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Thresholds for the cost–effectiveness of interventions: alternative approaches
Open accessAbstract
Many countries use the cost-effectiveness thresholds recommended by the World Health Organization's Choosing Interventions that are Cost-Effective project (WHO-CHOICE) when evaluating health interventions. This project sets the threshold for cost-effectiveness as the cost of the intervention per disability-adjusted life-year (DALY) averted less than three times the country's annual gross domestic product (GDP) per capita. Highly cost-effective interventions are defined as meeting a threshold per DALY averted of once the annual GDP per capita. We argue that reliance on these thresholds reduces the value of cost-effectiveness analyses and makes such analyses too blunt to be useful for most decision-making in the field of public health. Use of these thresholds has little theoretical justification, skirts the difficult but necessary ranking of the relative values of locally-applicable interventions and omits any consideration of what is truly affordable. The WHO-CHOICE thresholds set such a low bar for cost-effectiveness that very few interventions with evidence of efficacy can be ruled out. The thresholds have little value in assessing the trade-offs that decision-makers must confront. We present alternative approaches for applying cost-effectiveness criteria to choices in the allocation of health-care resources.
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“In a separate health economics analysis (unpublished), we found that single-dose HPV vaccination with catch-up vaccination in girls aged 11–20 years could be cost-effective under the WHO recommended cost-effectiveness threshold of one-times gross domestic product per capita.”
From Evidence-based impact projections of single-dose human papillomavirus vaccination in India: a modelling study (2022) · cites this paper as [30]
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Metadata
- Authors
- Marseille, E., Larson, B., Kazi, D. S., Kahn, J. G., & Rosen, S.
- Affiliations
- Health Strategies International, 555 Fifty-ninth Street, Oakland, California, 94609, United States of America (USA).
- Boston University (US)
- San Francisco General Hospital (US)
- University of California, San Francisco (US)
- Corresponding author
- Marseille, Elliot
- Venue
- Bulletin of the World Health Organization
- Publisher
- WHO Press
- Published
- 2014-12-15
- Volume
- 93
- Issue
- 2
- Pages
- 118-124
- ISSN
- 0042-9686 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC4339959
- OpenAlex
- W2133104890
- Cited by
- 851
- References
- 42
- Citations by year
- 2026: 45 · 2025: 68 · 2024: 58 · 2023: 69 · 2022: 93 · 2021: 101 · 2020: 100 · 2019: 105 · 2018: 76 · 2017: 78 · 2016: 40 · 2015: 18
- FWCI
- 112.73
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- diamond
- doi.org
- Licence
- cc-by
- Locations
- Bulletin of the World Health Organization (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion)
- eScholarship (California Digital Library) (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institute of Mental Health (P30MH062246)
- National Institute on Drug Abuse (R01DA015612)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Economics, Econometrics and Finance › Economics and Econometrics › Health Systems, Economic Evaluations, Quality of Life
- Social Sciences › Economics, Econometrics and Finance › Economics and Econometrics › Pharmaceutical Economics and Policy
- Social Sciences › Economics, Econometrics and Finance › Economics and Econometrics › Global Health Care Issues
- Keywords
- cost-effectiveness threshold, WHO-CHOICE, disability-adjusted life years, GDP per capita, healthcare resource allocation, public health decision-making, affordability, cost-effectiveness analysis
- MeSH terms
- Cost-Benefit Analysis, Developing Countries, Female, Health Priorities, Humans, Pregnancy, Syphilis, Global Health, World Health Organization, HIV Infections, Quality-Adjusted Life Years, Benchmarking, Anti-Retroviral Agents, Insecticide-Treated Bednets, Gross Domestic Product
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
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