The Eighth Campaign of Thutmose III Revisited

The most distinctive operation carried out during the eighth campaign is the crossing of the Euphrates and the logistic preparations for it.

“The most distinctive operation carried out during the eighth campaign is the crossing of the Euphrates and the logistic preparations for it.”

The only source that furnishes relevant data for the progress of the Egyptian army up to the Euphrates is the autobiography of Amenemheb.

“The only source that furnishes us with relevant data for this part of the campaign is the autobiography of Amenemheb.”

Any attempt to draw a sensible line of progression of a given Egyptian campaign according to the topographical lists composed at the time of Thutmose III is impeded by lack of basic geographical consistency in the order of the toponyms.

“Second, any attempt to draw a sensible line of progression of a given Egyptian campaign according to the topographical lists composed at the time of Thutmose III, is impeded by lack of basic geographical consistency in the order of the toponyms.”

Of the listed toponyms and occurrences comprising Amenemheb's deeds, only a few can securely be assigned to the eighth campaign.

“Of the listed toponyms and occurrences comprising Amenemheb's deeds only a few can securely be assigned to the eighth campaign.86”

• cites [86]Not matched

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The record of the eighth campaign in the Annals Inscription is structurally similar to the records of all later campaigns led by Thutmose III after the first campaign.

“A look at the record of the eighth campaign reveals a striking similarity to the textual structure of the records of all later campaigns led by Thutmose III after the first campaign.”

According to the Gebel Barkal stela, ox-drawn carts were the method used for transporting the boats from the Mediterranean coast to the Euphrates.

“According to the Gebel Barkal stela, this was the method used for transporting the boats from the Mediterranean coast to the Euphrates.81”

• cites [81]Not matched

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The official sources do not allude at all to the trajectory taken by Thutmose III from the Lebanese coast towards the Euphrates.

“The official sources do no allude at all to the trajectory taken by Thutmose III from the Lebanese coast towards the Euphrates.”

When it comes to the more strictly informed episodes, such as destruction and plunder of settlements, the narrative of the eighth campaign has more in common with the narratives of later campaigns.

“Yet, when it comes to the more strictly informed episodes, those which are believed to be more reliable, like destruction and plunder of settlements, it has more in common with the narratives of later campaigns.”

Nothing in the sources hints at an objective of reaching the Euphrates other than acting within the confines of the river valley.

“In fact, nothing in the sources hints at an objective of reaching the Euphrates other than acting within the confines of the river valley.”

The acts of destruction attained broader attention in the Gebel Barkal stela and the Armant stela, which stress the amount of violence, including setting fires and destruction of the economic hinterland up to the total eradication of settlements.

“Both stelae stress the amount of violence this action had brought, including setting fires, 131 and destruction of the economic hinterland 132 up to the total eradication of settlements.133”

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The meaning of 'northward' is sometimes clearly attested in context of military campaigns outside Egypt.

“On the other hand, the meaning of 'northward' is, sometimes clearly, attested in context of military campaigns outside Egypt.155”

• cites [155]Not matched

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The boats built on the Lebanese coast are known by their appellation only, and termed as aHaw-boats.

“Contrary, the boats built on the Lebanese coast are known by their appellation only, and termed as aHaw-boats.162”

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The only component in the narrative of the eighth campaign analogous to the narrative of the first campaign is the colorful description of the defeat of the Mitannian forces.

“The only component in the narrative of the eighth campaign analogous to the narrative of the first campaign is the colorful description of the defeat of the Mitannian forces.”

The Gebel Barkal Stela explicitly notes that Thutmose III defines the Euphrates as that which constitutes what is between Syria and Naharin.

“This notion is explicitly noted in the Gebel Barkal Stela, where Thutmose III defines the Euphrates as one ' . . .that constitutes (what is) between this country (i.e.Syria) and Naharin' (irr imjtw xAst Tn r Nhrn).170”

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The Annals Inscription furnishes general statements about violent encounters, amounting to the attacking and destroying of towns and villages in the territory of Mitanni.

“First, the Annals Inscription furnishes general statements about violent encounters, amounting to the attacking and destroying of towns and villages in the territory of Mitanni: '. . .plundering the towns and razing the villages of that doomed one of vile Naharin'(. . .Hr HAq dmiw Hr xbA wHjwt n xrw pf n Nhrn).129”

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Nothing in the sources points to the ultimate goal of the crossing of the Euphrates.

“However, nothing in the sources points to the ultimate goal of this action.”

The destructive foray against settlements was taken by means of xd-movement.

“The destructive foray against settlements was taken by means of xd-movement, as the following phraseology shows:”

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Only in later periods do we hear about crossing the Euphrates by means of light rafts and fixed links made of pontoon bridges.

“Alas, only in later periods we do hear about crossing the Euphrates by means of light rafts and fixed links made of pontoon bridges.”

• cites [161]Not matched

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According to the Annals Inscription, the chaotic flight of the Mitannians occurred while the Egyptian king was in pursuit of them.

“According to the Annals Inscription, the chaotic flight of the Mitannians occurred while the Egyptian king was in pursuit of them in the following manner:”

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Herodotus's in-detail description illuminates the constraints dictating a downstream sailing along the Euphrates.

“In-detail description delivered by Herodotus illuminates the constraints dictating a downstream sailing along the Euphrates.159”

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The occupations of prisoners are of no military-oriented character.

“The occupations of prisoners are of no militaryoriented character.”

The surveys in the region extending 60 km north of Carchemish, up to present day Turkish Birecik, show a sheer decline in population density during the Late Bronze Age compared to the transitional Early Bronze/Middle Bronze phase.

“Most revealing in this context are the results of the surveys in the region extending 60 km.north of Carchemish, up to present day Turkish Birecik.Comparing to the settlement affluence in this region by the transitional Early Bronze/Middle Bronze phase, 196 it has experienced a sheer decline in population density during the Late Bronze Age.”

• cites [196]Not matched

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The ruler of Mitanni escaped to kj tA -'another land', probably a faraway district or dependency of Mitanni.

“The ruler of Mitanni escaped to kj tA -'another land', 171 probably a faraway district or dependency of Mitanni.172”

• cites [171]Not matched

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• cites [172]Not matched

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One of the major routes leading from Aleppo to the Euphrates, already known from the Mari archive, turned northeast through Bab and Membij and reached the Euphrates near the assumed location of the fortress town Dȗr Shȗmȗ Epuh, opposite Tell Ahmar about 20 km south of Carchemish.

“One of the major routes leading from Aleppo to the Euphrates, already known from the Mari archive, turned northeast through Bab and Membij and reached the Euphrates near the assumed location of the fortress town Dȗr Shȗmȗ Epuh, opposite Tell Ahmar about 20 km.south of Carchemish.207”

• cites [207]Not matched

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In recent decades, the region extending from Carchemish to Emar has received extended archaeological treatment due to dam construction projects on the Euphrates.

“In recent decades, the region extending from Carchemish to Emar and formerly known as 'Land of Carchemish', the only geographical definition for the region in which Thutmose III acted, has received extended archaeological treatment due to the construction projects for dams constructed on the Euphrates.184”

• cites [184]Not matched

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The Euphrates was also accessible by routes ramified from the region of Aleppo eastward and southeastward.

“The Euphrates was also accessible by routes ramified from the region of Aleppo eastward and southeastward.”

This new appearance of the settlement landscape of the Mid-Euphrates is explicitly reflected in sites such as Tell Bazi, Tell Hadidi, Tell Munbaqa and some others.

“This new appearance of the settlement landscape of the Mid-Euphrates is explicitly reflected in sites such as Tell Bazi,191 Tell Hadidi, 192 Tell Munbaqa 193 and some others.194”

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• cites [193]Not matched

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Opposing Tell sites, from both sides of the Euphrates river, served as paired fortified strongholds.

“Opposing Tell sites, from both sides of the Euphrates river, served as paired fortified strongholds.”

The dispersal of urban settlements along the Mid-Euphrates within the agricultural hinterland coincides with the picture emerging from the Egyptian textual evidence.

“The dispersal of urban settlements along this section of the Euphrates within the agricultural hinterland coincides with the picture emerging from the Egyptian textual evidence.”

There is no evidence for a contemporaneous significant array of dispersed rural settlements around Carchemish.

“There is no evidence for a contemporaneous significant array of dispersed rural settlements around Carchemish. 197”

• cites [197]Not matched

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The region south of Carchemish, down to Emar, the so-called 'Big Bend' of the Euphrates, which was dominated during the Middle Bronze Age by the kingdom of Khana, has been disintegrated and declined in terms of population density.

“The region south of Carchemish, down to Emar, the so-called 'Big Bend' of the Euphrates, which was dominated during the Middle Bronze Age by the kingdom of Khana, has been disintegrated and declined in terms of population density.”

Well into the Syrian interior, the Egyptian army was detached from its major logistic centers in harbors and other strongholds, used as a source of nourishment for its campaign.

“Well into the Syrian interior, the Egyptian army was detached from its major logistic centers in harbors and other strongholds, used as a source of nourishment for its campaign.211”

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No mention is made of POW, or any specified capture of weaponry or the like, so crucial to declare a triumph in battle field.

“No mention is made of POW, or any specified capture of weaponry or the like, so crucial to declare a triumph in battle field.181”

• cites [181]Not matched

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By the Late Bronze Age the area surrounding Carchemish was primarily dotted by Tell-type settlements and sites on hill tops.

“By that time the area surrounding Carchemish was primarily dotted by Tell-type settlements and sites on hill tops.”

Salvage archaeological surveys from the Carchemish region down the Mid-Euphrates have provided data pertaining to the settlement layout along this section of the Euphrates during the Late Bronze Age.

“Salvage archaeological surveys, carried out from the Carchemish region down the Mid-Euphrates, have provided some data pertaining to the settlement layout along this section of the Euphrates during the Late Bronze Age.”

These sites had no elite palatial properties familiar from the western and coastal regions of Syria.

“These sites had no elite palatial properties familiar from the western and coastal regions of Syria. 190”

• cites [190]Not matched

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The numbers are insufficiently specified as 3 rulers, 30 of their wives, 80 men who were captured with them, 606 male and female servants and their children and an unpreserved number of those 'who surrendered' (Htpjw).

“The numbers are insufficiently specified as 3 rulers, 30 of their wives, 80 men who were captured with them, 606 male and female servants and their children and an unpreserved number of those 'who surrendered' (Htpjw).177”

• cites [177]Not matched

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Major Tell sites of the region, flourishing during the Early Bronze Age and Middle Bronze Age periods, ceased to exist in the Late Bronze Age.

“First, major Tell sites of the region, flourishing during the Early Bronze Age 187 and Middle Bronze Age periods, 188 ceased to exist in the Late Bronze Age. 189”

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• cites [189]Not matched

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No substantial confrontation between the Egyptians and the Mitannians is reported.

“1.No substantial confrontation between the Egyptians and the Mitannians is reported.”

The devolution of the settlement density along the Mid-Euphrates is also attested in abandonment of Tell sites in favor of dispersed rural communities at the river's confluence with the Balikh.

“The devolution of the settlement density along the Mid-Euphrates is also attested in abandonment of Tell sites in favor of dispersed rural communities at the river's confluence with the Balikh.186”

• cites [186]Not matched

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The Annals Inscription contains a twofold mention of a stela set by Thutmose III.

“Scrutinizing the narrative of the eighth campaign reveals a twofold mention of a stela set by Thutmose III.”

Faulkner was probably right in assuming that the boats were transferred to the Euphrates disassembled.

“Faulkner was probably right in assuming that the boats were transferred to the Euphrates disassembled.77”

• cites [77]Not matched

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The eighth campaign ought to be considered an integral component of the later campaigns, having been treated in the Annals Inscription more like its counterparts than the first campaign.

“In this respect, the eighth campaign ought to be considered as an integral component of the later campaigns, for having been treated in the Annals Inscription more like its counterparts than the first campaign.”

The actual confrontation between Egypt and Mitanni took place two years after the eighth campaign.

“The actual confrontation between the parties would take place two years after the eighth campaign.”

The ascription of the extended topographical list specifically to the eighth campaign has nothing to rely on.

“First, its ascription specifically to the eighth campaign has nothing to rely on.”

It is highly probable that at least partially the episodes in Amenemheb's autobiography relate to the eighth campaign.

“It is highly probable that partially, at least, they relate to the eighth campaign although this is arguable.”

The topographical lists are considerably less reliable as a source for the eighth campaign than they are perceived.

“As useful as this source might seem, in the view of the present author it is considerably less reliable than it is perceived.”

The association of the term xd with the sqdwt episode reinforces the notion of applying the meaning of 'sailing downstream' to this term in the case of the eighth campaign.

“The association of the term xd with the sqdwt episode reinforce the notion of applying the meaning of 'sailing downstream' to this term in the case of the eighth campaign.”

Although downstream direction is not necessarily exclusive for navigation along the Euphrates, it supports the attribution of the meaning of 'sailing downstream' to xd in the context of the eighth campaign.

“Although downstream direction is not necessarily exclusive for navigation purpose along this river 160 it, nevertheless, supports the attribution of the meaning of 'sailing downstream' to xd in the context of the eighth campaign.”

• cites [160]Not matched

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Broadly speaking, rivers symbolized for the Egyptians the theoretical limits of the ordered world.

“Broadly speaking, rivers symbolized for the Egyptians the theoretical limits of the ordered world.169”

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The actual encounter with the Mitannian forces in the eighth campaign seems to be at remarkable variance with the corresponding phase of the first campaign, in which a set-piece battle was evidently the case.

“Following the various sources, the actual encounter with the Mitannian forces seems to be at remarkable variance with the corresponding phase of the first campaign, in which a set-piece battle was evidently the case.”

The explicit use of the term 'Land of Carchemish' in the autobiography of Amenemheb indicates a prolonged use extending back to the 15th Century B.C.E. at least.

“In any event, the explicit use of the term 'Land of Carchemish' in the autobiography of Amenemheb is in and of itself an indication for a prolonged use, extending back to the 15 th Century B.C.E. at the least.128”

• cites [128]Not matched

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The notion of Egyptian intensive action upon the water of the Euphrates is reinforced by the description of the preceding episode in the Annals Inscription.

“The notion of Egyptian intensive action upon the water of the Euphrates is further reinforced by the description of the preceding episode in the Annals Inscription.”

One passage in the Armant Stela provides an indication in favor of the meaning of 'sailing downstream' for xd in context of the eighth campaign.

“Yet, one passage in the Armant Stela provides us with an indication in favor of the meaning of 'sailing downstream' for xd in context of the eighth campaign.”

• cites [156]Not matched

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The apparent existence of a territory named 'Land of Carchemish' by the time of the eighth Campaign allows redefining the region in which Thutmose III approached the Euphrates as not only Carchemish the town, but a tract of land extending for 100 km or so southward.

“The apparent existence of a territory named 'Land of Carchemish' by the time of the eighth Campaign, allow us to redefine the region in which Thutmose III approached the Euphrates -not only Carchemish the town, but a tract of land extending for 100 km. or so southward.”

It is reasonable to argue that the majority of the Egyptian army was moving to its final destination by sea, up to Byblos.

“Nonetheless, it is reasonable to argue that the majority of the Egyptian army was moving to its final destination by sea, up to Byblos, their preferable port-of-call in the Levant, and home away from home.96”

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It is more likely that the eighth campaign was another expedition of raids into remote territory without embarking on a pre-planned confrontation with a massively armed body, as most of the later campaigns of Thutmose III were.

“It is more likely to perceive it as another 'expedition chevauchées, as most of the later campaigns of Thutmose III were, 142 of raids into remote territory without meaning of embarking on a pre-planned confrontation with a massively armed body.”

• cites [142]Not matched

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It is less probable that the occasion of the eighth campaign was aimed at a decisive set-piece battle with the ruler of Mitanni.

“In this situation, it is less probable that the occasion of the eighth campaign was aimed at a decisive set-piece battle with the ruler of Mitanni.”

The narrative of the eighth campaign shares with the narrative of the first campaign its more fluent literary, less realistic style.

“The narrative of the eighth campaign shares, therefore, with the narrative of the first campaign its more fluent literary, less realistic style.”

In the case of the Euphrates, it was reputed as a definite border line, separating Mitanni from the West-Semitic territories.

“In the case of the Euphrates, it was reputed as a definite border line, separating Mitanni from the West-Semitic territories.”

The acknowledgment of Carchemish as the key location for the next stage of the eighth campaign becomes dubious when examining the sole reference to Carchemish in the sources relating to the campaign.

“However, when we examine the sole reference to Carchemish in the sources relating to the eighth campaign the acknowledgment of this city as the key location for the next stage of the campaign becomes dubious.”

A predesigned function of transferring troops across the Euphrates is to be questioned, for we lack required data to recognize these boats as ideal for this purpose.

“A predesigned function of transferring troops across the Euphrates is to be questioned, for we lack the following required data to recognize these boats as ideal for this purpose:”

The suggested estimations for the size of Egyptian expeditionary forces are not necessarily of use regarding the eighth campaign because of its unique, one-time nature.

“The suggested estimations for the size of Egyptian expeditionary forces 166 are not necessarily of use regarding the eighth campaign because of its unique, one-time nature.”

• cites [166]Not matched

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Crossing the Euphrates was no more than the means of extending the range of Egyptian action to both banks of the river.

“Crossing the Euphrates was no more than the means of extending the range of Egyptian action to both banks of the river.168”

• cites [168]Not matched

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The Egyptians launched a campaign of thorough destruction of the settlement infrastructure in the surroundings of the Euphrates where they acted.

“It seems that the Egyptians launched a campaign of thorough destruction of the settlement infrastructure in the surroundings of the Euphrates where they acted.”

From the Lebanese coast the campaign moved eastward, towards the Orontes Valley.

“From the Lebanese coast the campaign moved eastward, towards the Orontes Valley.97”

• cites [97]Not matched

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Simultaneous destruction on both banks of the Euphrates probably required efficiency from the side of the Egyptians.

“Simultaneous destruction on both banks of the Euphrates has probably required efficiency from the side of the Egyptians.”

The main target of the Egyptian activity at this stage of the eighth campaign was the settlement infrastructure of a certain segment of the Euphrates Valley, composed of towns and rural settlements.

“3. The main target of the Egyptian activity at this stage of the eighth campaign was the settlement infrastructure of a certain segment of the Euphrates Valley, composed of towns and rural settlements.”

In these circumstances, a shorter, direct and uninterrupted advancement of the Egyptian army up to the Euphrates is a more reasonable scenario.

“In these circumstances, a shorter, direct and uninterrupted advancement of the Egyptian army up to the Euphrates is a more reasonable scenario.”

The problem of boat conveyance to the Euphrates was probably a major component in this new challenge.

“The problem of boat conveyance to the Euphrates was probably a major component in this new challenge.”

Conducting this section of the campaign could have been slower, taking into consideration the particular circumstances of the march.

“Therefore, conducting this section of the campaign could have been slower, taking into consideration the particular circumstances of the march.”

This pattern of the settled zone along the Mid-Euphrates was the result of a geopolitical transformation of the region by the end of the Middle Bronze Age, prior to the time of Thutmose III.

“This pattern of the settled zone along the Mid-Euphrates was the result of a geopolitical transformation of the region by the end of the Middle Bronze Age, prior to the time of Thutmose III.”

Redford's estimation of 15 km per day for 30 days of march up to the Euphrates poses an unprecedented challenge for the Egyptians in this campaign.

“Redford's estimation of 15 km.per day for 30 days of march up to the Euphrates 208 poses an unprecedented challenge for the Egyptians in this campaign.”

• cites [208]Not matched

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The eighth campaign dictated a sheer divergence of the accustomed tactical moves and logistic demands utilized in most later campaigns.

“The eighth campaign dictated a sheer divergence of the accustomed tactical moves and logistic demands utilized in most later campaigns.”

The growing distance from supply centers and the need to nourish the beasts of burden, coupled with the rather barren terrain, made this part of the eighth campaign a different kind of venture.

“The growing distance from supply centers and the need to nourish the beasts of burden, coupled with the rather barren terrain -in and of itself a deterring impediment for any military body of a considerable size -made this part of the eighth campaign a different kind of venture.”

These routes would have been more advantageous for the Egyptians in terms of travel efficiency, better than appending a considerable segment of journey up to Carchemish.

“These routes would have been more advantageous for the Egyptians in terms of travel efficiency, better than appending a considerable segment of journey up to Carchemish.”

Those Tell sites, possibly down to Tell Ahmar, seem to have been affiliated with the socio-political orbit of Carchemish, the significant hub of the region at that time.

“Those Tell sites, possibly down to Tell Ahmar, seem to have been affiliated with the socio-political orbit of Carchemish, the significant hub of the region at that time.”

When the account of the eighth campaign comes to more realistic numbers the overall view is less impressive.

“When the account of the eighth campaign comes to more realistic numbers the overall view is less impressive.”

80 'men' (rmT) who were captured could have been no more than the retinue of the captured rulers.

“80 'men' (rmT) who were captured could have been no more than the retinue of the captured rulers.179”

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Accordingly, the 3+30 captured rulers and their wives in the eighth campaign might have been assigned symbolic connotation as well.

“Accordingly, the 3+30 captured rulers and their wives in the eighth campaign might assigned symbolic connotation as well.”

The archaeological data yielded from the immediate vicinity of Carchemish seem to contradict the information obtained from the Egyptian sources.

“Contrary, the archaeological data yielded from the immediate vicinity of Carchemish seem to contradict the information obtained from the Egyptian sources.”

Lack of evidence for involvement of martial components in the conclusion of this section of the campaign is in striking contrast to the conclusion of the other campaigns of Thutmose III.

“Lack of evidence for involvement of martial components in the conclusion of this section of the campaign is in striking contrast to the conclusion of the other campaigns of Thutmose III.182”

• cites [182]Not matched

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Compared to the logistical needs for the 10-day crossing of the Egyptian army from Sile to Gaza on the occasion of the first campaign, the difficulties for the Egyptian army's advance towards the Euphrates were enormously bigger.

“Compared to the logistical needs for the 10-day crossing of the Egyptian army from Sile to Gaza, on the occasion of the first campaign, 212 the difficulties for the Egyptian army's advance towards the Euphrates were enormously bigger.”

• cites [212]Not matched

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Strategically located, these sites, and their rural environs, developed into a cultural melting pot, primarily based on West-Semitic culture foundations.

“Strategically located, these sites, and their rural environs, developed into a cultural melting pot, primarily based on West-Semitic culture foundations.”

In terms of food and liquid supply for the Egyptian army the toll of this campaign could have exceeded the regular demands experienced during other campaigns along the coastal region.

“In terms of food and liquid supply for the Egyptian army the toll of this campaign could have exceeded the regular demands experienced during other campaigns along the coastal region.”

The objective of the eighth campaign, portrayed as insignificant in terms of military goals and achievement, can be estimated from the stelae established by Thutmose III in this campaign.

“The objective of the eighth campaign, portrayed as insignificant in terms of military goals and achievement, can be estimated also from the stelae established by Thutmose III in this campaign.”

The statement in the Gebel Barkal Stela that the districts belong to anyone who would appropriate them after the king destroyed them reflects a situation prevalent in the Mid-Euphrates region.

“This statement can be taken as reflecting a situation prevalent in the Mid-Euphrates region which, fortunately, can be reclined on factual evidence.”

• cites [230]Not matched

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No mention of crossing the Euphrates eastward is provided with regard to the Asiatic campaign of Thutmose I.

“Yet, no mention of crossing the Euphrates eastward is provided with regard to the Asiatic campaign of Thutmose I.”

The local political system of the Mid-Euphrates region was characterized by a substantial body of town-people forming a local municipal council, officially subject to a local ruler but with no less applicable prerogatives.

“This system was characterized by a substantial body of town-people who comprised a sort of a local municipal council, officially subjected to a local ruler but of no less applicable prerogatives.”

• cites [226]Not matched

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The authenticity of this sequence of events is corroborated by the syntactic structure used for these passages.

“The authenticity of this sequence of events is further corroborated by the syntactic structure used for these passages.”

The march of the Egyptian army from the Lebanese coast to the Euphrates probably took the route along the Eleutheros Valley, then towards Aleppo, then eastward to the Mid-Euphrates somewhere along the 'Big Bend'.

“The march of the Egyptian army from the Lebanese coast to the Euphrates probably took one of the most convenient passageway, along the Eleutheros Valley, then moving towards Aleppo, whence it turned eastward to the Mid-Euphrates, somewhere along the 'Big Bend'.”

All major tell sites from Tell Hadidi southward reveal common cultural traits characterizing the orbit of Emar, one of the central sites of the region of Aštata.

“All major tell sites, starting from Tell Hadidi southward, reveal common cultural traits characterizing the orbit of Emar, one of the central sites of the region of Aštata”

• cites Yamada 1996, 263-268Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

This wording is validated by a mention of 21 (cut) hands presented by Ahmose Pennekhbet to Thutmose I.

“As hyperbolic as it might sound, 275 this wording is validated by a mention of 21 (cut) hands presented by Ahmose Pennekhbet to his king, Thutmose I. 276”

• cites [276]Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

The military operation in the Euphrates region was of the type of violent incursion including acts of destruction and expulsion of an undefined force headed by the ruler of Mitanni.

“The military operation in the Euphrates region was of the type of violent incursion including acts of destruction and expulsion of an undefined force headed by the ruler of Mitanni.”

Umm el-Marra was under the control of Mittani to some extent by the time of the eighth campaign.

“Umm el-Marra was evidently under the control of Mittani to some extent.219”

• cites [219]Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

All three sources refer to the setting of a stela in one of the later phases of the campaign.

“All three sources refer to the setting of a stela in one of the later phases of the campaign.”

The position of the second allusion to a stela in the Annals Inscription is well in accord with the sequence of events recorded in both the Gebel Barkal and Armant stelae.

“However, the position of this second allusion in the Annals Inscription is well in accord with the sequence of events recorded in both the Gebel Barkal and Armant stelae (above).”

The only alleged reference to the Euphrates by Thutmose I is ambiguous and probably refers to a body of water in Nubia or Egypt itself.

“The only alleged reference to the Euphrates by Thutmose I was found to be ambiguous, as it probably refers to a body of water in Nubia or Egypt itself.270”

• cites [270]Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

The region of the former Middle Bronze Age Euphrates kingdom of Ḫana still retained its name in the second half of the second millennium BCE, when the kingdom was already far beyond its heyday.

“It is intriguing to note that the region, or land, of the former Middle Bronze Age Euphrates kingdom of Ḫana still retained its name in the second half of the Second Millenium B.C.E.when the kingdom had already been far beyond its heyday”

• cites Masetti Rouault 2001Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

• cites Kühne 1999Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

The Šatiwaza treaty from the time of Šuppiluliuma I makes a clear distinction between the west bank of the Euphrates and its eastern counterpart, which is defined as belonging to Mittani.

“The Šatiwaza treaty from the time of Šuppiluliuma I makes a clear distinction between the west bank of the Euphrates and its eastern counterpart, which is markedly defined as belonging to Mittani”

• cites Yamada 1996, 261-262Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Taking this route towards the 'Big Bend' of the Euphrates would still have brought the Egyptians into the southern limits of the 'land of Carchemish', even without advancing considerably further northward.

“Taking this route towards the 'Big Bend' of the Euphrates would still have brought the Egyptians into the southern limits of the 'land of Carchemish', even without advancing considerably further northward.”

A second stela possibly erected by Thutmose III on the east bank of the Euphrates might hint at a demonstrative, symbolic meaning of the eighth campaign, aimed at asserting Egypt's status among the superpowers of the era.

“A second stela he had possibly erected on the east bank of the Euphrates might hint at a demonstrative, symbolic, meaning of this campaign, aimed at asserting Egypt's status among the superpowers of the era.”

Ahmose son of Abana reports a 'Great Slaughter' inflicted upon the Mitannian foe.

“Ahmose son of Abana, on the other hand, reports a 'Great Slaughter' (xAjt aAt) inflicted upon the Mitannian foe.274”

• cites [274]Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

The eighth campaign's performance does not seem to have brought about an achievement in terms of military objectives.

“On the other hand, this performance does not seem to have brought about an achievement in terms of military objectives.”

All other attestations of Thutmose I's arrival at the Euphrates are indirect and circumstantial.

“All other attestations are indirect and circumstantial.269”

• cites [269]Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

According to the Gebel Barkal stela, the setting of a stela by Thutmose III occurred at the end of the sequence: crossing of the Euphrates, pursuit after enemies, escape of the ruler of Mitanni to another land, erection of a stela.

“According to the Gebel Barkal stela, the setting of a stela by Thutmose III occurred at the end of the following sequence of events: 1. Crossing of the Euphrates 243 2. Pursuit after the enemies 244 3. Escape of the ruler of Mitanni to 'another land' 245 4. Erection of a stela 246”

• cites [243]Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

• cites [244]Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

• cites [245]Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

In the preparation phase of his eighth campaign, Thutmose III made use of the formerly established logistic base in the Levant.

“In the preparation phase of his eighth campaign Thutmose III made use of the formerly established logistic base in the Levant.”

The meeting point of the Egyptian army with the Euphrates was presumably at a distance from Carchemish, in the extended territory known as 'Land of Carchemish'.

“The meeting point with the Euphrates was presumably at a distance from Carchemish, in the extended territory known as 'Land of Carchemish'.”

Other options for crossing the Euphrates were available to Thutmose III besides the major fording sites at Carchemish and Emar.

“Contrary to the prevalent view about the role played by the major fording sites of the Euphrates in the eighth campaign, it must be kept in our mind that other options were available for the Thutmose III along the Euphrates.”

• cites [221]Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

The regularity of the timber supply from Lebanon, regardless of any specific event, might be demonstrated by the harbors provision report for year 34.

“The regularity of the timber supply from Lebanon, regardless of any specific event, might be demonstrated by the harbors provision report for year 34”

• cites Urk.IV, 707.10-14Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

• cites Redford 2003, 80Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

The possibility that Thutmose III met the Euphrates at a point other than Carchemish and Emar should not be precluded merely by the absence of ideal crossing sites.

“Therefore, the possibility that Thutmose III could have met the Euphrates in other part than the purported meeting points at Carchemish and Emar should not be precluded just on account of absence of ideal crossing sites.”

It was sufficient to use one of the secondary crossing points near Carchemish and Emar to launch boats into the water.

“In order to launch the boats into the water it was sufficient to use one of the secondary crossing points which were used alongside the major ones in the vicinity of Carchemish and Emar.221”

• cites [221]Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

The first stela was established at the beginning of, or just before, the progress along the Euphrates, beside his grandfather's stela.

“The first one was established at the beginning of, or just before the progress along the Euphrates, that is the one he erected besides his grandfather's, while the other one was erected in proximity to its conclusion.”

More than a few settlements along the Mid-Euphrates have retained textual and archaeological evidence for a political inclination towards the Mitannian sphere of influence.

“More than a few settlements situated along the Mid-Euphrates have retained textual and archaeological evidence for a political inclination towards the Mitannian sphere of influence.231”

• cites [231]Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

None of the three sources make the association of this allusion with a stela of Thutmose I.

“None of the them make the association of this allusion with a stela of Thutmose I.”

The traditional sub-division of the Euphrates region, also referring to the 'Land of Carchemish', goes back in time beyond the Late Bronze Age.

“Therefore, it supports the feasibility that the traditional sub-division of the Euphrates region, also referring to the 'Land of Carchemish', goes back in time beyond the Late Bronze Age.”

Moving eastward from Umm el-Marra, where the original northern sub-branch of the Aleppo-Emar route turned south towards Emar, might preferably be considered as the route taken by Thutmose III.

“Moving eastward from Umm el-Marra, where the original northern sub-branch of the Aleppo-Emar route turned south towards Emar, might preferably be considered as the route taken by Thutmose III.”

The substance of the military activity of Thutmose III in the vicinity of the Euphrates was a riverine one, focusing on destruction of settlements along the banks of the river.

“As had been suggested above, the substance of the military activity of Thutmose III in the vicinity of the Euphrates was a riverine one, focusing on destruction of settlements along the banks of the river.”

We have no firm evidence for the arrival of Thutmose I at the Euphrates other than the mention of his stela by Thutmose III in the Annals Inscription.

“Regrettably, we have no firm evidence for the arrival of Thutmose I at the Euphrates other than the mention of his stela by Thutmose III in the Annals Inscription.268”

• cites [268]Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

The boats' construction for the crossing of the Euphrates could have been accomplished with relative ease because of the uninterrupted availability of raw materials and accumulated experience in boat construction and land transportation.

“The most intricate components of this campaign, namely, the boats' construction for the crossing of the Euphrates, could have been accomplished in relative ease due to the uninterrupted availability of raw materials and accumulated experience in technical knowledge of boat construction and methods of land transportation.”

This site, and its environs, could ideally have served the Egyptians as a stopover for replenishment before moving on to the last segment of the march towards the Euphrates.

“This site, and its environs, could ideally have served the Egyptians as a stopover for replenishment before moving on to the last segment of the march towards the Euphrates.”

The second stela was erected in proximity to the conclusion of the campaign.

“The first one was established at the beginning of, or just before the progress along the Euphrates, that is the one he erected besides his grandfather's, while the other one was erected in proximity to its conclusion.”

The presence of Syrian boat builders in Egypt is attested in the logs of Peru-Nefer (BM 10056).

“Presence of Syrians boats builders in Egypt is attested in the logs of Peru-Nefer (BM 10056)”

• cites BM 10056Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

At least part of the military operation in the Euphrates region was conducted by sailing upon the river.

“At least part of this operation was conducted by sailing upon the river.”

The testimony of Ahmose son of Abana and Ahmose Pennekhbet mentions the arrival of Thutmose I at the land of Naharina.

“The testimony of Ahmose son of Abana 271 and Ahmose Pennekhbet 272 mention the arrival of Thutmose I at the land of Naharina.”

• cites [271]Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

• cites [272]Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

The Mitannian force confronted by Thutmose III is fleeing with no sign of resistance.

“The Mitannian force confronted by Thutmose III is fleeing with no sign of resistance.”

The term tAw/XAsw MTn is probably to be interpreted as a federation of local Hurrian and Semite kingdoms that were subservient to Mitanni.

“According to the probable interpretation of the term tAw/XAsw MTn (Urk.IV, 616.8, 931.1, 1232.9, 1347.13) as a federation of local Hurrian and Semite kingdoms, which were subservient to Mitanni”

• cites Redford 2003, 231-232Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

• cites Faulkner 1946, 41Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

• cites Gardiner 1947, 178Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

All major translations for the texts of both the Gebel Barkal and Armant stelae accept this order of events.

“All major translations for the texts of both stelae accept this order of events.”

• cites Gestoso Singer, Bargues Criado and Feldman 1996Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

• cites Reisner and Reisner 1933Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

• cites Cumming 1982Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

The surviving phrase '...this water' in the Annals Inscription reasonably parallels Amenemheb's designation of the Euphrates as pA mw n Nhrn.

“It reasonably parallels Amenemhebs' designation of the Euphrates as pA mw n Nhrn”

• cites Urk.IV, 891.11Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

The mention of xAjt aAt ('great slaughter') on the Obelisk from Constantinople, done following the crossing of the Euphrates, can refer to violent action taken against Mitannian settlements.

“The mention of xAjt aAt -'great slaughter' on the Obelisk from Constantinople, Urk.IV,587.13-15,done following the crossing of the Euphrates, can refer to the violent action taken against Mitannian settlements.”

• cites Urk.IV,587.13-15Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

The phraseology of 'great slaughter' is too prevalent throughout military inscriptions of the New Kingdom Period for its reliability to be approved.

“Yet, this kind of phraseology is too prevalent throughout military inscriptions during the New Kingdom Period and its reliability cannot always be approved”

• cites Spalinger 1982, 77-80Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

The account of Henu has been corroborated by the finds from Mersa Gawasis, the main point of departure for maritime expeditions in the Red Sea during the Middle Kingdom.

“This account has further been corroborated by the finds from Mersa Gawasis, the main point of departure for maritime expedition in the Red Sea during the Middle Kingdom Period.”

• cites Ward and Zazzaro, 2010Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.