The DOI matches its Crossref record; 4 of the 4 references it cites were found in a registry or an index; none of the 22 sources its claims cite is checked for support yet.
New Findings on the Fiscal Impact of Immigration in the United States
Open accessAbstract
The National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine (2016) report on the economic and fiscal effects of immigration included the first set of comprehensive fiscal impacts published in twenty years. The estimates highlight the pivotal role of the public goods assumption. If immigrants are assigned the average cost of public goods, such as national defense and interest on the debt, then immigration's fiscal impact is negative in both the short and long run. To the extent that immigrants impose net costs, these are concentrated at the state and local level and are largely due to the costs of public schooling.
Overview
AI snapshot
Written from the paper’s full text.
TL;DR
This working paper reviews the 2016 National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine (NAS) report on immigration's fiscal effects, emphasizing that the public-goods assumption drives whether immigration looks like a net fiscal cost or benefit. Under marginal-cost public goods assumptions, the long-run fiscal impact of immigration is positive, with recent immigrants contributing a net present value of $259,000.
Key findings
- Cross-sectional (static) estimates based on 2013 CPS data show immigrants as a net fiscal drain, but so are natives; when immigrants are assigned the marginal cost of public goods, their fiscal impact is significantly less negative than natives' (immigrants' tax contributions cover 93 percent of their publicly provided benefits vs. 77 percent for natives).
- In dynamic 75-year estimates, a recent immigrant represents a positive net present value of $259,000 (no public goods assigned) or $173,000 (public goods assigned); for all immigrants the figures are $58,000 and -$5,000 respectively.
- By education, a recent immigrant with more than a college degree contributes over $800,000 net over 75 years ($812,000 with no public goods; $726,000 with public goods), while a recent immigrant lacking a high school diploma represents a net cost of about $117,000 (or -$200,000 with public goods).
- Low-skilled immigrants impose a net fiscal cost, but the net fiscal cost of similarly-educated natives is far larger — on the order of $200,000 less in fiscal cost for an immigrant lacking a high school diploma versus a native high school dropout; the only category where immigrants fare worse than natives is among bachelor's degree holders.
Methods
- The paper is a review/summary of the 2016 NAS report's fiscal estimates, replicating its tables and comparing them with the 1997 National Research Council report and Lee and Miller (2000).
- It presents both cross-sectional (static) estimates based on 2013 CPS data and dynamic 75-year per capita net present value estimates (in 2012 dollars, based on the CBO long-term budget outlook), each under two public-goods scenarios (average cost vs. marginal cost).
- Estimates are broken down by generation (first, second, third-plus), level of government (federal vs. state and local), and immigrant education level.
Limitations
- The paper states that cross-sectional/static estimates are "inherently limited," including not controlling for age differences between foreign-born and native-born populations at a point in time, and "should be used with great caution."
- The paper notes that dynamic estimates require "making many assumptions" when projecting income and benefits into the future.
- The paper states the 2016 NAS report "does not indicate a preferred or baseline specification" for the public-goods assumption, though the author argues the marginal cost assumption is most relevant for policy.
Model-written summary. Check it against the paper before relying on it.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
18 Sources not found · 9 Own interpretation · 5 No basis given · 3 Own result · 2 No full text of the sources · 1 Not checked yet · 1 Own method
In the paper
“Moreover, highly-educated immigrants confer large positive fiscal impacts, contributing far more in taxes than they consume in public benefits.”
§ New Findings on the Fiscal Impact of Immigration in the United States > Abstract
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites National Academies of Sciences, Engineering and Medicine. 2016.
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Not matched
In the paper
“If immigrants are assigned the average cost of public goods, such as national defense and interest on the debt, then immigration's fiscal impact is negative in both the short and long run.”
§ New Findings on the Fiscal Impact of Immigration in the United States > Abstract
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites National Academies of Sciences, Engineering and Medicine. 2016.
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Not matched
In the paper
“If we assume that an additional immigrant does not increase spending on public goods, which is a reasonable assumption, a new immigrant represents a positive fiscal contribution with a net present value of $259,000.”
§ New Findings on the Fiscal Impact of Immigration in the United States > New Fiscal Estimates of Immigration: Static and Dynamic
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites The Economic and Fiscal Consequences of Immigration, Table8-12, p. 341.
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plainconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- The authors state this as an assumption: An additional immigrant does not increase spending on public goods.
- Not matched
In the paper
“Fiscal impacts are negative in every case except immigrants in the second scenario at the federal level.”
§ New Findings on the Fiscal Impact of Immigration in the United States > New Fiscal Estimates of Immigration: Static and Dynamic
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites The Economic and Fiscal Consequences of Immigration, Table8-2, p. 312.
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Not matched
In the paper
“It is clear from Table 1 that the fiscal funding gap for immigrants is most acute at the state and local government level.”
§ New Findings on the Fiscal Impact of Immigration in the United States > New Fiscal Estimates of Immigration: Static and Dynamic
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites The Economic and Fiscal Consequences of Immigration, Table8-2, p. 312.
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
boosteddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Not matched
In the paper
“A representative recent immigrant with more than a college degree contributes over $800,000 to government coffers on net over a 75-year period.”
§ New Findings on the Fiscal Impact of Immigration in the United States > New Fiscal Estimates of Immigration: Static and Dynamic
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites The Economic and Fiscal Consequences of Immigration, Table8-12, p. 341.
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Not matched
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The only education category where immigrants impose a smaller (in this case, less positive) fiscal benefit than natives is among those with bachelor's degrees.”
§ New Findings on the Fiscal Impact of Immigration in the United States > New Fiscal Estimates of Immigration: Static and Dynamic
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“For example, the difference is on the order of $200,000 less in fiscal cost of an immigrant who lacks a high school diploma versus a high school dropout native.”
§ New Findings on the Fiscal Impact of Immigration in the United States > New Fiscal Estimates of Immigration: Static and Dynamic
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“When immigrants are assigned the marginal cost of public goods, their fiscal impact is actually significantly less negative than that of natives.”
§ New Findings on the Fiscal Impact of Immigration in the United States > Conclusion
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“However, so does everyone else, including natives.”
§ New Findings on the Fiscal Impact of Immigration in the United States > Conclusion
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- It may state two separate claims as one. 15
- Probably not a substantial claim. 7
In the paper
“To the extent that immigrants impose net costs, these are concentrated at the state and local level and are largely due to the costs of public schooling.”
§ New Findings on the Fiscal Impact of Immigration in the United States > Abstract
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites National Academies of Sciences, Engineering and Medicine. 2016.
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
hedgeddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Immigrants' lower income also means they pay less in taxes on average than natives.”
§ New Findings on the Fiscal Impact of Immigration in the United States > New Fiscal Estimates of Immigration: Static and Dynamic
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
- Rests on an assumption: Immigrants have lower incomes than natives.
In the paper
“In the 'total' row, the fiscal gap in funding varies from a low of 6.7 percent for the first generation to a high of 32 percent also for the first generation.”
§ New Findings on the Fiscal Impact of Immigration in the United States > New Fiscal Estimates of Immigration: Static and Dynamic
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites The Economic and Fiscal Consequences of Immigration, Table8-2, p. 312.
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
In the paper
“It is notable that, with one exception, every generation, immigrant and native, at every level of government, consumes more in public benefits than they contribute in taxes.”
§ New Findings on the Fiscal Impact of Immigration in the United States > New Fiscal Estimates of Immigration: Static and Dynamic
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites The Economic and Fiscal Consequences of Immigration, Table8-2, p. 312.
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
In the paper
“Table 2 shows that in dynamic, long-run scenarios, the present value of the net fiscal impact of immigration is typically positive and can be quite large.”
§ New Findings on the Fiscal Impact of Immigration in the United States > New Fiscal Estimates of Immigration: Static and Dynamic
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites The Economic and Fiscal Consequences of Immigration, Table8-12, p. 341.
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
In the paper
“However, marginal cost calculations are more relevant for policy decisions, and the report shows that if immigrants are assigned the marginal cost of public goods, then the long-run fiscal impact is positive and the short-run effect is negative but very small (less negative than that of natives).”
§ New Findings on the Fiscal Impact of Immigration in the United States > Abstract
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites National Academies of Sciences, Engineering and Medicine. 2016.
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Even low-skilled immigrants, those without any college education, while they impose a net long-run cost, they are far less costly than similarly-educated natives.”
§ New Findings on the Fiscal Impact of Immigration in the United States > Conclusion
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: unclear — It is unclear why the paper says it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Although low-skilled immigrants impose a net fiscal cost, apparent in Table 2, the net fiscal cost of natives of similar education is far larger.”
§ New Findings on the Fiscal Impact of Immigration in the United States > New Fiscal Estimates of Immigration: Static and Dynamic
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites The Economic and Fiscal Consequences of Immigration, Table8-12, p. 341.
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Immigrants' tax contributions cover 93 percent of their publicly provided benefits while natives' contributions cover only 77 percent of theirs.”
§ New Findings on the Fiscal Impact of Immigration in the United States > Conclusion
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“The 1997 report found that, over their lifetimes, low-educated immigrants, those with a high school diploma or less, impose a net fiscal cost while high-educated immigrants, those with a college degree or higher, represent a net fiscal benefit.”
§ New Findings on the Fiscal Impact of Immigration in the United States > Past Estimates of Immigration's Fiscal Impact
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites National Research Council. 1997.
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“A key reason is that state and local governments bear the bulk of education costs, which immigrants disproportionately incur because they have more children and lower education and incomes than natives.”
§ New Findings on the Fiscal Impact of Immigration in the United States > Past Estimates of Immigration's Fiscal Impact
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may state two separate claims as one.
- Rests on an assumption: Immigrant families in the United States have more children than native families.
- Rests on an assumption: Immigrants have lower incomes than natives.
- Rests on an assumption: Immigrants have more minor children than natives.
In the paper
“However, after about 16 years, the impact of a representative immigrant turns positive.”
§ New Findings on the Fiscal Impact of Immigration in the United States > Past Estimates of Immigration's Fiscal Impact
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Lee and Miller (2000) source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Another finding of the 1997 NRC report, which was later reinforced by updated analysis in Lee and Miller (2000), showed that immigration's fiscal impact is typically negative at the state and local level but positive at the federal government level.”
§ New Findings on the Fiscal Impact of Immigration in the United States > Past Estimates of Immigration's Fiscal Impact
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites National Research Council. 1997.
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Lee and Miller (2000) source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
In the paper
“Using a similar dynamic methodology, Lee and Miller (2000) found that the initial fiscal impact of immigrants and their households is negative due to their low initial earnings and the costs of schooling their children.”
§ New Findings on the Fiscal Impact of Immigration in the United States > Past Estimates of Immigration's Fiscal Impact
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Lee and Miller (2000) source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Education level is a key determinant of income, so it will be an effective predictor of fiscal impact.”
§ New Findings on the Fiscal Impact of Immigration in the United States > New Fiscal Estimates of Immigration: Static and Dynamic
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds. It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The difference is due to the fact that the stock of all immigrants has, on average, less education and is older than recent immigrants.”
§ New Findings on the Fiscal Impact of Immigration in the United States > New Fiscal Estimates of Immigration: Static and Dynamic
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“The dreary overall fiscal scenario is due to large public deficits and high national debt; problems that were much less pronounced in the 1997 report.”
§ New Findings on the Fiscal Impact of Immigration in the United States > Conclusion
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites National Research Council. 1997.
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Meanwhile, immigrants are more costly than natives at the state and local level because they have lower incomes and more minor children; this means immigrants are particularly burdensome to state and local governments which pay for public schools.”
§ New Findings on the Fiscal Impact of Immigration in the United States > Conclusion
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Rests on an assumption: Immigrants have lower incomes than natives.
- Rests on an assumption: Immigrants have more minor children than natives.
The authors state this as an assumption.
An additional immigrant does not increase spending on public goods.
“If we assume that an additional immigrant does not increase spending on public goods, which is a reasonable assumption”
The paper relies on this without support.
Immigrant families in the United States have more children than native families.
“immigrant families in the United States have more children than do native families”
The paper relies on this without support.
Immigrants have lower incomes than natives.
“Immigrants' lower income also means they pay less in taxes on average than natives.”
The paper relies on this without support.
Immigrants have more minor children than natives.
“they have lower incomes and more minor children”
Citations
Cites
The New Americans: Economic, Demographic, and Fiscal Effects of Immigration.
Isbister, J., Smith, J. P., & Edmonston, B. (1997) · International Migration Review · doi:10.2307/2547427 · Cited by 692
The Economic and Fiscal Consequences of Immigration
Immigration, P. O. T. E. A. F. C. O., Education, D. O. B. A. S. S. A., & National Academies of Sciences, E. (2016) · National Academies Press eBooks · doi:10.17226/23550 · Cited by 329
Immigration, Social Security, and Broader Fiscal Impacts
Lee, R., & Miller, T. (2000) · American Economic Review · doi:10.1257/aer.90.2.350 · Cited by 247
Economic Effects of Migration: Receiving States
Orrenius, P. M., & Madeline Zavodny, B. (2012) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oxfordhb/9780195337228.013.0005 · Cited by 14
Self-citation
Cited by
Sorted by citations
The Political Effects of Immigration: Culture or Economics?
Alesina, A., & Tabellini, M. (2024) · Journal of Economic Literature · doi:10.1257/jel.20221643 · Cited by 139
The Political Effects of Immigration: Culture or Economics?
Alesina, A., & Tabellini, M. (2022) · National Bureau of Economic Research · doi:10.3386/w30079 · Cited by 72
Immigration and voting for redistribution: Evidence from European elections
Moriconi, S., Peri, G., & Turati, R. (2019) · Labour Economics · doi:10.1016/j.labeco.2019.101765 · Cited by 60
The Impact of International Migration on Inclusive Growth: A Review
Kóczán, Z., Pinat, M., & Rozhkov, D. (2021) · IMF Working Paper · doi:10.5089/9781513571966.001 · Cited by 48
Kim, S. (2018) · Sustainability · doi:10.3390/su10124584 · Cited by 38
“For example, in the United States, highly educated immigrants make a net positive fiscal contribution, paying more in taxes than they receive in public benefits [103].”
Background
Metadata
- Authors
- Dallas, F. R. B. O., & Orrenius, P. M.
- Affiliations
- Federal Reserve Bank of Dallas (US)
- Corresponding author
- Federal Reserve Bank of Dallas
- Venue
- Federal Reserve Bank of Dallas, Working Papers
- Publisher
- Federal Reserve Bank of Dallas
- Published
- 2017
- Volume
- 2017
- Issue
- 1704
- OpenAlex
- W2610700791
- Semantic Scholar
- 5d099981bbe78176c620369eccbc4b77d4125f11
- Cited by
- 32
- References
- 4
- Citations by year
- 2026: 1 · 2025: 3 · 2024: 6 · 2023: 1 · 2022: 7 · 2021: 5 · 2020: 1 · 2019: 4 · 2018: 3
- FWCI
- 5.55
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Locations
- Federal Reserve Bank of Dallas, Working Papers (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Migration and Labor Dynamics
- Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Migration, Refugees, and Integration
- Social Sciences › Economics, Econometrics and Finance › Economics and Econometrics › Economic and Fiscal Studies
- Keywords
- immigration, fiscal impact of immigration, national defense, interest on public debt, highly educated immigrants, tax contribution, public benefit, National Academies report
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
A language model drew the claims from the paper on 2026-10-19, under version 3 of the claim definition (model deepseek-v4.1-flash, prompt extract-v3).
A second model labelled each claim on 2026-10-19 (model jev-1.13-20260917, definition revision gold-guideline-v0.2).
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
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