The DOI matches its Crossref record; 15 of the 15 references it cites were found in a registry or an index; none of the 9 sources its claims cite is checked for support yet.
Geospatial Modeling of Walking Routes Combing On-road and Off-road Movements
Open accessAbstract
This paper presents a geographic information system (GIS)-based methodology for the automated planning of walking routes in areas with sparse road networks. This approach overcomes the limitations of traditional routing methods that rely solely on either vector road graphs or raster-based cost surfaces by combining both types of representations into a single flexible model. This combined model supports routing on both roads and off-road terrain, taking into account land cover, slope, and movement direction. A hierarchy of network edges prioritizes more passable segments, such as paved roads, while still allowing transitions to natural surfaces where necessary. The methodology has been implemented in ArcGIS Pro and tested using field data from the Satino educational station in the Kaluga region. Three types of regular grid-based network models (square with queen and knight adjacency, and hexagonal) were compared, and routing was simulated under different weather conditions using variable edge weights. The results demonstrate that the square grid with queen adjacency provides the best balance between accuracy and computational efficiency. Compared to the traditional least-cost path (LCP) method, the proposed approach reduces raster-induced distortions and allows for greater adaptability to user preferences. This methodology has practical applications in tourism, environmental research, and emergency route planning, particularly in regions with limited formal transportation infrastructure.
Overview
AI snapshot
Written from the paper’s full text.
TL;DR
The paper presents a GIS methodology that combines vector road networks with raster cost surfaces to plan walking routes in sparsely connected areas, implemented in ArcGIS Pro and tested at the Satino educational station in Kaluga region. It finds that a square grid with queen adjacency offers the best balance of accuracy and computational efficiency, and that hierarchical edge weighting better reflects realistic on-road/off-road walking preferences than traditional least-cost path routing.
Key findings
- The square grid with queen adjacency was identified as optimal in computational complexity and route efficiency; the knight pattern required more than twice the data and computational resources of the queen pattern.
- Hierarchical network models showed very high internal consistency (97–100%) across three test routes, while agreement between hierarchical and non-hierarchical models dropped to 13–36%; LCP paths overlapped hierarchical models only 11–35%.
- Rainy weather produced the most significant variation in route options, whereas hot-weather routes were almost identical because users tended to choose the closer ford rather than the bridge.
- Compared with traditional LCP, the proposed approach reduced raster-induced distortions and allowed transitions between roads and off-road terrain at any point along an edge, not only at graph vertices.
Methods
- The model combined a regular grid-based surface model with a road network model, using land cover, slope, movement direction, edge hierarchy, and weather coefficients; obstacles such as water bodies, fenced areas, and buildings were removed from the graph.
- Input data included the road network, field track data, and ultra-high-resolution satellite imagery interpreted by experts to create a passability map; walking speeds were assigned from field observations, and a 5-meter DEM with Tobler’s hiking function was used for slope effects.
- Testing was conducted at the Satino educational field station in Borovsky district, Kaluga region, with three routes (Satino–Vasilek, Cholohovo–Ivanovskoe, Africa–RP 5420), three grid configurations (square queen, square knight, hexagonal), modified Dijkstra routing, LCP comparison, and a survey of individuals familiar with the area.
Limitations
- The authors state that the model depends on the spatial resolution of the regular grid: finer grids improve terrain representation but increase data volume and computation, while coarser grids may overlook important landscape features.
- The authors state that assigning walking speeds to land cover types and calibrating weather coefficients involves subjectivity, and that the model assumes simplified walking behavior focused mainly on travel time or distance and road prioritization, omitting factors such as comfort, safety, visibility, fatigue, and terrain preferences.
- The authors state that computational cost increases substantially for large regions or complex adjacency schemes, potentially limiting applicability without additional optimization.
Model-written summary. Check it against the paper before relying on it.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
0 of 9 cited sources checked · 0 supported · 0 flagged
- Findingreasoning
When comparing different network models based on a regular grid structure, the square configuration had certain advantages over the hexagonal one.
“When we compared different network models based on a regular grid structure, we found that the square configuration had certain advantages over the hexagonal one.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Findingreasoning
Routes generated based on the hierarchical model prioritize the road network when searching for paths.
“Routes generated based on the hierarchical model prioritize the road network when searching for paths.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Findingown data
Models with edge hierarchy demonstrate very high internal consistency (97-100%) across all three test routes.
“Models with edge hierarchy demonstrate very high internal consistency (97-100%) across all three test routes, while agreement between hierarchical and non-hierarchical models drops to 13-36%, reflecting their different movement priorities.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Findingown data
Agreement between hierarchical and non-hierarchical models drops to 13-36%.
“Models with edge hierarchy demonstrate very high internal consistency (97-100%) across all three test routes, while agreement between hierarchical and non-hierarchical models drops to 13-36%, reflecting their different movement priorities.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Findingown data
Rainy weather produced the most significant variation in route options.
“Rainy weather produced the most significant variation in route options.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim
- Findingreasoning
An analysis of the generated routes revealed significant differences in the modeling results depending on the initial conditions.
“An analysis of the generated routes revealed significant differences in the modeling results, depending on the initial conditions.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Findingreasoning
One key factor influencing differences in modeling results is the parameter related to the hierarchy of network elements.
“One key factor influencing these differences is the parameter related to the hierarchy of network elements.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Findingown data
In a survey of individuals familiar with the area, preferred routes were similar to the modeled ones.
“Analyzing the results, we found that the preferred routes were similar to the modeled ones: in hot weather, people tended to take a shorter route by using the ford, which is closer to the starting point than the bridge (Fig. 4).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Findingown data
In hot weather, surveyed people tended to take a shorter route by using the ford, which is closer to the starting point than the bridge.
“Analyzing the results, we found that the preferred routes were similar to the modeled ones: in hot weather, people tended to take a shorter route by using the ford, which is closer to the starting point than the bridge (Fig. 4).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Findingown data
LCP paths exhibit only 11-35% spatial overlap with hierarchical models.
“The LCP paths exhibit only 11-35% spatial overlap with hierarchical models, confirming that raster-based routing deviates substantially from more realistic on-road/off-road transitions.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Findingreasoning
In most weather scenarios, except rainy conditions, the knight pattern produced routes that were slightly more advantageous in terms of travel time.
“In most weather scenarios, except rainy conditions, the knight pattern produced routes that were slightly more advantageous in terms of travel time.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Findingown data
The LCP-generated path suggests crossing a river directly instead of using a nearby bridge because the river is too narrow to be represented in the raster at its given scale, leading to a misinterpretation by the model.
“For example, the LCPgenerated path suggests crossing a river directly instead of using a nearby bridge, because the river is too narrow to be represented in the raster at its given scale, leading to a misinterpretation by the model.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Findingown data
Distortions in the hexagonal model arise from the grid's connectivity type, resulting in a zigzag effect similar to that seen in the LCP method.
“These distortions arise from the grid's connectivity type, resulting in a zigzag effect, similar to that seen in the least-cost path (LCP) method, where raster structure causes artificial elongation and increased path costs.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Findingown data
LCP results depend strongly on raster resolution.
“However, LCP results depend strongly on raster resolution, as seen in our experiments.”
- Also stated in: § CONCLUSIONS · boosted
“However, the LCP output is accompanied by a significant number of distortions due to the raster structure, and its accuracy depends heavily on its resolution.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Also stated in: § CONCLUSIONS · boosted
- Findingown data
In rainy conditions, both the hexagonal and square grids with queen adjacency patterns produce shorter routes through forested areas and the road network.
“Route modeling under these scenarios shows that, in rainy conditions, both the hexagonal and square grids with queen adjacency patterns produce shorter routes through forested areas and the road network.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Findingnone given
Routes generated by the LCP method are conceptually similar to those produced by the non-hierarchical model.
“Routes generated by the LCP method are conceptually similar to those produced by the non-hierarchical model.”
- Also stated in: § CONCLUSIONS · plain
“In particular, the LCP approach is similar to the resulting non-hierarchical network model.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim - Also stated in: § CONCLUSIONS · plain
- Findingnone given
The LCP method lacks the ability to assign hierarchical importance to individual raster pixels.
“Furthermore, the LCP method lacks the ability to assign hierarchical importance to individual raster pixels, which highlights the advantage of the proposed non-hierarchical approach over LCP.”
- Also stated in: § CONCLUSIONS · plain
“Furthermore, the LCP technique does not permit the formation of a hierarchy among individual pixels, preventing the prioritization of movement along the road network.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Also stated in: § CONCLUSIONS · plain
- Interpretationreasoning
The hierarchy enables the model to approximate realistic walking preferences rather than merely identifying the shortest possible route.
“This hierarchy enables the model to approximate realistic walking preferences rather than merely identifying the shortest possible route.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Premisecitation
Raster-induced distortions are independent of raster resolution because the path in a regular model proceeds from one vertex to an adjacent one in discrete increments rather than traversing continuous space.
“These distortions are independent of raster resolution because the path in a regular model always proceeds from one vertex to an adjacent one in discrete increments, rather than traversing continuous space (Tomlin 1990).”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites Tomlin 1990
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Premisecitation
Topological relationships cannot be preserved correctly when vector objects are integrated into a regular raster model.
“Consequently, topological relationships cannot be preserved correctly (Choi et al. 2013).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites Choi et al. 2013 source
- Premisecitation
The least-cost path (LCP) method is often affected by distortions caused by the raster structure.
“The LCP method is often affected by distortions caused by the raster structure.”
- Also stated in: § CONCLUSIONS · plain
“However, the LCP output is accompanied by a significant number of distortions due to the raster structure, and its accuracy depends heavily on its resolution.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 2 sources checked- cites Tomlin 1990
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- cites Goodchild 1977 source
- Also stated in: § CONCLUSIONS · plain
- Interpretationown data
Raster-based routing deviates substantially from more realistic on-road/off-road transitions.
“The LCP paths exhibit only 11-35% spatial overlap with hierarchical models, confirming that raster-based routing deviates substantially from more realistic on-road/off-road transitions.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Interpretationreasoning
The computational cost of the method increases substantially when it is applied to large regions or when complex adjacency schemes are used.
“Thirdly, the computational cost of the method increases substantially when it is applied to large regions or when complex adjacency schemes are used.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim - Interpretationnone given
The methodology presented in this study enables transitions between roads and off-road terrain at any point along an edge, rather than just at vertices.
“The approach developed in this paper builds on this research by enabling transitions between roads and offroad terrain at any point along an edge, rather than just at vertices.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Premisereasoning
Increasing neighborhood connectivity to address zigzagging violates the theoretical principle of the shortest path because a straight line through cells with varying costs is not necessarily the shortest.
“However, this approach violates the theoretical principle of the shortest path, since a straight line passing through cells with varying costs is not necessarily the shortest.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Premisecitation
Integrating vector objects into a regular raster model makes it challenging to distinguish between different types of intersection such as bridges, overpasses, and road crossings.
“Notably, integrating vector objects into a regular model can make it challenging to distinguish between different types of intersection (e.g., bridges, overpasses, and road crossings).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites Choi et al. 2013 source
- Interpretationnone given
The model is inherently dependent on the spatial resolution of the regular grid used to generate the network.
“Firstly, the model is inherently dependent on the spatial resolution of the regular grid used to generate the network.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Interpretationreasoning
A network model based on a square grid with queen connectivity offers greater efficiency in terms of processing time and routing.
“Therefore, we conclude that a network model based on a square grid with queen connectivity offers greater efficiency in terms of processing time and routing.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Interpretationown data
The experiments conducted have allowed the authors to determine the advantages of the developed technique compared to the current pathfinding method using the LCP algorithm.
“Given the need for routing methods capable of integrating road networks with continuous terrain representation while overcoming the limitations of conventional raster-based approaches, the experiments we conducted have allowed us to determine the advantages of the developed technique compared to the current pathfinding method using the LCP algorithm.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Premisecitation
The traditional road-network graph approach is not suitable for calculating shortest paths across continuous surfaces such as geographic terrain.
“While effective for finding optimal routes within road networks, this approach is not suitable for calculating the shortest paths across continuous surfaces, such as geographic terrain.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites Miller, Shaw 2001 source
- Premisecitation
The optimal path should follow the boundaries between cells with different values, similar to the laws of refraction in optics.
“The optimal path should therefore follow the boundaries between cells with different values, in a manner similar to the laws of refraction in optics (Warntz 1957) and to later refinements of cost-surface refraction modeling (Tomlin 2010).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 2 sources checked- cites Warntz 1957 source
- cites Tomlin 2010
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Premisereasoning
Modeling walking routes in sparsely connected areas requires a method that integrates raster and vector models and allows flexible parameterization based on user needs.
“Existing routing approaches demonstrate that modeling walking routes in sparsely connected areas requires a method that integrates the two models and allows flexible parameterization based on user needs.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim - Interpretationreasoning
The proposed methodology represents terrain more accurately than a raster-based approach.
“Overall, the proposed methodology represents terrain more accurately than a raster-based approach.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Interpretationreasoning
The knight pattern's travel-time advantage is due to its connectivity structure with longer edges, as it extends into a 5x5 neighborhood whereas the queen pattern extends into a 3x3 neighborhood.
“This advantage is due to its connectivity structure, with longer edges, as the knight pattern extends into a 5×5 neighborhood, whereas the queen pattern extends into a 3×3 neighborhood.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim
- It may state two separate claims as one. 15
- Probably not a substantial claim. 10
It may state two separate claims as one.
Findingnone givenThe square regular grid network model with queen adjacency has the shortest implementation time and is virtually free from geometric errors that could distort routes.
“This model has the shortest implementation time and is virtually free from geometric errors that could distort routes.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claimIt may state two separate claims as one.
FindingreasoningRoutes generated using a non-hierarchical model focus more on minimizing total path length or optimizing movement time, which may not always prioritize the road network.
“In contrast, routes generated using a non-hierarchical model focus more on minimizing total path length or optimizing movement time, which may not always prioritize the road network.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claimIt may state two separate claims as one.
FindingreasoningThe algorithm selects the shortest route from the starting point to the nearest road and follows it for as long as possible.
“The algorithm selects the shortest route from the starting point to the nearest road and follows it for as long as possible.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claimIt may state two separate claims as one.
Findingown dataRoutes were almost identical in hot weather because users tended to choose the ford, which is closer than the bridge.
“In contrast, the routes were almost identical in hot weather because users tended to choose the ford, which is closer than the bridge.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claimIt may state two separate claims as one.
FindingreasoningSignificant geometric distortions are absent from square configuration routes, whereas they are often seen in the hexagonal model.
“This is because significant geometric distortions are absent from the resulting routes, which are often seen in the hexagonal model.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claimIt may state two separate claims as one.
Findingnone givenThe square grid model with knight adjacency produced a longer route around forested areas initially, prioritizing use of the road network wherever possible.
“Meanwhile, the square grid model with knight adjacency produced a longer route around forested areas initially, prioritizing use of the road network wherever possible.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
Study design and conductnone givenThe methodology was tested at the Satino educational field station in the Borovsky district of the Kaluga region.
“This methodology was tested at the Satino educational field station in the Borovsky district of the Kaluga region.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimProbably not a substantial claim. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Premisenone givenThe challenge of developing an efficient method for integrating regular and irregular network models while preserving their respective advantages remains unresolved.
“However, the challenge of developing an efficient method for integrating these models while preserving their respective advantages remains unresolved.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimProbably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence. It may state two separate claims as one.
Interpretationnone givenThe proposed methodology is more flexible and can be adapted to different movement conditions.
“It is also more flexible and can be adapted to different movement conditions.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
Study design and conductreasoningThe coefficients were based on analytical estimates and expert knowledge and may not fully capture the variability of real-world movement conditions.
“Although these coefficients were based on analytical estimates and expert knowledge, they may not fully capture the variability of real-world movement conditions.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimIt may state two separate claims as one.
InterpretationreasoningEnabling transitions at any point along an edge significantly increases the flexibility of the integrated model and better reflects real pedestrian movement.
“This significantly increases the flexibility of the integrated model and better reflects real pedestrian movement.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
InterpretationreasoningCoarser grids simplify calculations but may overlook important landscape features that influence walking behavior.
“Conversely, coarser grids simplify calculations but may overlook important landscape features that influence walking behavior.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimIt may state two separate claims as one.
Interpretationnone givenFiner grids improve the representation of terrain heterogeneity and reduce geometric distortions but significantly increase data volume and computational requirements.
“While finer grids improve the representation of terrain heterogeneity and reduce geometric distortions, they significantly increase data volume and computational requirements.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claimProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
Study design and conductnone givenA set of field data was collected using a satellite navigation receiver.
“A set of field data was collected using a satellite navigation receiver.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimIt may state two separate claims as one.
InterpretationreasoningThe number of edges increases rapidly with grid density and connectivity, which affects processing time and potentially limits the approach's applicability in extensive territories without additional optimization.
“The number of edges increases rapidly with grid density and connectivity, which affects processing time and potentially limits the approach's applicability in extensive territories without additional optimization.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claimProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
Study design and conductnone givenAssigning walking speeds to land cover types and calibrating weather-related coefficients involves a degree of subjectivity.
“Secondly, assigning walking speeds to land cover types and calibrating weather-related coefficients involves a degree of subjectivity.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimProbably not a substantial claim. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Interpretationnone givenThe incorporation of edge hierarchy with prioritization of high-quality or more passable segments is a methodological advancement lacking in previous raster- or vector-based approaches.
“Additionally, the incorporation of edge hierarchy -with prioritization of high-quality or more passable segments -is a methodological advancement lacking in previous raster-or vector-based approaches.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimProbably not a substantial claim. It may state two separate claims as one.
InterpretationreasoningHierarchical routes result in a more convenient path because people generally prefer to travel on roads and avoid natural obstacles.
“This results in a more convenient path, as people generally prefer to travel on roads and avoid natural obstacles.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim- Rests on an assumption: People generally prefer to travel on roads and avoid natural obstacles.
It may state two separate claims as one.
PremisecitationChoi et al. (2013) propose a method that integrates regular and irregular models but only permits access to or exit from a vector network at graph vertices and not at any point along the edges.
“While Choi et al. (2013) propose a method that integrates these two classical models, their algorithm only permits access to or exit from a vector network at graph vertices and not at any point along the edges.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites Choi et al. 2013 source
It may state two separate claims as one.
Interpretationnone givenThe framework combines improvements with anisotropic movement costs, weather-dependent coefficients, and a consistent treatment of slopes using Tobler's function.
“Undoubtedly, the framework combines these improvements with anisotropic movement costs, weatherdependent coefficients, and a consistent treatment of slopes using Tobler's function.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimProbably not a substantial claim. It may state two separate claims as one.
Interpretationnone givenDepending on user priorities, the model can either emphasize more convenient routes through hierarchy or focus solely on the shortest or fastest path by removing hierarchy.
“Depending on user priorities, the model can either emphasize more convenient routes through hierarchy or focus solely on the shortest (or fastest) path by removing hierarchy.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim
The paper relies on this without support.
People generally prefer to travel on roads and avoid natural obstacles.
“This results in a more convenient path, as people generally prefer to travel on roads and avoid natural obstacles.”
The authors state this as an assumption.
Movement speed generally decreases on most surface types and roads under rainy and extremely hot conditions as the energy required to move increases.
“The edge weight coefficients were defined analytically for each scenario, based on the assumption that movement speed generally decreases on most surface types and roads, as the energy required to move increases under these conditions (Fig. 3).”
The authors state this as an assumption.
The model assumes simplified walking behavior, focusing primarily on minimizing travel time or distance and prioritizing roads through hierarchical edge weighting.
“Finally, the model assumes simplified walking behavior, focusing primarily on minimizing travel time or distance and prioritizing roads through hierarchical edge weighting.”
The paper relies on this without support.
Human route choices are influenced by many additional factors, such as comfort, safety, visibility, fatigue, and terrain preferences, that are not fully represented in the current implementation.
“However, human route choices are influenced by many additional factors, such as comfort, safety, visibility, fatigue, and terrain preferences -that are not fully represented in the current implementation.”
The paper relies on this without support.
The selected land cover classes reflect established approaches to terrain suitability assessment and local field knowledge of movement conditions within the study area, which together justify their use for routing impedance modeling.
“The selected classes reflect both established approaches to terrain suitability assessment and local field knowledge of movement conditions within the study area, which, together, justify their use for routing impedance modeling.”
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
Each contradiction between two passages listed here was confirmed by an independent check.
A hierarchy benefit is attributed to the non-hierarchical model
MinorThe cited advantage is the ability to assign hierarchical importance, but the paper says its non-hierarchical model does not prioritize the road network. That distinction supports the hierarchical model, not the non-hierarchical one.
“Furthermore, the LCP method lacks the ability to assign hierarchical importance to individual raster pixels, which highlights the advantage of the proposed non-hierarchical approach over LCP.”
“In contrast, routes generated using a non-hierarchical model focus more on minimizing total path length or optimizing movement time, which may not always prioritize the road network.”
Citations
Cites
Geographic Information Systems for Transportation: Principles and Applications
Miller, H. J., & Shaw, S.-L. (2001) · doi:10.1093/oso/9780195123944.001.0001 · Cited by 235
A direction dependent least-cost-path algorithm for roads and canals
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Bagli, S., Geneletti, D., & Orsi, F. (2010) · Environmental Impact Assessment Review · doi:10.1016/j.eiar.2010.10.003 · Cited by 174
Least-cost paths in mountainous terrain
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Research Article: Extensions to least-cost path algorithms for roadway planning
Chao-qing, Y., Lee, J., & Munro‐Stasiuk, M. J. (2003) · International Journal of Geographical Information Systems · doi:10.1080/1365881031000072645 · Cited by 138
Choi, Y., Park, H., Sunwoo, C., & Clarke, K. (2008) · International Journal of Geographical Information Systems · doi:10.1080/13658810802385245 · Cited by 77
A Model a Small Forest Fire ... to Simulate Burned and Burning Areas for Use in a Detection Model
Kourtz, P., & O'Regan, W. G. (1971) · Forest Science · doi:10.1093/forestscience/17.2.163 · Cited by 64
An Evaluation of Lattice Solutions to the Problem of Corridor Location
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Transportation, Social Physics, And The Law Of Refraction
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On identifying the most time-saving walking route in a trackless mountainous terrain
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Finding least-cost paths across a continuous raster surface with discrete vector networks
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A method for finding least-cost corridors with reduced distortion in raster space
Seegmiller, L., Shirabe, T., & Tomlin, C. D. (2020) · International Journal of Geographical Information Systems · doi:10.1080/13658816.2020.1850734 · Cited by 11
Ashish, D. D. V. S., Munjal, S., Mani, M., & Srivastava, S. (2021) · Advances in intelligent systems and computing · doi:10.1007/978-981-15-9927-9_33 · Cited by 9
The Methodology of Creating Variable Resolution Maps Based on the Example of Passability Maps
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Flagged first, then by citations
Research works printed but not linked: 3
- Bemmelen J., Quak W., Hekken M., Oosterom P. (1993). Vector vs. raster-based algorithms for cross country movement planning. Proceedings of Auto-Carto, 11, 50-59.
- Rylsky I.A. (2009). The influence of geographical environment factors on automated pipeline routing. Moscow: MAX Press, 192 p. (in Russian).
- Susanto A. (2021). Performance comparison of Dijkstra, A*, and Floyd–Warshall algorithms in shortest path problems. Journal of Applied Mathematics and Computation, 5(2), 89-98.
Cited by
Still being checked.
Metadata
- Authors
- Zaslavskaya, E. S., & Karpachevskiy, A. M.
- Affiliations
- Lomonosov Moscow State University
- Venue
- Geography, Environment, Sustainability
- Publisher
- Russian Geographical Society
- Published
- 2026-03-31
- Volume
- 19
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 130-138
- ISSN
- 2071-9388 (ISSN-L)
- 2542-1565
- OpenAlex
- W7147502511
- Cited by
- 0
- References
- 15
- FWCI
- 0.00
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- diamond
- doi.org
- Locations
- GEOGRAPHY ENVIRONMENT SUSTAINABILITY (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- Lomonosov Moscow State University
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Urban Studies › Urban Design and Spatial Analysis
- Social Sciences › Geography, Planning and Development › Geographic Information Systems Studies
- Social Sciences › Transportation › Urban Transport and Accessibility
- Keywords
- off-road navigation, least-cost path, hexagonal grid, land cover, slope, edge weights, weather conditions
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Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
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