The DOI matches its Crossref record; 12 of the 12 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Validation of the Archimedes Diabetes Model
Open accessAbstract
OBJECTIVE—To validate the Archimedes model of diabetes and its complications for a variety of populations, organ systems, treatments, and outcomes. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS—We simulated a variety of randomized controlled trials by repeating in the model the steps taken for the real trials and comparing the results calculated by the model with the results of the trial. Eighteen trials were chosen by an independent advisory committee. Half the trials had been used to help build the model (“internal” or “dependent” validations); the other half had not. Those trials comprise “external” or “independent” validations. RESULTS—A total of 74 validation exercises were conducted involving different treatments and outcomes in the 18 trials. For 71 of the 74 exercises there were no statistically significant differences between the results calculated by the model and the results observed in the trial. Considering only the trials that were never used to help build the model—the independent or external validations—the correlation was r = 0.99. Including all of the exercises, the correlation between the outcomes calculated by the model and the outcomes seen in the trials was r = 0.99. When the absolute differences in outcomes between the control and treatment groups were compared, the correlation coefficient was r = 0.97. CONCLUSIONS—The Archimedes diabetes model is a realistic representation of the anatomy, pathophysiology, treatments, and outcomes pertinent to diabetes and its complications for applications that involve the populations, treatments, outcomes, and health care settings spanned by the trials.
Overview
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Citations
Cites
Reduction in the incidence of type 2 diabetes with lifestyle intervention or metformin
(2002) · New England Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1056/nejmoa012512 · Cited by 19,011
(2000) · New England Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1056/nejm200001203420301 · Cited by 8,663
Prevention of Coronary Heart Disease with Pravastatin in Men with Hypercholesterolemia
Shepherd, J., Cobbe, S. M., Ford, I., Isles, C. G., Lorimer, A. R., Macfarlane, P. W., McKillop, J. H., & Packard, C. J. (1995) · New England Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1056/nejm199511163332001 · Cited by 7,449
Sacks, F. M., Pfeffer, M. A., Moye, L. A., Rouleau, J. L., Rutherford, J. D., Cole, T. G., Brown, L., Warnica, J. W., Arnold, J. M. O., Wun, C.-C., et al. (1996) · New England Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1056/nejm199610033351401 · Cited by 7,439
Lewis, E. J., Hunsicker, L. G., Clarke, W. R., Berl, T., Pohl, M. A., Lewis, J. B., Ritz, E., Atkins, R. C., Rohde, R., & Raz, I. (2001) · New England Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1056/nejmoa011303 · Cited by 5,987
The effect of angiotensin-converting-enzyme inhibition on diabetic nephropathy
Lewis, E. J., Hunsicker, L. G., Bain, R. P., & Rohde, R. D. (1993) · New England Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1056/nejm199311113292004 · Cited by 5,394
(1998) · New England Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1056/nejm199811053391902 · Cited by 5,261
Helsinki Heart Study: Primary-Prevention Trial with Gemfibrozil in Middle-Aged Men with Dyslipidemia
Frick, M. H., Elo, O., Haapa, K., Heinonen, O. P., Heinsalmi, P., Helo, P., Huttunen, J. K., Kaitaniemi, P., Koskinen, P., Manninen, V., et al. (1987) · New England Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1056/nejm198711123172001 · Cited by 3,881 · cited 4×
“Model Trial LIPID* Acute MI within 3–36 months, “broad range” of lipid levels CHD death 6 4,502 Placebo 7.5 8.3 4,512 Pravastatin 6.5 6 Myocardial infarction 6 4,502 Placebo 14.4 15.6 4,512 Pravastatin 11 12 HHS* Middle aged men, dyslipidemia Myocardial infarction 5 2,030 Placebo 4.2 4.1 2,051 Gemfibrozil 3 2.7 4S His…”
BackgroundInfluentialRubins, H. B., Robins, S. J., Collins, D., Fye, C. L., Anderson, J. W., Elam, M. B., Faas, F. H., Linares, E., Schaefer, E. J., Schectman, G., et al. (1999) · New England Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1056/nejm199908053410604 · Cited by 3,439
Cited by
Prediction of Incident Diabetes Mellitus in Middle-aged Adults: The Framingham Offspring Study
Wilson, P. W. F. (2007) · Archives of Internal Medicine · doi:10.1001/archinte.167.10.1068 · Cited by 4
In Silico Preclinical Trials: A Proof of Concept in Closed-Loop Control of Type 1 Diabetes
Kovatchev, B. P., Breton, M., Dalla Man, C., & Cobelli, C. (2009) · Journal of Diabetes Science and Technology · doi:10.1177/193229680900300106 · Cited by 760
Diabetes: Models, Signals, and Control
Cobelli, C., Dalla Man, C., Sparacino, G., Magni, L., De Nicolao, G., & Kovatchev, B. P. (2009) · IEEE Reviews in Biomedical Engineering · doi:10.1109/rbme.2009.2036073 · Cited by 511
“However, in this review we have to limit our scope; thus, we will not be able to discuss modeling in the areas of patient management [9], [10] and health care intervention strategies [11]–[14], or in the emerging area of systems biology [15], [16].”
Eddy, D. M., Hollingworth, W., Caro, J. J., Tsevat, J., McDonald, K. M., & Wong, J. B. (2012) · Value in Health · doi:10.1016/j.jval.2012.04.012 · Cited by 466
Self-citationKahn, R., Alperin, P., Eddy, D., Borch-Johnsen, K., Buse, J., Feigelman, J., Gregg, E., Holman, R. R., Kirkman, M. S., Stern, M., et al. (2010) · The Lancet · doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(09)62162-0 · Cited by 287
Self-citation
Metadata
- Authors
- Eddy, D. M., & Schlessinger, L.
- Venue
- Diabetes Care
- Publisher
- American Diabetes Association
- Published
- 2003-11-01
- Volume
- 26
- Issue
- 11
- Pages
- 3102-3110
- ISSN
- 0149-5992 (ISSN-L)
- 1935-5548
- OpenAlex
- W2108479359
- Cited by
- 196
- References
- 12
- FWCI
- 4.17
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
How to cite
Cite CoChat for the checks on this page, and the paper for its own findings.
- This page
- CoChat. (2026). Citation check: Validation of the Archimedes Diabetes Model. https://app.cochat.ai/papers/10.2337/diacare.26.11.3102
- The paper
- Eddy, D. M., & Schlessinger, L. (2003). Validation of the Archimedes Diabetes Model. Diabetes Care. https://doi.org/10.2337/diacare.26.11.3102
Data sources
Bibliographic data: Semantic Scholar, OpenAlex, Crossref.
Contains information from the Semantic Scholar Academic Graph Datasets, made available under the ODC Attribution License (ODC-BY 1.0).
Semantic Scholar’s data is described in: Kinney, R., et al. (2023). The Semantic Scholar Open Data Platform. arXiv:2301.10140.