Cited by 268Diabetes Treatment and ManagementDiabetes, Cardiovascular Risks, and LipoproteinsDiabetes Management and Research

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The U.K. Prospective Diabetes Study. A review

Turner, Robert C·1998·Diabetes Care

DOI 10.2337/diacare.21.3.c35

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Abstract

The objective of the U.K. Prospective Diabetes Study (UKPDS), initiated in 1977, was set up to determine whether improved blood glucose control in people with type 2 diabetes will prevent the complications of diabetes. The UKPDS was also designed to determine whether there are differences between conventional policy (diet therapy) and three different regimens of intensive treatment policy, based on sulfonylurea, metformin, or insulin. Interim efficacy analyses revealed that the intensive policies with sulfonylurea, insulin, and metformin were equally effective in reducing fasting plasma glucose concentrations. However, glucose and HbA1c measurements steadily increased with time, reflecting ongoing deterioration of beta-cell function. Cardiovascular disease was the major cause of complications, and the risk factors included raised LDL cholesterol concentrations, low HDL cholesterol concentrations, elevated blood pressure, elevated HbA1c concentrations, and smoking. A final study report was issued in September 1998, when the median duration of therapy was 11 years.

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Berberine Protects Pancreatic β-Cells From IL-1β Damage Through Hormetic Mechanisms Via P53-Mediated Apoptosis Pathways
Yang, X., Liang, S., Huang, M., et al. (2025) · Endocrinology · doi:10.1210/endocr/bqaf105 · Cited by 5
Multisystemic Therapy Applied to the Assessment and Treatment of Poorly Controlled Type-1 Diabetes: A Case Study in the U.K. National Health Service
Martin, C., Southall, A., Liveley, K., Shea, E., & Whitehead, K. (2009) · Clinical Case Studies · doi:10.1177/1534650109345155 · Cited by 5
“The Diabetes Control and Complications Trial (DCCT; Boulton, 1993) and the United Kingdom Prospective Diabetes Study (Turner, 1998) established the importance of good diabetes control in reducing health problems caused by diabetes.”
Background
Feasibility of a pilot intervention targeting self-care behaviors in adults with diabetes mellitus
Stetson, B. A., Carrico, A. R., Beacham, A. O., Ziegler, C. H., & Mokshagundam, S. P. (2006) · Journal of Clinical Psychology in Medical Settings · doi:10.1007/s10880-006-9034-7 · Cited by 5
Established Facts and Open Questions of Regulated Exocytosis in β-Cells – A Background for a Focused Systems Analysis Approach
Renström, E. (2011) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-1-4419-6956-9_2 · Cited by 3
“This is in line with the results in the UK Prospective Diabetes Study, which unequivocally demonstrated that a dramatic fall in glucose-evoked insulin secretion precedes elevation of blood glucose and is the event that precipitates type 2 diabetes [115].”
Result
Downregulation of the Proinflammatory State of Circulating Mononuclear Cells by Short-Term Treatment with Pioglitazone in Patients with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus and Coronary Artery Disease
Pfützner, A., Weise, A., Pfützner, E., Lübben, G., Morcos, M., Karagiannis, E., Weber, M. M., & Forst, T. M. (2011) · PPAR Research · doi:10.1155/2011/647017 · Cited by 5
“The authors concluded that metformin might have beneficial effects on cardiovascular mortality in patients with type 2 diabetes [13], which is in part confirmed by the few currently existing larger outcome trials on this topic [14, 15].”
Result
What the radiologist needs to know about the diabetic patient
Raptis, A. E., Markakis, K. P., Mazioti, M. C., Raptis, S., & Dimitriadis, G. (2011) · Insights into Imaging · doi:10.1007/s13244-011-0068-5 · Cited by 5
“There is also a strong relation between DM and metabolic syndrome, which is a cluster of risk factors for cardiovascular disease (CVD) and diabetes.”
BackgroundInfluential
Vildagliptin: novel pharmacological approach to treat Type 2 diabetes
Åhrén, B. (2008) · Therapy · doi:10.2217/14750708.5.1.79 · Cited by 5
Identification of reversible and druggable pathways to improve beta-cell function and survival in Type 2 diabetes
Sithara, S., Crowley, T. M., Walder, K. R., & Aston‐Mourney, K. (2023) · Islets · doi:10.1080/19382014.2023.2165368 · Cited by 5
“Clinically, this manifests as a requirement for additional therapies to maintain adequate glycemic control.(6) Thus, the most efficient way to treat T2D would be to prevent or delay the onset of the disease by halting or slowing the progression of β-cell failure.”
Background
Oral Agents for Type-2 Diabetes
Codario, R. A. (2010) · Humana Press eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-1-60327-441-8_6 · Cited by 4
The operative risk factors in the metabolic syndrome: Is it lipids and high BP or are there direct vascular effects of insulin resistance and obesity?
Martens, F. M. A. C., & Visseren, F. L. J. (2007) · Current Diabetes Reports · doi:10.1007/s11892-007-0013-7 · Cited by 4
Prandial hyperglycemia: Is it important to track and treat?
Hanefeld, M., & Frank, S. (2005) · Current Diabetes Reports · doi:10.1007/s11892-005-0090-4 · Cited by 4
Effect of Diabetes on Endothelial Function
Naruse, K., & King, G. L. (2001) · Humana Press eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-1-59259-091-9_3 · Cited by 4
Managing high disease burden: a study of medication rationality in diabetes and hypertension in Andhra Pradesh
Dasari, N., Ahmed, N., Panda, S., et al. (2024) · Journal of Diabetes & Metabolic Disorders · doi:10.1007/s40200-024-01475-7 · Cited by 3
“In case cleared out untreated, it can lead to a number of genuine complications, counting heart infection, stroke, visual impairment, kidney infection and removals [26–28].”
Dietary carbohydrate restriction as the first approach in diabetes management
Richard, D.-H., Eugene, J., Barbara, A., Nielsen, J. V., Karl, S., Jeff, S., & Richard, J. W. (2016) · Cited by 3
Can Cranberry Supplementation Reduce Risks for Diabetes
Chambers, B. K. (2002) · Cited by 3
New Insights to Enhance the Desired Anti-Diabetic Compounds in Medicinal and Aromatic Plants Exposed to Abiotic Stress Factors
Gülmez, C., & Kulak, M. (2021) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-981-16-3529-8_10 · Cited by 4
Study on Survey of Knowledge and Awareness Level of Diabetic Retinopathy in Type 2 Diabetes Patients: Results from Seoul Metro-City Diabetes Prevention Program Survey
Lee, D. W., Park, C. Y., & Song, S. J. (2011) · Journal of the Korean Ophthalmological Society · doi:10.3341/jkos.2011.52.11.1296 · Cited by 3

Authors: Turner, R. C.
Affiliations: University of Oxford (GB)
Corresponding author: Turner, Robert C
Venue: Diabetes Care
Publisher: American Diabetes Association
Published: 1998-12-01
Volume: 21
Issue: Supplement_3
Pages: C35-C38
ISSN: 0149-5992 (ISSN-L)
1935-5548
DOI: 10.2337/diacare.21.3.c35
OpenAlex: W2067958701
Cited by: 267
References: 0
Citations by year: 2026: 3 · 2025: 4 · 2024: 5 · 2023: 10 · 2022: 4 · 2021: 5 · 2020: 9 · 2019: 4 · 2018: 8 · 2017: 5 · 2016: 10 · 2015: 12 · 2014: 11 · 2013: 5 · 2012: 11
FWCI: 5.54
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: closed
Locations: Diabetes Care (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
Topics: Health Sciences › Medicine › Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism › Diabetes Treatment and Management
Health Sciences › Medicine › Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism › Diabetes, Cardiovascular Risks, and Lipoproteins
Health Sciences › Medicine › Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism › Diabetes Management and Research
Keywords: UK Prospective Diabetes Study, type 2 diabetes, tight glycemic control, glycemic control, sulfonylureas, metformin, insulin therapy, beta-cell function, cardiovascular complications, cardiovascular risk factors, LDL cholesterol, HDL cholesterol, blood pressure, smoking, HbA1c, dietary therapy
MeSH terms: Insulin Secretion, Adult, Aged, Blood Glucose, Demography, Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2, Diabetic Angiopathies, Diet, Diabetic, Follow-Up Studies, United Kingdom, Humans, Hypertension, Hypoglycemic Agents, Insulin, Islets of Langerhans, Middle Aged, Prospective Studies

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