Type 1 and Type 2 Diabetes
Open accessAbstract
Type 1 and type 2 diabetes frequently co-occur in the same families, suggesting common genetic susceptibility. Such mixed family history is associated with an intermediate phenotype of diabetes: insulin resistance and cardiovascular complications in type 1 diabetic patients and lower BMI and less cardiovascular complications as well as lower C-peptide concentrations in type 2 diabetic patients. GAD antibody positivity is more common in type 2 diabetic patients from mixed families than from common type 2 diabetes families. The mixed family history is associated with more type 1–like genetic (HLA and insulin gene) and phenotypic characteristics in type 2 diabetic patients, especially in the GAD antibody–positive subgroup. Leaving out the extreme ends of diabetes phenotypes, young children progressing rapidly to total insulin deficiency and strongly insulin-resistant subjects mostly with non-Europid ethnic origin, a large proportion of diabetic patients may have both type 1 and type 2 processes contributing to their diabetic phenotype.
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If 5-15% of adults diagnosed with type 2 diabetes actually have type 1 disease, perhaps as many as 50% of actual type 1 diabetes cases are misdiagnosed as type 2, meaning that the number of cases of type 1 disease is vastly underestimated.
“if this is the case, perhaps as many as 50% of actual type 1 diabetes cases are misdiagnosed as type 2, meaning that the number of cases of type 1 disease is vastly underestimated.”
From Type 1 diabetes (2014) · cites this paper as [36]
The ‘Latent Autoimmune Diabetes in Adults’ section (pp. S40–S45) reports LADA in some adults diagnosed with type 2 diabetes, including prevalence estimates of 4.2–13.2% in specified Caucasian populations. It does not estimate that 50% of actual type 1 cases are diagnosed as type 2 or conclude that type 1 case counts are vastly underestimated. Its discussion also treats LADA as heterogeneous, rather than equating every LADA case with type 1 diabetes. (LLM, conf=0.84)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredAround 5-15% of adults diagnosed with type 2 diabetes might actually have type 1 disease with islet autoantibodies present.
“Around 5–15% of adults diagnosed with type 2 diabetes might actually have type 1 disease with islet autoantibodies present;36”
From Type 1 diabetes (2014) · cites this paper as [36]
The ‘Latent Autoimmune Diabetes in Adults’ section (p. S42) reports GAD autoantibodies in some adults diagnosed with type 2 diabetes and a LADA prevalence of about 4.2–13.2% in specified Caucasian populations. It reports different rates by age and ancestry, however, and calls LADA a heterogeneous group rather than saying all antibody-positive patients actually have type 1 diabetes. (LLM, conf=0.85)
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Cites
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- Authors
- Tuomi, T.
- Affiliations
- University of Helsinki (FI)
- Corresponding author
- Tuomi, Tiinamaija
- Venue
- Diabetes
- Publisher
- American Diabetes Association
- Published
- 2005-12-01
- Volume
- 54
- Issue
- suppl_2
- Pages
- S40-S45
- ISSN
- 0012-1797 (ISSN-L)
- 1939-327X
- OpenAlex
- W2154381322
- Cited by
- 129
- References
- 4
- Citations by year
- 2026: 3 · 2025: 3 · 2024: 8 · 2023: 6 · 2022: 3 · 2021: 7 · 2020: 10 · 2019: 6 · 2018: 8 · 2017: 7 · 2016: 7 · 2015: 6 · 2014: 7 · 2013: 12 · 2012: 7
- FWCI
- 0.43
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Locations
- Diabetes (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Genetics › Diabetes and associated disorders
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism › Diabetes Management and Research
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Genetics › Genetic Associations and Epidemiology
- Keywords
- type 1 diabetes, type 2 diabetes, genetic susceptibility, insulin resistance, cardiovascular complications, glutamic acid decarboxylase antibodies, HLA, insulin gene, C-peptide, body mass index, insulin deficiency, ethnicity
- MeSH terms
- Adult, Aged, Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1, Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2, HLA Antigens, HLA-D Antigens, Humans, Middle Aged, Age of Onset, Genetic Predisposition to Disease
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