Setting the Stage for Islet Autoimmunity in Type 2 Diabetes: Obesity-Associated Chronic Systemic Inflammation and Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER) Stress
Open accessAbstract
Islet autoimmunity has been identified as a component of both type 1 (T1D) and type 2 (T2D) diabetes, but the pathway through which islet autoimmunity develops in T1D and T2D may be different. Acknowledging the presence of islet autoimmunity in the pathophysiology of T2D, a historically nonautoimmune metabolic disease, would pave the way for important changes in classifications of and therapeutic options for T2D. In order to fully appreciate the importance of islet autoimmunity in T2D, the underlying mechanisms for immune system activation need to be explored. In this review, we focus on the potential origin of immune system activation (innate and adaptive) leading to the development of islet autoimmunity in T2D.
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Increased T cell activation by islet proteins has been reported in adults with diabetes mellitus who initially do not require insulin and who lack type 1 diabetes mellitus autoantibodies.
“Additionally, increased T cell activation by islet proteins has been reported in adults with diabetes mellitus who initially do not require insulin and who lack T1DM autoantibodies65, further complicating the ability to distinguish diabetes mellitus type solely based on autoimmunity.”
From The epidemiology of type 1 diabetes mellitus in older adults (2025) · cites this paper as [65]
Cites
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Accuracy and predictive value of classification schemes for ketosis-prone diabetes
Balasubramanyam, A., Garza, G., Rodriguez, L., Hampe, C. S., Gaur, L., Lernmark, A., & Maldonado, M. R. (2006) · Diabetes Care · doi:10.2337/dc06-0749 · Cited by 166 · see citing works
Identification of Autoantibody-Negative Autoimmune Type 2 Diabetic Patients
Brooks-Worrell, B. M., Reichow, J. L., Goel, A., Ismail, H., & Palmer, J. P. (2011) · Diabetes Care · doi:10.2337/dc10-0579 · Cited by 83 · see citing works
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The epidemiology of type 1 diabetes mellitus in older adults
Tomic, D., Harding, J. L., Jenkins, A. J., Shaw, J. E., & Magliano, D. J. (2025) · Nature Reviews Endocrinology · doi:10.1038/s41574-024-01046-z · Cited by 58 · see citing works
“Additionally, increased T cell activation by islet proteins has been reported in adults with diabetes mellitus who initially do not require insulin and who lack T1DM autoantibodies 65 , further complicating the ability to distinguish diabetes mellitus type solely based on autoimmunity.”
- Authors
- Brooks-Worrell, B. M., & Palmer, J. P.
- Affiliations
- Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA
- University of Washington (US)
- Corresponding author
- Palmer, Jerry P.
- Venue
- Diabetes Care
- Publisher
- American Diabetes Association
- Published
- 2019-11-12
- Volume
- 42
- Issue
- 12
- Pages
- 2338-2346
- ISSN
- 0149-5992 (ISSN-L)
- 1935-5548
- PMC
- PMC7364670
- OpenAlex
- W2989857586
- Cited by
- 38
- References
- 4
- Citations by year
- 2026: 3 · 2025: 1 · 2024: 5 · 2023: 5 · 2022: 7 · 2021: 10 · 2020: 7
- FWCI
- 0.80
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
- Locations
- Diabetes Care (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (5R01DK107560, 5R01DK104832)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Genetics › Diabetes and associated disorders
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Cell Biology › Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress and Disease
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Surgery › Pancreatic function and diabetes
- Keywords
- islet autoimmunity, type 2 diabetes, obesity, chronic systemic inflammation, endoplasmic reticulum stress, innate immunity, adaptive immunity, immune activation
- MeSH terms
- Animals, Autoantibodies, Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2, Humans, Inflammation, Islets of Langerhans, Obesity, Phenotype, Autoimmunity, Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress
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