Comorbidity and WISC–III Profiles of Greek Children with Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder, Learning Disabilities, and Language Disorders
Abstract
The aim of the present study was to (a) examine the prevalence of ADHD and the comorbid difficulties in a sample of 114 children, 3.6 to 17.6 yr. of age (89 boys, 25 girls) referred to our Unit and (b) evaluate the discriminative ability of the WISC-III scores for children with Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (n = 22), Learning Disability (n = 50), and Language Disorder (n = 42). Analysis showed only 18% of 114 children had an Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder diagnosis. Multivariate analysis of variance and stepwise discriminant function analysis were applied. Vocabulary and similarities were the best predictors for distinguishing between language disorders and the other two groups. Moreover, the Language Disorder group scored significantly lower on all the subtests while the Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder and Learning Disability groups scored lower on coding and information, respectively. Children with Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder and Learning Disability could not be accurately identified from the WISC-III test or their ACID profile.
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ADHD is associated with specific alterations in cognitive processes, particularly behavioral inhibition, working memory, and processing speed.
“Taken together, these findings strengthen the evidence that ADHD is associated with specific alterations in cognitive processes, particularly behavioral inhibition, WM, and PS [19, 20].”
From ADHD, Subtypes and Cognitive Performance: WISC-V as a Support Tool for Diagnostic Assessment (2026) · cites this paper as [20]
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“Comparing a dyslexic child group to a control group (French samples), Grégoire (2000) found a 15.”
BackgroundCognitive strengths and deficits in schoolchildren with ADHD
Ek, U., Fernell, E., Westerlund, J., Holmberg, K., Olsson, P., & Gillberg, C. (2007) · Acta Paediatrica · doi:10.1111/j.1651-2227.2007.00297.x · Cited by 50 · see citing works
“However, it should be noted that the applicability of the ACID profile in children with ADHD is disputed (19).”
BackgroundSteroid sulfatase is a potential modifier of cognition in Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder
Stergiakouli, E., Langley, K., Williams, H. J., Walters, J., Williams, N. M., Süren, S., Giegling, I., Wilkinson, L. S., Owen, M. J., O’Donovan, M. C., et al. (2011) · Genes Brain & Behavior · doi:10.1111/j.1601-183x.2010.00672.x · Cited by 48 · see citing works
“Based on previous studies discriminating individuals with ADHD from control subjects using Wechsler scales (Antshel et al. 2007; Ek et al. 2007; Filippatou & Livaniou 2005; Mayes & Calhoun 2004; Pineda et al. 1999), we investigated performance on six measures by genotype: information, coding, block…”
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“…body of studies has been conducted on Englishspeaking samples, but it is also particularly important to analyze the presence of such profiles in samples with native languages other than English (some exceptions: Clercq-Quaegebeur et al., 2010; Filippatou & Livaniou, 2005; Rotsika et al., 2009).”
BackgroundMoura, O., Costa, P., & Simões, M. R. (2019) · The Journal of General Psychology · doi:10.1080/00221309.2018.1561410 · Cited by 33 · see citing works
“Filippatou and Livaniou (2005) observed that children with ADHD scored significantly lower on the mean score of ACID than the mean score of the remaining WISC-III subtests, but when a stepwise discriminant function analysis was applied, the ACID profile did not efficiently separate children with…”
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“The finding that children with ADHD perform poorly in Coding is consistent with several studies [27-30].”
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“Published reports concerning the WISC-III results of Greek-speaking special populations, such as children with learning disabilities, psychiatric disorders, mental retardation, or other organic disabilities, are few (Nikolopoulos, Goulandris, & Snowling, 2003; Filippatou & Livaniou, 2005).”
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“Researches that examine WISC-III results in Greek special populations, such as children with mental retardation, organic disabilities, psychiatric disorders, or learning disabilities, are limited [11, 12].”
BackgroundNelson, S. A. (2008) · ScholarWorks -A service of University of Vermont Libraries (University of Vermont) · Cited by 2 · see citing works
ADHD, Subtypes and Cognitive Performance: WISC-V as a Support Tool for Diagnostic Assessment
Lavigne-Cerván, R., Collado-Valero, J., Navarro-Soria, I., Rosales-Gómez, M., & Torrecillas-Martínez, M. (2026) · Actas Espanolas de Psiquiatria · doi:10.62641/aep.v54i3.2122 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
“Taken together, these findings strengthen the evidence that ADHD is associated with specific alterations in cognitive processes, particularly behavioral inhibition, WM, and PS [19,20].”
Ignacio, M. G., Gonsalez, S. M. L., Almeida, C. C. D. R., de Andrade, Ê. R., & Monteiro, L. D. C. (2008) · Psicologia Hospitalar · Cited by 1 · see citing works
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Cognitive Performance in Pediatric Bipolar Disorder
Joseph, M. F. (2019) · Carolina Digital Repository (University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill) · doi:10.17615/20r1-qw19
Vrachimi‐Souroulla, A., & Panayiotou, G. (2017) · Journal of Education and Training Studies · doi:10.11114/jets.v5i2.2048
“However, not much independent evidence has been published in support of the instrument’s psychometric properties (Filippatou & Livaniou, 2005; Rotsika, Vlassopoulou, Rogkakou, Sini, Legaki, Pexlivanidou & Anagnostopoulos, 2006; Rotsika, Vlassopoulos, Legaki, Sini, Rogakou, Sakellariou, Pehlivanidou…”
Background
- Authors
- Filippatou, D. N., & Lpvaniou, E. A.
- Affiliations
- Special Diagnostic, Research and Therapeutic Unit “Spyros Doxiadis”, Athens, Greece
- Venue
- Psychological Reports
- Publisher
- SAGE Publications
- Published
- 2005-10
- Volume
- 97
- Issue
- 2
- Pages
- 485-504
- ISSN
- 0033-2941 (ISSN-L)
- 1558-691X
- OpenAlex
- W2112206471
- Cited by
- 18
- References
- 42
- Citations by year
- 2023: 1 · 2020: 1 · 2019: 2 · 2018: 1 · 2017: 2 · 2013: 2 · 2012: 1
- FWCI
- 0.60
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Psychological Reports (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Psychiatry and Mental health › Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Neuropsychology and Physiological Psychology › Developmental and Educational Neuropsychology
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Applied Psychology › Psychological Testing and Assessment
- Keywords
- attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, learning disabilities, language disorders, comorbidities, WISC-III, diagnostic accuracy, children, Greek children, vocabulary, Similarities subtest, Coding subtest, Information subtest
- MeSH terms
- Adolescent, Attention Deficit Disorder with Hyperactivity, Child, Child, Preschool, Female, Greece, Humans, Intelligence, Language Disorders, Learning Disabilities, Male, Severity of Illness Index, Wechsler Scales, Comorbidity
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