Blood Glucose Awareness Training: What Is It, Where Is It, and Where Is It Going?
Open accessAbstract
Management of type 1 diabetes requires a continual balancing of insulin,fuel intake, and metabolic demand (e.g., exercise). This can only be accomplished with knowledge of where one's blood glucose is and where it is going and knowledge of how to manipulate insulin, fuel, and exercise to manage it. Blood Glucose Awareness Training (BGAT) is a psychoeducational intervention that in part addresses these needs. Fifteen research studies from the United States and Europe, involving single-site and multicenter projects,are reviewed. BGAT has been consistently demonstrated to improve the ability to detect and diminish both hypoglycemia and hyperglycemia while reducing the sequelae of extreme blood glucose levels (e.g., episodes of severe hypoglycemia and driving mishaps). BGAT has recently been transformed for internet delivery, making it available both for clinicians to use with their patients and for individuals with type 1 diabetes to pursue as a self-directed tutorial.
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
Several clinical trials have not shown a reduction of IAH by using CGM despite a reduced incidence of level 3 hypoglycemia.
“Several clinical trials have not shown a reduction of IAH by using CGM despite a reduced incidence of level 3 hypoglycemia (101,112,124,126-128).”
From The management of type 1 diabetes in adults. A consensus report by the American Diabetes Association (ADA) and the European Association for the Study of Diabetes (EASD) (2021) · cites this paper as [126]
The Multicenter Trials and Hypoglycemia Anticipation, Awareness, and Treatment Training sections (pages unavailable) discuss BGAT and HAATT, not CGM trials. Searches for continuous glucose monitoring, impaired hypoglycemia awareness, and severe hypoglycemia found no passage addressing whether CGM reduces IAH despite reducing level 3 hypoglycemia. (LLM, conf=0.76)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Cites
Cox, D. J., Kovatchev, B., Kovatchev, B., Koev, D., Koeva, L., Dachev, S., Tcharaktchiev, D., Protopopova, A., Gonder-Frederick, L., & Clarke, W. (2004) · International Journal of Behavioral Medicine · doi:10.1207/s15327558ijbm1104_4 · Cited by 88 · see citing works
Self-citation
Flagged first, then by citations
Research works printed but not linked: 3
- Kitabchi AE, Umpierrez GE, Murphy MB, Barrett EJ, Kreisberg RA, Malone JI, Wall BM: Management of hyperglycemic crises in patients with diabetes mellitus (Technical Review). Diabetes Care 24:131-153, 2001
- Gonder-Frederick LA, Cox DJ, Clarke WL, Julian DM: Blood Glucose Awareness Training. In Psychology in Diabetes Care. Snoek FJ, Skinner TC, Eds. London, Wiley, 2000, p. 169-206
- van der Ven NCW, Hogenelst MHE, Tromp- Wever AME, Twisk J, Ploeg HM van der, Heine RJ, Snoek FJ: Short-term effects of cognitive behavioural group training (CBGT) in adults with type 1 diabetes in prolonged poor glycaemic control: a randomized controlled trial. Diabet Med In press 22
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Holt, R. I. G., DeVries, J. H., Hess-Fischl, A., Hirsch, I. B., Kirkman, M. S., Klupa, T., Ludwig, B., Nørgaard, K., Pettus, J., Renard, E., et al. (2021) · Diabetes Care · doi:10.2337/dci21-0043 · Cited by 699 · see citing works
Self-citationPrediction of Severe Hypoglycemia
Cox, D. J., Gonder-Frederick, L., Ritterband, L., Clarke, W., & Kovatchev, B. P. (2007) · Diabetes Care · doi:10.2337/dc06-1386 · Cited by 129 · see citing works
Self-citationRondags, S. M. P. A., de Wit, M., Twisk, J. W., & Snoek, F. J. (2016) · Diabetes Care · doi:10.2337/dc16-1614 · Cited by 45 · see citing works
Self-citationClinical approaches to treat impaired awareness of hypoglycaemia
Farrell, C. M., & McCrimmon, R. J. (2021) · Therapeutic Advances in Endocrinology and Metabolism · doi:10.1177/20420188211000248 · Cited by 31 · see citing works
Cox, D. J., Taylor, A. G., Singh, H., Moncrief, M., Diamond, A., Yancy, W. S., Hegde, S., & McCall, A. L. (2016) · Diabetes Research and Clinical Practice · doi:10.1016/j.diabres.2015.10.021 · Cited by 21 · see citing works
Self-citationHypoglycemia communication in primary care visits for patients with diabetes
Pilla, S. J., Park, J., Schwartz, J. L., Albert, M. C., Ephraim, P. L., Boulware, L. E., Mathioudakis, N. N., Maruthur, N. M., Beach, M. C., & Greer, R. C. (2021) · Journal of General Internal Medicine · doi:10.1007/s11606-020-06385-x · Cited by 23 · see citing works
- Authors
- Cox, D. J., Gonder-Frederick, L., Ritterband, L., Patel, K., Schächinger, H., Fehm-Wolfsdorf, G., Hermanns, N., Snoek, F., Zrebiec, J., Polonsky, W., Schlundt, D., Kovatchev, B., & Clarke, W.
- Affiliations
- University of Virginia Health System (US)
- Harvard University (US)
- Vanderbilt University (US)
- ORCID
- Venue
- Diabetes Spectrum
- Publisher
- American Diabetes Association
- Published
- 2006-01-01
- Volume
- 19
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 43-49
- ISSN
- 1040-9165 (ISSN-L)
- 1944-7353
- OpenAlex
- W2102562857
- Cited by
- 68
- References
- 1
- Citations by year
- 2025: 2 · 2024: 6 · 2023: 3 · 2022: 2 · 2021: 7 · 2020: 5 · 2019: 2 · 2018: 3 · 2017: 2 · 2016: 4 · 2015: 8 · 2014: 3 · 2013: 5 · 2012: 1
- FWCI
- 2.02
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Locations
- Diabetes Spectrum (publishedVersion)
- Pure Amsterdam UMC (submittedVersion)
- Data Archiving and Networked Services (DANS) (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- University of Virginia
- National Institutes of Health
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism › Diabetes Management and Research
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism › Diabetes Management and Education
- Health Sciences › Health Professions › Emergency Medical Services › Patient Safety and Medication Errors
- Keywords
- type 1 diabetes, hypoglycemia, hyperglycemia, psychoeducational intervention, online intervention, severe hypoglycemia, driving safety, insulin management
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
