The DOI matches its Crossref record; 33 of the 33 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Smoking and Incidence of Diabetes Among U.S. Adults
Open accessAbstract
OBJECTIVE: The objective of this study was to determine the association between smoking and incident diabetes among U.S. adults. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS: The Insulin Resistance Atherosclerosis Study (IRAS) was a prospective study of the associations of insulin sensitivity and cardiovascular risk factors. We examined the relationship between smoking status categories (never, former, and current) and incident 5-year type 2 diabetes among 906 participants free of diabetes at baseline. We also considered the effect of pack-year categories (never, former <20 pack-years, former > or = 20 pack-years, current <20 pack-years, and current > or = 20 pack-years) upon diabetes incidence. RESULTS: Of current smokers, 96 (25%) developed diabetes at 5 years, compared with 60 (14%) never smokers. After multivariable adjustment, current smokers exhibited increased incidence of diabetes compared with never smokers (odds ratio [OR] 2.66, P = 0.001). Similar results were found among current smokers with > or = 20 pack-years with normal glucose tolerance (5.66, P = 0.001). CONCLUSIONS: Smoking shares a robust association with incident diabetes, supporting the current Surgeon General's warnings against cigarette smoking.
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“Studies suggest that smoking is also an independent risk factor for the development of diabetes (42,43).”
From Diabetes and Cancer (2010) · cites this paper as [42]
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Cites
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Prospective study of cigarette smoking, alcohol use, and the risk of diabetes in men
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Intensity and Amount of Physical Activity in Relation to Insulin Sensitivity
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Medications for Smoking Cessation
Clements, J. N. (2025) · American Diabetes Association eBooks · doi:10.2337/9781580408462-ch23
Zeng-Zhang, L., Jiménez‐García, R., Ana, L.-D.-A., Ji, Z., Zamorano‐León, J. J., Cuadrado‐Corrales, N., Bodas-Pinedo, A., Jiménez-Sierra, A., & de Miguel‐Díez, J. (2026) · Epidemiologia · doi:10.3390/epidemiologia7010007
Nahin, R. L., Feinberg, T., Grol-Prokopczyk, H., Kapos, F. P., Murray, K., Scott, R., & Zajacova, A. (2026) · The Lancet Regional Health - Americas · doi:10.1016/j.lana.2025.101342
A perspective review on risk factors associated with the development of diabetes in women
Nishad, H., Kumari, S., Bhattacharya, S., Lata, S., Talukdar, N. J., Deshwal, R. K., Bora, J., & Malik, S. (2026) · AIP conference proceedings · doi:10.1063/5.0318883
Bounding the Economic Loss from Diabetes with Imperfect InstrumentsPreprint
Kahn, M. E. (2026) · SSRN Electronic Journal · doi:10.2139/ssrn.6307883
Smoking and its Role in the Occurrence of Diabetes Mellitus and its Complications
Kamawal, I. (2025) · Spinghar International Research Journal of Medical Sciences · doi:10.67661/sirjms.v1.i1026.016
Silva, P. E. (2009) · Americanae (AECID Library)
Metadata
- Authors
- Foy, C. G., Bell, R. A., Farmer, D. F., Goff, D. C., & Wagenknecht, L. E.
- Affiliations
- Wake Forest University Health Sciences (US)
- Venue
- Diabetes Care
- Publisher
- American Diabetes Association
- Published
- 2005-10-01
- Volume
- 28
- Issue
- 10
- Pages
- 2501-2507
- ISSN
- 0149-5992 (ISSN-L)
- 1935-5548
- OpenAlex
- W2162899596
- Cited by
- 208
- References
- 33
- Citations by year
- 2026: 4 · 2025: 3 · 2024: 7 · 2023: 8 · 2022: 10 · 2021: 6 · 2020: 11 · 2019: 8 · 2018: 8 · 2017: 7 · 2016: 9 · 2015: 12 · 2014: 11 · 2013: 11 · 2012: 11
- FWCI
- 8.22
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Locations
- Diabetes Care (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- Robert Wood Johnson Foundation
- National Institutes of Health (5u01hl047890-09, 5u01hl047887-09, 5u01hl047889-09)
- National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism
- National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (U01HL047902, HL-47889, HL‐47890, HL-47902, HL47887, U01HL047892, HL 47892)
- National Institute on Drug Abuse
- National Center for Research Resources (M01RR01346, M01RR001346, M01-RR431)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Smoking Behavior and Cessation
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism › Diabetes, Cardiovascular Risks, and Lipoproteins
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism › Diabetes Management and Research
- Keywords
- smoking, type 2 diabetes, diabetes incidence, pack-years, current smokers, former smokers, insulin resistance, Insulin Resistance Atherosclerosis Study, cardiovascular risk factors, glucose tolerance
- MeSH terms
- Adult, Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2, Female, Humans, Insulin Resistance, Male, Middle Aged, Risk Factors, Smoking, United States, Incidence, Prevalence, Glucose Intolerance
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