Human Hexokinase II mRNA and Gene Structure
Abstract
This study reports the isolation and characterization of the human hexokinase II (HKII) gene. This gene is ∼ 50 kilobases in length and contains 18 exons, ranging in size from 96 to 2,536 base pairs, that are exactly the same size as the corresponding exons in the rat HKII gene. A cDNA representing the entire open reading frame for HKII was synthesized using a series of polymerase chain reactions with human skeletal muscle RNA as the template, and this allowed us to deduce the complete structure of the HKII mRNA. The human HKII mRNA has 431 nucleotides (nt) of 5′ noncoding sequence, 2,751 nt of coding sequence, and 2,394 nt of 3′ noncoding sequence. The open reading frame encodes a protein of 917 amino acids with an estimated molecular mass of 102.4 kDa. There is a high degree of similarity in the amino acid and nt sequences of the rat and human glucokinase and HKII proteins and genes. This, coupled with the observation that the exon sizes are conserved, suggests a common evolutionary origin of the these two genes.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Claims the paper makes
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
Hexokinase isoenzymes HK-I-IV catalyze the first committed step of glucose metabolism, converting free glucose to glucose-6-phosphate.
“Hexokinase isoenzymes (HK-I–IV) catalyze the first committed step of glucose metabolism, the intracellular conversion of free glucose to glucose-6-phosphate (Glu-6-P) [183, 184, 186, 198].”
From Pathogenesis of insulin resistance in skeletal muscle (2010) · cites this paper as [198]
Cites
Still being checked.
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Pathogenesis of type 2 diabetes mellitus
DeFronzo, R. A. (2004) · Medical Clinics of North America · doi:10.1016/j.mcna.2004.04.013 · Cited by 1,342 · see citing works
Pathogenesis of insulin resistance in skeletal muscle
Abdul-Ghani, M. A., & DeFronzo, R. A. (2010) · Journal of Biomedicine and Biotechnology · doi:10.1155/2010/476279 · Cited by 670 · see citing works
Hexokinase 1 cellular localization regulates the metabolic fate of glucose
Jesus, A. D., Keyhani‐Nejad, F., Pusec, C. M., Goodman, L., Geier, J., Stoolman, J. S., Stanczyk, P. J., Nguyen, T., Xu, K., Suresh, K. V., et al. (2022) · Molecular Cell · doi:10.1016/j.molcel.2022.02.028 · Cited by 183 · see citing works
Self-citationHypoxia induces hexokinase II gene expression in human lung cell line A549
Riddle, S. R., Ahmad, A. M., Ahmad, S., Deeb, S. S., Malkki, M., Schneider, B. K., Allen, C. B., & White, C. W. (2000) · American Journal of Physiology-Lung Cellular and Molecular Physiology · doi:10.1152/ajplung.2000.278.2.l407 · Cited by 153 · see citing works
Expression of hexokinase II and Glut-1 in untreated human breast cancer
Brown, R. S., Goodman, T. M., Zasadny, K. R., Greenson, J. K., & Wahl, R. L. (2002) · Nuclear Medicine and Biology · doi:10.1016/s0969-8051(02)00288-3 · Cited by 150 · see citing works
Halseth, A. E., Bracy, D. P., & Wasserman, D. H. (1999) · American Journal of Physiology-Endocrinology and Metabolism · doi:10.1152/ajpendo.1999.276.1.e70 · Cited by 103 · see citing works
Functional Organization of Mammalian Hexokinase II
Ardehali, H., Yano, Y., Printz, R. L., Koch, S., Whitesell, R. R., May, J. M., & Granner, D. K. (1996) · Journal of Biological Chemistry · doi:10.1074/jbc.271.4.1849 · Cited by 98 · see citing works
Self-citationVestergaard, H., Bjørbæk, C., Hansen, T. F., Larsen, F. S., Granner, D. K., & Pedersen, O. B. (1995) · Journal of Clinical Investigation · doi:10.1172/jci118329 · Cited by 92 · see citing works
Self-citationNon-insulin-dependent Diabetes Mellitus - A Collision between Thrifty Genes and an Affluent Society
Groop, L., & Tuomi, T. (1997) · Annals of Medicine · doi:10.3109/07853899708998742 · Cited by 86 · see citing works
Insulin action in skeletal muscle from patients with NIDDM
Zierath, J. R., Krook, A., & Wallberg‐Henriksson, H. (1998) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-1-4615-5647-3_16 · Cited by 83 · see citing works
Regulation of hexokinase II activity and expression in human muscle by moderate exercise
Koval, J., DeFronzo, R. A., O'Doherty, R. M., Printz, R. L., Ardehali, H., Granner, D. K., & Mandarino, L. J. (1998) · American Journal of Physiology-Endocrinology and Metabolism · doi:10.1152/ajpendo.1998.274.2.e304 · Cited by 79 · see citing works
Self-citationOverexpression of Hexokinase II in Transgenic Mice
Chang, P., Jensen, J., Printz, R., Granner, D., Ivy, J., & Moller, D. E. (1996) · Journal of Biological Chemistry · doi:10.1074/jbc.271.25.14834 · Cited by 91 · see citing works
Self-citationInsulin action in skeletal muscle from patients with NIDDM
Zierath, J. R., Krook, A., & Wallberg‐Henriksson, H. (1998) · Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry · doi:10.1023/a:1006861628496 · Cited by 64 · see citing works
Iozzo, P., Pratipanawatr, T., Pijl, H., Vogt, C., Kumar, V., Pipek, R., Matsuda, M., Mandarino, L. J., Cusi, K. J., & DeFronzo, R. A. (2001) · American Journal of Physiology-Endocrinology and Metabolism · doi:10.1152/ajpendo.2001.280.5.e712 · Cited by 57 · see citing works
Effects of Insulin on Subcellular Localization of Hexokinase II in Human Skeletal Muscle in Vivo
Vogt, C. (1998) · The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism · doi:10.1210/jc.83.1.230 · Cited by 56 · see citing works
Regulation of hexokinase II expression in human skeletal muscle in vivo
Vogt, C., Ardehali, H., Iozzo, P., Yki-Järvinen, H., Koval, J., Maezono, K., Pendergrass, M., Printz, R., Granner, D., DeFronzo, R., et al. (2000) · Metabolism · doi:10.1053/meta.2000.6245 · Cited by 45 · see citing works
Self-citationStructural and functional analysis of the human phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase gene promoter
O’Brien, R. M., Printz, R. L., Halmi, N., Tiesinga, J. J., & Granner, D. K. (1995) · Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA) - Gene Structure and Expression · doi:10.1016/0167-4781(95)00194-8 · Cited by 44 · see citing works
Self-citationAlström syndrome: further evidence for linkage to human chromosome 2p13
Collin, G. B., Marshall, J. D., Boerkoel, C. F., Levin, A. V., Weksberg, R., Greenberg, J., Michaud, J. L., Naggert, J. Κ., & Nishina, P. M. (1999) · Human Genetics · doi:10.1007/s004390051133 · Cited by 42 · see citing works
Mouse hexokinase II gene: structure, cDNA, promoter analysis, and expression pattern
Heikkinen, S., Suppola, S., Malkki, M., Deeb, S. S., Jänne, J., & Laakso, M. (2000) · Mammalian Genome · doi:10.1007/s003350010019 · Cited by 40 · see citing works
Jones, J. P., & Dohm, G. L. (1997) · American Journal of Physiology-Endocrinology and Metabolism · doi:10.1152/ajpendo.1997.273.4.e682 · Cited by 39 · see citing works
Shinohara, Y., Sagawa, I., Ichihara, J., Yamamoto, K., Terao, K., & Terada, H. (1997) · Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA) - Bioenergetics · doi:10.1016/s0005-2728(97)00002-9 · Cited by 34 · see citing works
Lehto, M., Huang, X., Davis, E. M., Le Beau, M. M., Laurila, E., Eriksson, K. F., Bell, G. I., & Groop, L. (1995) · Diabetologia · doi:10.1007/bf00400608 · Cited by 22 · see citing works
Structure of the human hexokinase type I gene and nucleotide sequence of the 5′ flanking region
Ruzzo, A., Andreoni, F., & Magnani, M. (1998) · Biochemical Journal · doi:10.1042/bj3310607 · Cited by 22 · see citing works
Andreoni, F., Ruzzo, A., & Magnani, M. (2000) · Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA) - Gene Structure and Expression · doi:10.1016/s0167-4781(00)00147-0 · Cited by 22 · see citing works
Regulation of Muscle Glucose Uptake In Vivo
Mandarino, L. J., Bonadonna, R. C., McGuinness, O. P., Halseth, A. E., & Wasserman, D. H. (2001) · Comprehensive physiology · doi:10.1002/cphy.cp070227 · Cited by 19 · see citing works
Mouatassim, S. E., Hazout, A., Bellec, V., & Menezo, Y. J. R. (1999) · Zygote · doi:10.1017/s0967199499000386 · Cited by 17 · see citing works
Malkki, M., Laakso, M., & Deeb, S. S. (1997) · Diabetologia · doi:10.1007/s001250050850 · Cited by 17 · see citing works
The Human Gene for the Type III Isozyme of Hexokinase: Structure, Basal Promoter, and Evolution
Sebastian, S., Edassery, S. L., & Wilson, J. E. (2001) · Archives of Biochemistry and Biophysics · doi:10.1006/abbi.2001.2584 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
Metabolic and Molecular Pathogenesis of Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus
DeFronzo, R. A., Mandarino, L. J., & Ferrannini, E. (2003) · Wiley eBooks · doi:10.1002/0470862092.d0310 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
Pathogenesis of Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus
DeFronzo, R. A. (2018) · Endocrinology · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-45015-5_8 · Cited by 14 · see citing works
Red Blood Cell Enzymes and their Clinical Application
Fujii, H., & Miwa, S. (1998) · Advances in clinical chemistry · doi:10.1016/s0065-2423(08)60205-x · Cited by 14 · see citing works
Pathogenesis of type 2 diabetes mellitus
DeFronzo, R. A. (2015) · Wiley eBooks · doi:10.1002/9781118387658.ch25 · Cited by 14 · see citing works
Pathogenesis of Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus
DeFronzo, R. A. (2018) · Endocrinology · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-27317-4_8-1 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
Guo, T., Mao, Y., Li, H., Wang, X., Xu, W., Song, R., Jia, J., Lei, Z., Irwin, D. M., Niu, G., et al. (2012) · Biomedicine & Pharmacotherapy · doi:10.1016/j.biopha.2012.07.002 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
Chen, X., Liu, Z., Gu, Y., Zhang, Y., Liu, Y., Wang, L., & Song, L. (2021) · Developmental & Comparative Immunology · doi:10.1016/j.dci.2021.104083 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
Variant sequences of the Hexokinase II gene in familial NIDDM
Taylor, R. W., Printz, R. L., Armstrong, M., Granner, D. K., Alberti, K. G. M. M., Turnbull, D. M., & Walker, M. (1996) · Diabetologia · doi:10.1007/bf00418348 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
Self-citationIn Pursuit of Genes of Glucose Metabolism
Granner, D. K. (2015) · Journal of Biological Chemistry · doi:10.1074/jbc.x115.681353 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
Self-citationWilson, J. E. (2004) · KARGER eBooks · doi:10.1159/000079004 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
Structure of the Gene for Type I Hexokinase from Rat
White, J., & Wilson, J. E. (1997) · Archives of Biochemistry and Biophysics · doi:10.1006/abbi.1997.0154 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
Toyoda, A. (1996) · DNA Research · doi:10.1093/dnares/3.5.337 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Ardehali, H., Tiller, G. E., Printz, R. L., Mochizuki, H., Procházka, M., & Granner, D. K. (1996) · Human Genetics · doi:10.1007/bf02267071 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Self-citationPalma, F., Longhi, S. A., Agostini, D., & Stocchi, V. (2001) · Protein Expression and Purification · doi:10.1006/prep.2001.1404 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Pathogenesis of Type 2 Diabetes
Cusi, K. J., & DeFronzo, R. A. (2001) · Comprehensive physiology · doi:10.1002/cphy.cp070237 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Smit, S. E. (2016) · SUNScholar (Stellenbosch University) · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Isolation, characterization and chromosomal localization of a human pseudogene for hexokinase II
Ardehali, H., Printz, R. L., Koch, S. R., Phillips, J. A., & Granner, D. K. (1995) · Gene · doi:10.1016/0378-1119(95)00449-g · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Self-citationGlycolytic Enzyme Activities in Leukocytes of Thoroughbreds Undergoing Training Exercise.
Arai, T., KAWAUE, T., Abe, M., Kuramoto, E., Nuruki, R., & Sako, T. (1997) · Journal of Equine Science · doi:10.1294/jes.8.113 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Identification of the aminoacid polymorphisms in hexokinase II in Japanese subjects
Makino, H. (1996) · Diabetologia · doi:10.1007/bf00400424 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Expression and Purification of Soluble Bacterially-Expressed Human Hexokinase II in E.coli System
Tanbin, S., & Fuad, F. A. A. (2019) · International Conference on Biomedical Engineering and Technology (ICBET) · doi:10.1145/3326172.3326219 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Pathogenesis of Type 2 Diabetes
Cusi, K. J., & DeFronzo, R. A. (2001) · Comprehensive physiology · doi:10.1002/j.2040-4603.2001.tb01483.x
Regulation of Muscle Glucose Uptake In Vivo
Mandarino, L. J., Bonadonna, R. C., McGuinness, O. P., Halseth, A. E., & Wasserman, D. H. (2001) · Comprehensive physiology · doi:10.1002/j.2040-4603.2001.tb01473.x
- Authors
- Printz, R. L., Ardehali, H., Koch, S., & Granner, D. K.
- Affiliations
- Vanderbilt University (US)
- ORCID
- Ardehali, Hossein
- Venue
- Diabetes
- Publisher
- American Diabetes Association
- Published
- 1995-03-01
- Volume
- 44
- Issue
- 3
- Pages
- 290-294
- ISSN
- 0012-1797 (ISSN-L)
- 1939-327X
- OpenAlex
- W2102167739
- Cited by
- 50
- References
- 0
- Citations by year
- 2022: 1 · 2021: 1 · 2019: 1 · 2018: 2 · 2016: 1 · 2015: 2 · 2012: 1
- FWCI
- 2.73
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Diabetes (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institutes of Health (5r01dk046867-09)
- Vanderbilt Diabetes Research and Training Center, Vanderbilt University Medical Center
- National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (DK-46867, DK42502, DK35107)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Metabolism, Diabetes, and Cancer
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Surgery › Pancreatic function and diabetes
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Rheumatology › Glycogen Storage Diseases and Myoclonus
- Keywords
- hexokinase 2, mRNA structure, exon organization, cDNA cloning, glucokinase, gene evolution
- MeSH terms
- Amino Acid Sequence, Animals, Base Sequence, Glucokinase, Hexokinase, Humans, Introns, Isoenzymes, Molecular Sequence Data, Muscles, RNA, Messenger, Templates, Genetic, Restriction Mapping, Hominidae, Polymerase Chain Reaction, Open Reading Frames, Sequence Homology, Amino Acid, Rats
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review