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The DOI matches its Crossref record; 34 of the 34 references it cites were found in a registry or an index; none of the 10 sources its claims cite is checked for support yet.

Analysis of Risk Assessment Framework Using Agile Methodology and Computer-Aided Software Engineering Tools

Open access
Monageng, Thapelo, Esiefarienrhe, Bukohwo Michael·2026·Indonesian Journal of Information Systems
DOI 10.24002/ijis.v8i2.12359
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Abstract

This research paper presents a risk assessment framework developed through the integration of the Scrum process with a Computer-Aided Software Engineering (CASE) tool, specifically Microsoft Excel. The framework aims to automate risk assessment processes, facilitating more accurate calculations of risk based on impact and probability using a matrix system. Initially, data is collected and recorded in the Risk Register, serving as the foundation for risk evaluation. The integration of the CASE tool enhances the efficiency and effectiveness of the process, allowing for real-time updates and tracking of risks. As updates occur within the Risk Register, a real-time dashboard is generated, providing stakeholders with an immediate overview of the risk landscape. The dashboard feature significantly improves decision making capabilities by presenting visual insights into risk levels and potential impacts on the projects. This dynamic monitoring tool is crucial for effective decision-making and timely responses to emerging risks. By leveraging agile methodologies design, this framework not only streamlines the risk management process but also ensures that relevant data is readily accessible to project teams. The findings from this research contribute to the fields of project management and software engineering by demonstrating the benefits of incorporating agile approaches with automated tools in risk assessment. The potential implications of this framework extend beyond individual projects, offering a model that can be adopted by various organizations seeking to enhance their risk management practices in a streamlined and efficient manner. Keywords: Risk Assessment, Scrum, CASE Tool, Risk Register, Dashboard

Overview

AI snapshot

Written from the paper’s full text.

TL;DR

The paper develops E-RAF, an Excel-based CASE tool integrated with Scrum to automate risk assessment through probability-impact scoring, risk registers, heatmaps, and dashboards. It reports reduced “Very High” risks across five sprints and presents E-RAF as a low-cost middle ground between enterprise risk tools and generic Excel logs.

Key findings

  • E-RAF calculates risk as RR = P × I on a 5×5 matrix; the example risk RSK-001 (“Delay in component delivery,” Sprint 2) had P=4, I=5, rating=20, classified “Very High,” and was 5 days overdue.
  • Table 8 reports “Very High” risks falling from 4 in Sprint 1 and 5 in Sprint 2 to 0 in Sprints 3–5; Sprint 5 had six “Very Low” risks and no High or Medium risks.
  • Scrum integration used five two-week sprints, with risk data feeding Sprint Planning, Daily Scrums, Sprint Reviews, and Retrospectives; dashboards tracked open, closed, overdue, and category-specific risks.
  • Compared with Primavera Risk Analysis and generic Excel logs, E-RAF is described as low cost, highly accessible, with risk scoring automation and visual dashboards, but limited collaboration support and no advanced analytics such as Monte Carlo simulation.

Methods

  • Mixed-methods design: quantitative project performance metrics (schedule adherence, cost control, risk reduction trends) generated through the Excel-based E-RAF using probability-impact matrices and automated dashboards, plus qualitative practitioner feedback gathered during Scrum ceremonies.
  • E-RAF was built in Microsoft Excel with VBA, data input forms, conditional formatting, charts, heatmaps, and automated formulas. The Scrum team comprised a Product Owner, Scrum Master, Accountant, Security specialist, Operations Manager, and three Developers; development ran over 5 sprints of two weeks each.
  • Data came from a custom dataset combining anonymized historical risk logs from archived ICT and construction project documents previously managed by consulting firms and government departments, plus simulated sprint-level risk scenarios for Agile e-government projects. The full dataset is not publicly hosted due to confidentiality, but key samples and anonymized structures can be provided upon request.

Limitations

  • The paper states that evaluation relied partly on simulated datasets, which may not capture full real-world project complexity; Excel’s file-based architecture limits scalability for large, distributed teams; and VBA/advanced Excel dependence may affect adoption. It concludes E-RAF is effective for small-to-medium projects, while larger organizations may require web-based or integrated platforms.
  • Evident from the text: risk-level thresholds are inconsistent between Table 1 (Very High 20–25, Low 5–9) and Table 7 (Very High 21–25, Low 6–10). Some Table 9 formulas also appear mislabeled, e.g., “No of Overdue” uses `COUNTIF(..., "CLOSED")`, and category formulas reference mismatched columns.

Model-written summary. Check it against the paper before relying on it.

Integrity signals

Registry

Crossref · 10.24002/ijis.v8i2.12359

Cites

34 of 34 references verified0 citation errors · 0 not checkable

Statistics

Nothing to recompute.

Verification

Claims the paper makes

0 of 10 cited sources checked · 0 supported · 0 flagged

  • Findingreasoning

    The E-RAF framework integrates the Scrum process with a CASE tool, specifically Microsoft Excel, to automate risk assessment.

    “This research paper presents a risk assessment framework developed through the integration of the Scrum process with a Computer-Aided Software Engineering (CASE) tool, specifically Microsoft Excel.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim
  • Findingnone given

    The E-RAF application was created by combining Excel capabilities and VBA scripting to emulate CASE environment.

    “The E-RAF application was created by combining Excel capabilities and VBA scripting to emulate CASE environment.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim
  • Findingown data

    Trend charts showed how risk intensity and mitigation efficacy changed over time.

    “Visual heat maps made it easy to identify high-risk zones across sprints, while trend charts showed how risk intensity and mitigation efficacy changed over time.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim
  • Findingnone given

    For each sprint cycle, E-RAF created a risk register with unique risk identifiers, complete descriptions, associated sprint numbers, risk owners, probability and impact scores, and automatically calculated severity ratings.

    “For each sprint cycle, the program created a risk register with unique risk identifiers, complete descriptions, associated sprint numbers, risk owners, probability and impact scores, and automatically calculated severity ratings.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim
  • Findingown data

    The E-RAF tool generated a comprehensive set of risk assessment results, providing both quantitative and qualitative insights into project vulnerabilities throughout agile sprints.

    “The E-RAF tool generated a comprehensive set of risk assessment results, providing both quantitative and qualitative insights into project vulnerabilities throughout and agile sprints.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim
  • Probably not a substantial claim. 32
  • It may state two separate claims as one. 28

  • Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.

    Findingreasoning

    The architecture was intentionally lightweight to accommodate deployment within Excel, requiring no external database or dependencies.

    “The architecture was intentionally lightweight to accommodate deployment within Excel, requiring no external database or dependencies.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.

    Findingreasoning

    The matrix cells are color-coded to indicate risk intensity, providing users with a quick overview of the risk environment.

    “The matrix cells are color-coded to indicate risk intensity, providing users with a quick overview of the risk environment.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim.

    Findingnone given

    The E-RAF framework was designed to support systematic identification, analysis, evaluation, and monitoring of project risks.

    “The E-RAF framework was designed to support systematic identification, analysis, evaluation, and monitoring of project risks.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • It may state two separate claims as one.

    Findingreasoning

    This study introduces the Excel-based Risk Assessment Framework (E-RAF), a lightweight, agile-compatible CASE tool that combines the familiarity and accessibility of Excel with the adaptability of Scrum-based iterative development.

    “To address these gaps, this study introduces the Excel-based Risk Assessment Framework (E-RAF), a lightweight, agile-compatible CASE tool that combines the familiarity and accessibility of Excel with the adaptability of Scrum-based iterative development.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim
    • Rests on an assumption: There is a government need for an accessible, low-cost, and simply deployable risk management solution.

  • Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.

    Findingnone given

    E-RAF converts the 5×5 matrix into an interactive risk heatmap that displays each risk's likelihood and impact scores.

    “E-RAF converts the 5×5 matrix into an interactive risk heatmap that displays each risk's likelihood and impact scores.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • It may state two separate claims as one.

    Findingown data

    Sprint 5 showed a risk reduction trend with no High or Medium risks and six Very Low risks.

    “Sprint 5: Shows a risk reduction trend with no High or Medium risks and six Very Low risks.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • It may state two separate claims as one.

    Findingown data

    In Sprints 3 and 4, Very High risks disappeared with an increase in Medium and High risks.

    “Sprint 3 and 4: We observe a shift, with Very High risks disappearing with an increase in Medium and High risks.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim.

    Findingreasoning

    High and Very High risks (red and orange zones) are clearly identifiable from Moderate or Low risks, allowing for quick judgments.

    “High and Very High risks (red and orange zones) are clearly identifiable from Moderate or Low risks, allowing for quick, judgments.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim.

    Findingreasoning

    The E-RAF tool evaluates each identified risk in two key dimensions: probability (P) and impact (I).

    “The E-RAF tool evaluates each identified risk in two key dimensions: probability (P) and impact (I).”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim
    • Rests on an assumption: The 5×5 Probability-Impact Matrix is commonly used in project management and risk analysis for its simplicity and efficacy.

  • It may state two separate claims as one.

    Interpretationreasoning

    By leveraging agile methodologies design, the framework streamlines the risk management process and ensures that relevant data is readily accessible to project teams.

    “By leveraging agile methodologies design, this framework not only streamlines the risk management process but also ensures that relevant data is readily accessible to project teams.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim.

    Interpretationreasoning

    The integration of Scrum methodology serves to introduce agility into the tool development process and the risk assessment workflow itself.

    “The integration of Scrum methodology serves to introduce agility into the tool development process and the risk assessment workflow itself.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.

    Study design and conductnone given

    A data flow model and modular design approach were adopted to ensure scalability and maintainability.

    “A data flow model and modular design approach were adopted to ensure scalability and maintainability.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • It may state two separate claims as one.

    Interpretationown data

    The transition in Sprint 5 toward green in the heat map represents improved risk handling, system stability, and maturity in mitigation planning.

    “This transition toward green in the heat map represents improved risk handling, system stability, and maturity in mitigation planning.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim.

    Interpretationreasoning

    The E-RAF in Excel was created to meet the government need for an accessible, low-cost, and simply deployable risk management solution.

    “The E-RAF in Excel was created to meet the government need for an accessible, low-cost, and simply deployable risk management solution.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim
    • Rests on an assumption: There is a government need for an accessible, low-cost, and simply deployable risk management solution.

  • Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.

    Study design and conductnone given

    Scrum artefacts including Product Backlog, Sprint Backlog, and Burndown Charts were maintained using Excel sheets to ensure transparency and traceability.

    “Scrum artefacts including Product Backlog, Sprint Backlog, and Burndown Charts were maintained using Excel sheets to ensure transparency and traceability.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim.

    Interpretationnone given

    The literature review reveals several significant gaps in current understanding of how Scrum methodologies integrate with CASE tool-supported risk assessment frameworks.

    “The literature review reveals several significant gaps in current understanding of how Scrum methodologies integrate with CASE tool-supported risk assessment frameworks:”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim.

    Interpretationcitation

    Successful tool integration requires alignment with agile principles and team workflows.

    “These research indicates that successful tool integration requires alignment with agile principles and team workflows, suggesting that risk assessment tools must be compatible with Scrum's iterative and collaborative nature to be effective.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • It may state two separate claims as one.

    Interpretationreasoning

    The integration of the CASE tool enhances the efficiency and effectiveness of the risk assessment process, allowing for real-time updates and tracking of risks.

    “The integration of the CASE tool enhances the efficiency and effectiveness of the process, allowing for real-time updates and tracking of risks.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim. The paper may give no reason why it holds. It may state two separate claims as one.

    Premisenone given

    Generic Excel logs are the most basic type of risk documentation, with no structure, analytical depth, or integration with iterative project frameworks.

    “Generic Excel logs, on the other hand, are the most basic type of risk documentation, with no structure, analytical depth, or integration with iterative project frameworks.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim. The paper may give no reason why it holds. It may state two separate claims as one.

    Premisereasoning

    Generic Excel logs frequently suffer from inconsistency, manual errors, and insufficient insight generation.

    “They frequently suffer from inconsistency, manual errors, and insufficient insight generation.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • It may state two separate claims as one.

    Interpretationreasoning

    This paper contributes to research and practice by presenting a novel integration of Scrum and CASE tool development within an Excel environment for risk management.

    “This paper contributes to research and practice • Presenting a novel integration of Scrum and CASE tool development within an Excel environment for risk management.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim.

    Interpretationreasoning

    Primavera's high cost and learning curve make it less accessible to small teams or public sector initiatives with limited funding.

    “Its high cost and learning curve make it less accessible to small teams or public sector initiatives with limited funding.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim.

    Interpretationreasoning

    This structured approach enables project teams to prioritize and focus their mitigation efforts on the risks that present the most significant threat to project success.

    “This structured approach enables project teams to prioritize and focus their mitigation efforts on the risks that present the most significant threat to project success.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim
    • Rests on an assumption: Quantifying risks reduces subjective bias when determining criticality.

  • Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence. The paper may give no reason why it holds.

    Interpretationnone given

    The systematic identification, analysis, and mitigation of risks within agile contexts remains an area of research that requires further exploration.

    “However, the systematic identification, analysis, and mitigation of risks within these agile contexts remains an area of research that requires further exploration, particularly when enhanced with technological innovations such as artificial”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim. The paper may give no reason why it holds.

    Interpretationreasoning

    The dashboard feature significantly improves decision making capabilities by presenting visual insights into risk levels and potential impacts on the projects.

    “The dashboard feature significantly improves decision making capabilities by presenting visual insights into risk levels and potential impacts on the projects.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim. It may state two separate claims as one.

    Study design and conductnone given

    The Scrum methodology was selected to enhance adaptability, foster team collaboration, and ensure iterative refinement of the E-RAF tool.

    “The Scrum methodology was selected to enhance adaptability, foster team collaboration, and ensure iterative refinement of the E-RAF tool.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.

    Study design and conductreasoning

    The modular spreadsheet structure separated raw data, computation logic, and output visualization, thereby following good practices of software modularity and separation of concerns.

    “The modular spreadsheet structure separated raw data, computation logic, and output visualization, thereby following good practices of software modularity and separation of concerns.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • It may state two separate claims as one.

    Interpretationreasoning

    E-RAF outputs offered situational knowledge to project teams and acted as a strategic tool for sprint planning, resource allocation, and stakeholder reporting.

    “These outputs not only offered situational knowledge to project teams but also acted as a strategic tool for sprint planning, resource allocation, and stakeholder reporting.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim. It may state two separate claims as one.

    Interpretationreasoning

    E-RAF offers an accessible, iterative, and visually driven solution that enables organizations to strengthen risk management practices without complex software investments.

    “By leveraging Agile values and low-code technologies, E-RAF offers an accessible, iterative, and visually driven solution that enables organizations strengthen their risk management practices without the need for complex software investments.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim
    • Rests on an assumption: Microsoft Excel is sufficiently familiar and accessible to intended users that E-RAF can be adopted without complex software investments.

  • It may state two separate claims as one.

    Interpretationreasoning

    E-RAF sits between Primavera and generic Excel logs, demonstrating how a well-structured Excel-based CASE tool can contain complex functionality such as automated scoring, conditional heat maps, sprint-wise tracking, and mitigation dashboards without requiring a large software investment.

    “E-RAF, which sits between these two extremes, demonstrates how a well-structured Excel-based CASE tool can contain complex functionality such as automated scoring, conditional heat maps, sprint-wise tracking, and mitigation dashboards without requiring a large software investment.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.

    Premisecitation

    This finding aligns with previous studies that argue agile practices implicitly address certain risks through frequent feedback and adaptation.

    “This finding aligns with previous studies that argue agile practices implicitly address certain risks through frequent feedback and adaptation [12][13].”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 2 sources checked
    • cites [12]

      Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

    • cites [13]

      Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  • Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.

    Study design and conductnone given

    The design of E-RAF was informed by established risk management standards and customized to be lightweight, user-friendly, and compatible with common project management practices.

    “The design was informed by established risk management standards and customized to be lightweight, user-friendly, and compatible with common project management practices.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.

    Interpretationreasoning

    This metric supports real-time performance monitoring and feeds into dashboard visuals that track unresolved or overdue risks.

    “This metric supports real-time performance monitoring and feeds into dashboard visuals that track unresolved or overdue risks.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.

    Interpretationreasoning

    This table supports accountability and tracking by clearly linking risks to assigned mitigation actions and response performance, thereby enhancing transparency and improving decision-making within Agile project cycles.

    “This table supports accountability and tracking by clearly linking risks to assigned mitigation actions and response performance, thereby enhancing transparency and improving decision-making within Agile project cycles.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • It may state two separate claims as one.

    Interpretationown data

    The shift in Sprints 3 and 4 suggests that while critical threats were addressed, new risks continued to emerge, showing characteristic of dynamic project environments.

    “This suggests that while critical threats were addressed, new risks continued to emerge showing characteristic of dynamic project environments.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • It may state two separate claims as one.

    Interpretationown data

    This paper validates the E-RAF tool through simulated and real project data, showcasing effectiveness in iterative risk control.

    “• Validating the E-RAF tool through simulated and real project data, showcasing effectiveness in iterative risk control.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim. The paper may give no reason why it holds.

    Interpretationreasoning

    Through iterative software-use phases, E-RAF evolves with ongoing stakeholder feedback, delivering incremental improvements in usability, automation, and analytical accuracy.

    “Through iterative software-use phases, E-RAF evolves with ongoing stakeholder feedback, delivering incremental improvements in usability, automation, and analytical accuracy.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim.

    Interpretationreasoning

    The integration of Scrum ceremonies with the E-RAF results illustrates the value of combining process and technology.

    “The integration of Scrum ceremonies with the E-RAF results further illustrates the value of combining process and technology.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • It may state two separate claims as one.

    Interpretationreasoning

    E-RAF is effective for small-to-medium-scale projects, while larger organizations may require web-based or integrated platforms.

    “These constraints suggest that while the E-RAF is effective for small-to medium-scale projects, larger organizations may require web-based or integrated platforms.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim. The paper may give no reason why it holds.

    Interpretationnone given

    Excel's file-based architecture limits its scalability for large, distributed teams.

    “Additionally, Excel's file-based architecture limits its scalability for large, distributed teams.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence. The paper may give no reason why it holds. It may state two separate claims as one.

    Interpretationreasoning

    This enhances project governance, executive reporting, and sprint planning in e-government and other complex project environments.

    “This enhances project governance, executive reporting, and sprint planning in e-government and other complex project environments.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim.

    Interpretationreasoning

    E-RAF bridges the gap between high-cost enterprise risk tools and over simplified generic logs by offering a middle-ground solution that is affordable, customizable, and iterative.

    “It bridges the gap between high-cost enterprise risk tools and over simplified generic logs by offering a middle-ground solution that is affordable, customizable, and iterative.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • It may state two separate claims as one.

    Interpretationreasoning

    The research contributes by showcasing how CASE tool development can benefit from agile principles and how Excel can be repurposed as a lightweight but effective development environment for risk management.

    “The research contributes to both academic inquiry and practical application by showcasing how CASE tool development can benefit from agile principles and how Excel can be repurposed as a lightweight but effective development environment for risk management.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim. It may state two separate claims as one.

    Interpretationnone given

    VBA scripts and conditional formatting provide a level of automation, but they are dependent on the user's familiarity with Excel's advanced features, which could affect adoption.

    “Additionally, while VBA scripts and conditional formatting provide a level of automation, they are dependent on the user's familiarity with Excel's advanced features, which could affect adoption.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • It may state two separate claims as one.

    Interpretationreasoning

    The study contributes to the current literature by indicating that agile risk management benefits from hybrid techniques that combine quantitative monitoring with qualitative practitioner feedback, resulting in a more comprehensive awareness of project risks and mitigation.

    “The study contributes to the current literature by indicating that agile risk management benefits from hybrid techniques that combine quantitative monitoring with qualitative practitioner feedback, resulting in a more comprehensive awareness of project risks and mitigation.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • It may state two separate claims as one.

    Interpretationown data

    Even lightweight spreadsheet-based systems can automate scoring, generate visual heatmaps, and support decision-making in agile environments.

    “While enterprise solutions such as Primavera Risk Analysis provide advanced capabilities, the results show that even lightweight spreadsheet-based systems can automate scoring, generate visual heatmaps, and support decision-making in agile environments.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • It may state two separate claims as one.

    Study design and conductreasoning

    Being built in Excel, E-RAF is constrained by file-based operations and limited scalability, which may restrict its utility in large-scale, collaborative environments.

    “Being built in Excel, E-RAF is constrained by file-based operations, limited scalability which may restrict its utility in large-scale, collaborative environments.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim. It may state two separate claims as one.

    Interpretationnone given

    The Registration_Form standardizes the risk entry process and enables accurate comparison and prioritization across different risks.

    “The use of the Registration_Form standardizes the risk entry process and enables accurate comparison and prioritization across different risks.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim
48 of 48

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    There is a government need for an accessible, low-cost, and simply deployable risk management solution.

    “The E-RAF in Excel was created to meet the government need for an accessible, low-cost, and simply deployable risk management solution.”

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    Excel is widely available in organizational environments and familiar among project managers.

    “Excel was chosen as the platform for tool development due to its widespread availability in organizational environments, built-in support for data processing and visualization, and the ability to extend its functionality using Visual Basic for Applications (VBA).”

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    There is no publicly available, domain-specific dataset reflecting the dynamic nature of Agile risk environments in the public sector.

    “This approach was necessary due to the absence of a publicly available, domain-specific dataset reflecting the dynamic nature of Agile risk environments in the public sector.”

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    The anonymized historical records and simulated scenarios are realistic enough to model project risks and validate the E-RAF tool.

    “These records were stripped of identifying details and used to model realistic project risks and mitigation workflows.”

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    The 5×5 Probability-Impact Matrix is commonly used in project management and risk analysis for its simplicity and efficacy.

    “The 5×5 Probability-Impact Matrix is commonly used in project management and risk analysis for its simplicity and efficacy.”

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    Quantifying risks reduces subjective bias when determining criticality.

    “Quantifying risks reduces subjective bias when determining criticality.”

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    Traditional risk assessment tools frequently require specialized software platforms or extensive training.

    “While traditional risk assessment tools frequently require specialized software platforms or extensive training, Excel was chosen due to its familiarity among project managers, powerful built-in functionalities, and flexibility to support data manipulation and visualization tasks.”

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    The simulated and real project data used to validate E-RAF are sufficiently representative of real-world project environments to support conclusions about its effectiveness.

    “Validating the E-RAF tool through simulated and real project data, showcasing effectiveness in iterative risk control.”

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    Microsoft Excel is sufficiently familiar and accessible to intended users that E-RAF can be adopted without complex software investments.

    “By leveraging Agile values and low-code technologies, E-RAF offers an accessible, iterative, and visually driven solution that enables organizations strengthen their risk management practices without the need for complex software investments.”
9 of 9

Self-check

Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.

Each contradiction between two passages listed here was confirmed by an independent check.

  • Heatmap formula cannot produce Very Low for scores of 1-5

    Major

    Table 7 classifies scores of 1-5 as Very Low, but the Table 8 formula classifies each of those scores as Low. For scores on the stated 1-25 scale, the formula never returns Very Low.

  • A rating of 20 has two different risk levels

    Minor

    The registration example classifies a rating of 20 as Very High, while Table 7 assigns ratings of 16-20 to High. The conflicting thresholds affect risk prioritization.

  • Sprint 5 is said to have no High risks despite two being listed

    Minor

    The sprint counts list two High risks in Sprint 5, contradicting the interpretation that Sprint 5 has no High risks.

3 of 3

Citations

Cites

Flagged first, then by citations

Research works printed but not linked: 4

  1. Thapelo Monageng, 'Development using Scrum: A CASE Tool Approach', vol. 13, no. 2, pp. 1542- 1549, 2025.
  2. I. Sommerville, Software Engineering, 10th ed. Boston, MA: Pearson, 2016.
  3. PMI, 'A guide to the project management body of knowledge (PMBOK® guide) (7th ed.)'. Project Management Institute, 2021.
  4. K. C. Obondia, 'The utilization of project risk monitoring and control practices and their relationship with pro-ject success in construction projects', Journal of Project Management, vol. 7, no. 1, pp. 35- 25, 2022.

Cited by

Still being checked.

Related

Metadata

Authors
Monageng, T., & Esiefarienrhe, B. M.
Affiliations
North-West University (ZA)
ORCID
Esiefarienrhe, Bukohwo Michael
Venue
Indonesian Journal of Information Systems
Publisher
Universitas Atma Jaya Yogyakarta
Published
2026-02-28
Volume
8
Issue
2
Pages
157-174
ISSN
  • 2623-0119 (ISSN-L)
  • 2623-2308
DOI
10.24002/ijis.v8i2.12359
OpenAlex
W7165476883
Semantic Scholar
ffd8d41fbaf035b7eeef9a9ffe1465f1d9136d7e
Cited by
0
References
34
FWCI
0.00
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
Licence
Locations
Indonesian Journal of Information Systems (publishedVersion, cc-by-sa)
Topics
  • Physical Sciences › Computer Science › Information Systems › Software Engineering Techniques and Practices
  • Social Sciences › Decision Sciences › Management Science and Operations Research › Construction Project Management and Performance
  • Social Sciences › Business, Management and Accounting › Management Information Systems › Decision Support System Applications
Keywords
risk assessment, risk management, Scrum, computer-aided software engineering, Microsoft Excel, risk register, risk matrix, real-time dashboard, automated risk assessment

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A language model drew the claims from the paper on 2026-11-07, under version 3 of the claim definition (model deepseek-v4.1-flash, prompt extract-v3).

A second model labelled each claim on 2026-11-07 (model jev-1.13-20260917, definition revision gold-guideline-v0.2).

Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.

Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.

What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›

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