent autoimmune diabetes in adults in relation to type 1 and type 2 diabetes mellitus. World J Diabetes 2014; 5: 505– 510 25126396 PMC4127585
  29. [33]Hernandez M, Mollo A, Marsal JR,.; Action LADA consortium Insulin secretion in patients with latent autoimmune diabetes (LADA): half way between type 1 and type 2 diabetes: action LADA 9. BMC Endocr Disord 2015; 15: 1 25572256 PMC4297398
  30. [34]Zampetti S, Campagna G, Tiberti C,.; NIRAD Study Group High GADA titer increases the risk of insulin requirement in LADA patients: a 7-year follow-up (NIRAD study 7). Eur J Endocrinol 2014; 171: 697– 704 25213702
  31. [36]Sørgjerd EP, Thorsby PM, Torjesen PA, Skorpen F, Kvaløy K, Grill V Presence of anti-GAD in a non-diabetic population of adults; time dynamics and clinical influence: results from the HUNT study. BMJ Open Diabetes Res Care 2015; 3: e000076 PMC4486684 26157582
  32. [37]Tiberti C, Giordano C, Locatelli M, Identification of tyrosine phosphatase 2(256-760) construct as a new, sensitive marker for the detection of islet autoimmunity in type 2 diabetic patients: the non-insulin requiring autoimmune diabetes (NIRAD) study 2. Diabetes 2008; 57: 1276– 1283 18332100
  33. [38]Lampasona V, Petrone A, Tiberti C,.; Non Insulin Requiring Autoimmune Diabetes (NIRAD) Study Group Zinc transporter 8 antibodies complement GAD and IA-2 antibodies in the identification and characterization of adult-onset autoimmune diabetes: Non Insulin Requiring Autoimmune Diabetes (NIRAD) 4. Diabetes Care 2010; 33: 104– 108 19808923 PMC2797953
  34. [39]Acevedo-Calado M, James EA, Morran MP, Identification of unique antigenic determinants in the amino terminus of IA-2 (ICA512) in childhood and adult autoimmune diabetes: new biomarker development. Diabetes Care 2017; 40: 561– 568 28174261 PMC5360285
  35. [40]Achenbach P, Hawa MI, Krause S,.; Action LADA consortium Autoantibodies to N-terminally truncated GAD improve clinical phenotyping of individuals with adult-onset diabetes: Action LADA 12. Diabetologia 2018; 61: 1644– 1649 29619531 PMC6445455
  36. [41]Shi X, Huang G, Wang Y, Tetraspanin 7 autoantibodies predict progressive decline of beta cell function in individuals with LADA. Diabetologia 2019; 62: 399– 407 30594957
  37. [42]Lundgren VM, Isomaa B, Lyssenko V,.; Botnia Study Group GAD antibody positivity predicts type 2 diabetes in an adult population. Diabetes 2010; 59: 416– 422 19864397 PMC2809967
  38. [45]Schloot NC, Pham MN, Hawa MI,.; Action LADA Group Inverse relationship between organ-specific autoantibodies and systemic immune mediators in type 1 diabetes and type 2 diabetes: action LADA 11. Diabetes Care 2016; 39: 1932– 1939 27573939
  39. [46]Cousminer DL, Ahlqvist E, Mishra R, First genome-wide association study of latent autoimmune diabetes in adults reveals novel insights linking immune and metabolic diabetes. Diabetes Care 2018; 41: 2396– 2403 30254083 PMC6196829
  40. [47]Cervin C, Lyssenko V, Bakhtadze E, Genetic similarities between latent autoimmune diabetes in adults, type 1 diabetes, and type 2 diabetes. Diabetes 2008; 57: 1433– 1437 18310307
  41. [48]Zampetti S, Spoletini M, Petrone A,.; Nirad Study Group Association of TCF7L2 gene variants with low GAD autoantibody titre in LADA subjects (NIRAD Study 5). Diabet Med 2010; 27: 701– 704 20546291
  42. [49]Andersen MK, Sterner M, Forsén T, Type 2 diabetes susceptibility gene variants predispose to adult-onset autoimmune diabetes. Diabetologia 2014; 57: 1859– 1868 24906951
  43. [50]Hjort R, Löfvenborg JE, Ahlqvist E, Interaction between overweight and genotypes of HLA, TCF7L2, and FTO in relation to the risk of latent autoimmune diabetes in adults and type 2 diabetes. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2019; 104: 4815– 4826 31125083 PMC6735731
  44. [52]Mishra R, Åkerlund M, Cousminer DL, Genetic discrimination between LADA and childhood-onset type 1 diabetes within the MHC. Diabetes Care 2019; 43: 418– 425 31843946 PMC6971787
  45. [54]Brophy S, Davies H, Mannan S, Brunt H, Williams R Interventions for latent autoimmune diabetes (LADA) in adults. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2011 (9): CD006165 21901702 PMC6486159
  46. [55]Cree-Green M, Bergman BC, Cengiz E, Metformin improves peripheral insulin sensitivity in youth with type 1 diabetes. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2019; 104: 3265– 3278 30938764 PMC6584133
  47. [56]Livingstone R, Boyle JG, Petrie JR; REMOVAL Study Team A new perspective on metformin therapy in type 1 diabetes. Diabetologia 2017; 60: 1594– 1600 28770327 PMC5552844
  48. [57]Zhou Z, Li X, Huang G, Rosiglitazone combined with insulin preserves islet beta cell function in adult-onset latent autoimmune diabetes (LADA). Diabetes Metab Res Rev 2005; 21: 203– 208 15386806
  49. [58]Yang Z, Zhou Z, Li X, Huang G, Lin J Rosiglitazone preserves islet beta-cell function of adult-onset latent autoimmune diabetes in 3 years follow-up study. Diabetes Res Clin Pract 2009; 83: 54– 60 19008007
  50. [59]Kobayashi T, Nakanishi K, Murase T, Kosaka K Small doses of subcutaneous insulin as a strategy for preventing slowly progressive beta-cell failure in islet cell antibody-positive patients with clinical features of NIDDM. Diabetes 1996; 45: 622– 626 8621013
  51. [60]Maruyama T, Shimada A, Kanatsuka A, Multicenter prevention trial of slowly progressive type 1 diabetes with small dose of insulin (the Tokyo study): preliminary report. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2003; 1005: 362– 369 14679093
  52. [61]Thunander M, Thorgeirsson H, Törn C, Petersson C, Landin-Olsson M β-cell function and metabolic control in latent autoimmune diabetes in adults with early insulin versus conventional treatment: a 3-year follow-up. Eur J Endocrinol 2011; 164: 239– 245 21088056 PMC3022338
  53. [62]Davis TM, Wright AD, Mehta ZM, Islet autoantibodies in clinically diagnosed type 2 diabetes: prevalence and relationship with metabolic control (UKPDS 70). Diabetologia 2005; 48: 695– 702 15729570
  54. [63]Maruyama T, Tanaka S, Shimada A, Insulin intervention in slowly progressive insulin-dependent (type 1) diabetes mellitus. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2008; 93: 2115– 2121 18397986
  55. [64]Johansen OE, Boehm BO, Grill V, C-peptide levels in latent autoimmune diabetes in adults treated with linagliptin versus glimepiride: exploratory results from a 2-year double-blind, randomized, controlled study. Diabetes Care 2014; 37: e11– e12 24356601
  56. [65]Zhao Y, Yang L, Xiang Y, Dipeptidyl peptidase 4 inhibitor sitagliptin maintains β-cell function in patients with recent-onset latent autoimmune diabetes in adults: one year prospective study. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2014; 99: E876– E880 24432999
  57. [66]Awata T, Shimada A, Maruyama T, Possible long-term efficacy of sitagliptin, a dipeptidyl peptidase-4 inhibitor, for slowly progressive type 1 diabetes (SPIDDM) in the stage of non-insulin-dependency: an open-label randomized controlled pilot trial (SPAN-S). Diabetes Ther 2017; 8: 1123– 1134 28929327 PMC5630555
  58. [67]Buzzetti R, Pozzilli P, Frederich R, Iqbal N, Hirshberg B Saxagliptin improves glycaemic control and C-peptide secretion in latent autoimmune diabetes in adults (LADA). Diabetes Metab Res Rev 2016; 32: 289– 296 26385269
  59. [68]Hals IK, Fiskvik Fleiner H, Reimers N, Investigating optimal β-cell-preserving treatment in latent autoimmune diabetes in adults: Results from a 21-month randomized trial. Diabetes Obes Metab 2019; 21: 2219– 2227 31148332
  60. [69]Zhang Z, Yan X, Wu C, Adding vitamin D3 to the dipeptidyl peptidase-4 inhibitor saxagliptin has the potential to protect β-cell function in LADA patients: a 1-year pilot study. Diabetes Metab Res Rev 2020; 36: e3298 32043288
  61. [70]Dandona P, Mathieu C, Phillip M,.; DEPICT-1 Investigators Efficacy and safety of dapagliflozin in patients with inadequately controlled type 1 diabetes: the DEPICT-1 52-week study. Diabetes Care 2018; 41: 2552– 2559 30352894
  62. [72]Garg SK, Henry RR, Banks P, Effects of sotagliflozin added to insulin in patients with type 1 diabetes. N Engl J Med 2017; 377: 2337– 2348 28899222
  63. [73]Danne T, Cariou B, Banks P, HbA1c and hypoglycemia reductions at 24 and 52 weeks with sotagliflozin in combination with insulin in adults with type 1 diabetes: the European inTandem2 study. Diabetes Care 2018; 41: 1981– 1990 29937431
  64. [74]Henry RR, Thakkar P, Tong C, Polidori D, Alba M Efficacy and safety of canagliflozin, a sodium-glucose cotransporter 2 inhibitor, as add-on to insulin in patients with type 1 diabetes. Diabetes Care 2015; 38: 2258– 2265 26486192
  65. [75]Pieber TR, Famulla S, Eilbracht J, Empagliflozin as adjunct to insulin in patients with type 1 diabetes: a 4-week, randomized, placebo-controlled trial (EASE-1). Diabetes Obes Metab 2015; 17: 928– 935 26080652 PMC4745028
  66. [76]Rosenstock J, Marquard J, Laffel LM, Empagliflozin as adjunctive to insulin therapy in type 1 diabetes: the EASE trials. Diabetes Care 2018; 41: 2560– 2569 30287422
  67. [77]Perkins BA, Soleymanlou N, Rosenstock J, Low-dose empagliflozin as adjunct-to-insulin therapy in type 1 diabetes: a valid modelling and simulation analysis to confirm efficacy. Diabetes Obes Metab 2020; 22: 427– 433 31858718 PMC7064984
  68. [78]Danne T, Garg S, Peters AL, International consensus on risk management of diabetic ketoacidosis in patients with type 1 diabetes treated with sodium-glucose cotransporter (SGLT) inhibitors. Diabetes Care 2019; 42: 1147– 1154 30728224 PMC6973545
  69. [79]Pozzilli P, Leslie RD, Peters AL, Dulaglutide treatment results in effective glycaemic control in latent autoimmune diabetes in adults (LADA): a post-hoc analysis of the AWARD-2, -4 and -5 Trials. Diabetes Obes Metab 2018; 20: 1490– 1498 29377522
  70. [80]Jones AG, McDonald TJ, Shields BM,.; PRIBA Study Group Markers of β-cell failure predict poor glycemic response to GLP-1 receptor agonist therapy in type 2 diabetes. Diabetes Care 2016; 39: 250– 257 26242184 PMC4894547
  71. [82]Agardh CD, Lynch KF, Palmér M, Link K, Lernmark A GAD65 vaccination: 5 years of follow-up in a randomised dose-escalating study in adult-onset autoimmune diabetes. Diabetologia 2009; 52: 1363– 1368 19404608
  72. [83]Carlsson S Environmental (lifestyle) risk factors for LADA. Curr Diabetes Rev 2019; 15: 178– 187 30009710
  73. [84]Li H, Isomaa B, Taskinen MR, Groop L, Tuomi T Consequences of a family history of type 1 and type 2 diabetes on the phenotype of patients with type 2 diabetes. Diabetes Care 2000; 23: 589– 594 10834414
  74. [85]Wentworth JM, Bediaga NG, Giles LC,.; Type 1 Diabetes TrialNet Study Group; Immune Tolerance Network Study Group Beta cell function in type 1 diabetes determined from clinical and fasting biochemical variables. Diabetologia 2019; 62: 33– 40 30167735 PMC6518395
  75. [86]Li X, Chen Y, Xie Y, Decline pattern of beta-cell function in adult-onset latent autoimmune diabetes: an 8-year prospective study. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2020; 105: dgaa205 32307525
  76. [87]Hope SV, Knight BA, Shields BM, Hattersley AT, McDonald TJ, Jones AG Random non-fasting C-peptide: bringing robust assessment of endogenous insulin secretion to the clinic. Diabet Med 2016; 33: 1554– 1558 27100275 PMC5226330
  77. [88]McKeigue PM, Spiliopoulou A, McGurnaghan S, Persistent C-peptide secretion in type 1 diabetes and its relationship to the genetic architecture of diabetes. BMC Med 2019; 17: 165 31438962 PMC6706940

Cited by

Sorted by citations

Authors
Buzzetti, R., Tuomi, T., Mauricio, D., Pietropaolo, M., Zhou, Z., Pozzilli, P., & Leslie, R. D.
Affiliations
  • Sapienza University of Rome (IT)
  • University of Helsinki (FI)
  • Department of Endocrinology & Nutrition, CIBERDEM, Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau & Institut d’Investigació Biomèdica Sant Pau (IIB Sant Pau), Autonomous University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
  • Baylor College of Medicine (US)
  • Central South University (CN)
  • University of London (GB)
Corresponding author
  • Pozzilli, Paolo
  • Leslie, Richard David
ORCID
Venue
Diabetes
Publisher
American Diabetes Association
Published
2020-08-26
Volume
69
Issue
10
Pages
2037-2047
ISSN
  • 0012-1797 (ISSN-L)
  • 1939-327X
DOI
10.2337/dbi20-0017
PMC
PMC7809717
OpenAlex
W3080476633
Cited by
305
References
12
Citations by year
2026: 65 · 2025: 58 · 2024: 47 · 2023: 47 · 2022: 58 · 2021: 27 · 2020: 3
FWCI
19.79
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
Licence
www.diabetesjournals.org/content/license (vor, 26 d)
Locations
  • Diabetes (publishedVersion)
  • Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (publishedVersion)
  • PubMed Central (publishedVersion)
  • PubMed (publishedVersion)
  • Työväentutkimus Vuosikirja (submittedVersion, other-oa)
  • IRIS Research product catalog (Sapienza University of Rome) (submittedVersion)
  • Lund University Publications (Lund University) (submittedVersion)
  • Queen Mary Research Online (Queen Mary University of London) (submittedVersion)
Funders
AstraZeneca
Topics
  • Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Genetics › Diabetes and associated disorders
  • Health Sciences › Medicine › Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism › Diabetes Management and Research
  • Health Sciences › Medicine › Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism › Diabetes Treatment and Management
Keywords
latent autoimmune diabetes in adults, type 2 diabetes, C-peptide, beta-cell function, insulin therapy, treatment algorithm, residual insulin secretion, type 1 diabetes
MeSH terms
Latent Autoimmune Diabetes in Adults, Adult, Aged, Algorithms, Autoantibodies, C-Peptide, Consensus Development Conferences as Topic, Consensus Statements as Topic, Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2, Female, Glutamate Decarboxylase, Humans, Hypoglycemic Agents, International Cooperation, Male, Middle Aged, Sulfonylurea Compounds, Practice Guidelines as Topic, Genetic Predisposition to Disease

About these checks

Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.

Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.

Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.

What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›

Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review