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Cited by 2Medieval Literature and HistoryHistorical, Literary, and Cultural StudiesBiblical Studies and Interpretation

The DOI matches its Crossref record; 21 of the 21 references it cites were found in a registry or an index; none of the 22 sources its claims cite is checked for support yet.

Urban Imagery in the Old English Exodus and its Hermeneutics

Open access
Olesiejko, Jacek·2022·Studia Anglica Posnaniensia
DOI 10.2478/stap-2022-0001
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Abstract

The present article offers a critical reading of the Old English Exodus, a poem that is an Old English versified adaptation of an episode from the biblical story of Exodus that narrates Israelites’ passage across the Red Sea and the destruction of Pharaoh’s army. The aim of this article is to analyse the poem’s urban and exilic imagery that strongly relies on the metaphorical representation of the Israelites as a city, as they are actually in exile and on the way to Canaan, and of the metaphorical representation of the walls of the Red Sea as the walls of a hall that is destroyed along with the Egyptian army. The argument of the present article is that in Exodus the poet uses the imagery of a hall and exile, derived from heroic and secular verse, as a hermeneutic key to read the biblical exodus typologically, tropologically, and anagogically. The metaphor of the key that opens the Scripture, which the poet uses in Exodus, encourages the reader to unveil the hidden meaning of the narrative. The poet inverts the conventional imagery of the hall and exile in the poem to emphasise narrative moments that require the reader to explore the letter of the poem for additional layers or signification.

Overview

AI snapshot

Written from the paper’s full text.

TL;DR

The article argues that the Old English *Exodus* uses urban and exilic imagery—especially the heroic hall and exile tropes—as a hermeneutic key for reading the biblical exodus typologically, tropologically, and anagogically. It shows how the poet inverts conventional hall/city symbolism: Egyptian cities become places of death and spiritual exile, while the travelling Israelites form a metaphorical *mægburh* that prefigures the Church.

Key findings

  • The poem contrasts Egyptian cities with the Israelites’ travelling *mægburh* (“family-enclosure/family-city,” *Exodus* l. 55b), so that the Israelites remain “in a type of a city after leaving behind the civilisation of the Egyptians” (Ferhatović 2019: 71).
  • The poet reverses conventional hall/exile symbolism: Egyptian cities are constrictive, deathly, and hell-like, while exile and journeying become desirable and life-leading; the Egyptian firstborn’s death is described as an assault on a hall, with “sele-dreamas” [hall-joys] (*Exodus* l. 36b) lost.
  • The Red Sea’s walls are imaged as a hall/fortress—“weall-fæsten” [ramparts] (l. 484a), “wægas” [walls] (l. 484b), “meretorras” [sea-towers] (l. 485a)—that collapses on Pharaoh’s army, supporting an anagogical reading of the destruction as a prefiguration of the Judgement Day.
  • The poem also links Israel typologically to the early medieval English: the *mægburh* and kinship/tribal language (*Exodus* ll. 348b–355b, 356a–361) invite the audience to include their own ancestors in the metaphorical city, while Moses’s final promise of “beorselas” [beer-halls] (l. 564a) presents Canaan as a hall-like divine reward.

Methods

  • Design: interpretive literary-critical close reading of the Old English *Exodus*, focusing on urban, exilic, hall, and maritime imagery.
  • Data: the poem preserved in MS Junius 11, dated to the half-century ending around 1000 A.D.; composition dated by Lucas with 700 as *terminus a quo* and 800 as *terminus ad quem*; quotations from Lucas (2020) and translations from Anlezark (2011).
  • Analysis: reads the poem through patristic exegesis (Augustine’s *De Ciuitate Dei* and *De Doctrina Christiana*; Bede’s commentaries) and Germanic heroic poetics (hall/exile conventions), using typological, tropological, and anagogical levels.

Limitations

  • The paper states no formal limitations section.
  • Evident from the text: the argument is interpretive and depends on selected editions, translations, and patristic/heroic sources rather than on manuscript evidence or a systematic survey.
  • Evident from the text: the reading assumes an audience familiar with both exegesis and secular poetic conventions, and some claims are qualified as plausible or arguable rather than demonstrated—e.g., whether *Exodus* was directly influenced by the Harrowing of Hell motif is explicitly not argued.

Model-written summary. Check it against the paper before relying on it.

Integrity signals

Registry

Crossref · 10.2478/stap-2022-0001

Cites

21 of 21 references verified0 citation errors · 0 not checkable

Statistics

Nothing to recompute.

Verification

Claims the paper makes

0 of 22 cited sources checked · 0 supported · 0 flagged

  • Findingnone given

    The architectural metaphor in the Red Sea fragment is mostly developed in the account of Pharaoh and his army's death, not in the description of the Israelites' crossing.

    “What escapes their critical attention is, however, the fact that the architectural metaphor is mostly developed not in the description of the Israelites' crossing but in the account of Pharaoh and his army's death.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim
  • Findingown data

    The poet's account of the tenth plague is pervaded by reversed symbolism of cities and halls.

    “The poet's account of the tenth plague, visited on the Egyptians as punishment for their refusal to grant Israel freedom to leave Egypt, is pervaded by such reversed symbolism of cities and halls.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim
  • Interpretationreasoning

    The rhetorical trope of mægburh in Exodus supplements and supports the patristic conception of Civitas Dei peregrina.

    “The rhetorical trope of mægburh used in Exodus supplements and supports the patristic conception of Civitas Dei peregrina.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim
  • Interpretationreasoning

    In Exodus, the Israelites epitomise a spiritual ideal of city-dwelling despite their exilic status.

    “Paradoxically, it is the Israelites in the Old English Exodus who epitomise a spiritual ideal of city-dwelling despite their exilic status.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim
  • Interpretationreasoning

    The drowning of the Egyptian army in Exodus might be understood as a foreshadowing of the destruction of the earthly city that is to happen at the end of times.

    “The drowning of the Egyptian army in Exodus might thus be understood as a foreshadowing of the destruction of the earthly city that is to happen at the end of times.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim
  • Probably not a substantial claim. 86
  • It may state two separate claims as one. 33

  • Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.

    Findingnone given

    As the Israelites leave the shore, the poet describes three tribes crossing the Red Sea, with the tribe of Judah first.

    “As the Israelites leave the shore, the poet describes three tribes that cross the Red Sea.The tribe of Judah comes first.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim.

    Findingreasoning

    In Exodus, the loss of treasure and hall-joys that the Egyptians face compounds the tenth plague inflicted by God.

    “In the Old English poetic account of the exodus, the loss of treasure and hall-joys that the Egyptians face compounds the tenth plague inflicted on them by God”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim. It may state two separate claims as one.

    Findingnone given

    The killing of the first-born is described as an attack on their city, a siege, in which the defenders are also destroyed.

    “The killing of the first-born is described as an attack on their city, a siege, in which the defenders of the city are also destroyed.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim.

    Findingreasoning

    The confines of Egyptian cities fail in their protective capacity when the Passover Angel descends on Egypt.

    “It is made manifest by the poet that the confines of Egyptian cities fail in their protective capacity when the Passover Angel descends on Egypt.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.

    Findingnone given

    Israel's progress across the sea-bed is narratively suspended by a digression introducing two Old Testament stories: Noah and the flood, and the covenant between God and Abraham.

    “Israel's progress across the sea-bed is narratively suspended by a digression that introduces into the poem two Old Testament stories, namely, the story of Noah and the flood and story of the covenant between God and Abraham.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.

    Findingreasoning

    The walls of waters, earlier described as a fortress, melt and collapse.

    “The walls of waters, earlier described as a fortress, melt and collapse:”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.

    Findingreasoning

    Noah and the ark are mentioned first.

    “Noah and the ark are mentioned first.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • It may state two separate claims as one.

    Findingcitation

    The Egyptians are described in terms of deprivation of prosperity evoking an exile's fate; even as city inhabitants they suffer afflictions characteristic of exilic existence.

    “The Egyptians are described in terms of the deprivation of the prosperity that evokes an exile's fate; paradoxically, even as inhabitants of cities they suffer afflictions that are characteristic of an exilic existence.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim.

    Findingnone given

    The Israelites are described as mægburh, a compound invented by the Exodus poet meaning 'family-city'.

    “As they walk across the desert, the Israelites are described as mægburh, a compound invented by the Exodus poet that literary means 'family-city'.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim. It may state two separate claims as one.

    Findingnone given

    In the poet's manipulation of the heroic hall trope, the urban enclosure accumulates negative connotations opposite to hall prosperity and also connotations of exile.

    “In the poet's manipulation of the heroic trope of the hall, the urban enclosure accumulates a range of negative connotations that are not only the opposite of the prosperity associated with a life in the proximity of the hall, but also connotations of exile.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim.

    Findingnone given

    The Exodus poet uses both traditional hall symbolism as sustaining community and family and its reversals and contradictions found in many Old English poems.

    “He utilises both traditional symbolism of the hall that presents this type of building as sustaining the life of the community and family as well as its reversals and contradictions that can be identified in many Old English poems.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim. It may state two separate claims as one.

    Interpretationreasoning

    Israel's mægburh's order and continuity are long-lasting and generative of a new continuity, as implied by the typological relationship between Israel's generations and future communities.

    “Its order and continuity, however, are long-lasting and generative of a new continuity, as the typological relationship between Israel's generations and future communities made by the poet implies.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds. It may state two separate claims as one.

    Interpretationnone given

    Such reversals of city and exile symbols find a clear parallel and conceivably a source in Bede's commentaries.

    “Such reversals of symbols that are related to city life and exile find a clear parallel and, conceivably, a source in Bede's commentaries.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim. It may state two separate claims as one.

    Interpretationreasoning

    With land and material possessions dispensed on temporary loan, life on Earth is conceived as a sorrow-afflicted exile, a transitory joy, full of sorrow.

    “With land and material possessions dispensed on temporary loan, life on Earth is conceived as a sorrow-afflicted exile, a transitory joy, full of sorrow.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim. It may state two separate claims as one.

    Interpretationreasoning

    If the arrival of the Israelites at the shore prefigures Christian redemption, and the destruction of the Israelites prefigures the Judgement, the hall that dominates in Moses's description of Canaan stands for heaven.

    “If the arrival of the Israelites at the shore prefigures Christian redemption, and the destruction of the Israelites prefigures the Judgement, the hall that dominates in Moses's description of Canaan stands for heaven.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim.

    Interpretationreasoning

    The poet's use of a verbal phrase that resembles the earlier descriptions of exile and travel in the poem suggests that the poem's narrative of the departure of the Israelites from Egypt and their migration figures the process of the unveiling of the message of the story.

    “The poet's use of a verbal phrase that resembles the earlier descriptions of exile and travel in the poem suggests that the poem's narrative of the departure of the Israelites from Egypt and their migration figures the process of the unveiling of the message of the story.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.

    Interpretationnone given

    The action of revealing the hidden meaning of the narrative, conceived of as unlocking, reminds of a statement that the poet makes earlier in the poem referring to the Egyptian poets having their hands locked, or unable to sing of the sorrow afflicted on their nation.

    “Second, the action of revealing the hidden meaning of the narrative, conceived of as unlocking, reminds of a statement that the poet makes earlier in the poem referring to the Egyptian poets having their hands locked, or unable to sing of the sorrow afflicted on their nation.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim.

    Interpretationreasoning

    In his retelling of the promise made by God of Canaan, Moses represents Canaan as a fortress or a hall, not unlike the cities of Egypt.

    “In his retelling of the promise made by God of Canaan, Moses represents Canaan as a fortress or a hall, not unlike the cities of Egypt.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • It may state two separate claims as one.

    Premisecitation

    In Bede's biblical commentaries, the tabernacle is a typological image of the Christian community and Church, evoking Christian life on Earth as exile and displacement from the true homeland.

    “In Bede's biblical commentaries, the tabernacle is a typological image of the Christian community and the Church, an image that in turn evokes the idea of Christian life on Earth in terms of an exile and the displacement of humanity from the true homeland.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Bede's biblical commentaries

      Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  • Probably not a substantial claim.

    Premisecitation

    The poem ends with the promise of conquest and settlement that Howe and Michelet find to be an important ideological aspect of the poem.

    “Although the poem centres on the crossing and its allegorical meaning, it ends with the promise of conquest and settlement that Howe and Michelet find to be an important ideological aspect of the poem.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 2 sources checked
    • cites Howe

      Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

    • cites Michelet

      Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  • Probably not a substantial claim.

    Interpretationreasoning

    The Egyptians are depicted as bound and captive in cities, suffering loss and bereavement that in Old English poetry are the experiences of exiles.

    “While the Egyptians are depicted as bound and captive in cities, suffering loss and bereavement that in Old English poetry are the experiences of exiles, the Israelites are presented as liberated in their journey.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim.

    Interpretationreasoning

    The association of hall imagery with Hell, also used earlier in the poem in the description of the Egyptian cities, colours the doomsday imagery applied to the portrayal of death and destruction at this most climactic episode in the poem.

    “In fact, it is the association of hall imagery with Hell, also used earlier in the poem in the description of the Egyptian cities, that colours the doomsday imagery applied to the portrayal of death and destruction at this most climactic episode in the poem.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.

    Interpretationreasoning

    The Egyptians, ridiculed by the poet as battle-shy, seek refuge in their homes, which indicates cowardice and condemns them in the eyes of the audience familiar with heroic conventions.

    “As the sea-hall is a place of destruction, the Egyptians, ridiculed by the poet as battle-shy, seek refuge in their homes, which indicates cowardice and condemns the Egyptians in the eyes of the audience, familiar with heroic conventions.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.

    Interpretationreasoning

    The enjoyment of land is temporary.

    “The enjoyment of land is temporary.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim.

    Interpretationreasoning

    In Exodus, the hall at the centre of Egyptian social life is an image of corruption, not an image of transience presupposing an alternative hall of refuge.

    “At the centre of the Egyptian social life, the hall is an image of corruption as such, not an image of transience that presupposes an existence of an alternative hall in which one can find refuge.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim. It may state two separate claims as one.

    Interpretationcitation

    The sea is the conduit of God's destruction; God's punishing rod and sword descend and shatter the hall in which Israel's enemies remain trapped.

    “The sea is the conduit of God's destruction; God's punishing rod and sword descend and shatter the hall in which Israel's enemies remain trapped:”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.

    Interpretationnone given

    In the homiletic digression, the heroic hall is also a fixed location, contrasted with the migratory existence.

    “In the homiletic digression, the heroic hall is also a fixed location, contrasted with the migratory existence.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim.

    Interpretationreasoning

    The theme of the covenant itself, which not only originates in the biblical source but also in exegetical works on the exodus, is couched in terms that evoke the heroic military narratives of Beowulf or the Battle of Maldon.

    “The theme of the covenant itself, which not only originates in the biblical source but also in exegetical works on the exodus, is couched in terms that evoke the heroic military narratives of Beowulf or the Battle of Maldon.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 2 sources checked
    • cites Beowulf

      Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

    • cites Battle of Maldon

      Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  • Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.

    Interpretationnone given

    Bede juxtaposes the historical journey of the Israelites with the concept of the life of Christians as a pilgrimage that he sets as a model for his English readers.

    “Bede juxtaposes the historical journey of the Israelites with the concept of the life of Christians as a pilgrimage that he sets as a model for his English readers.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.

    Interpretationreasoning

    The typological link between Israel and the English is strengthened by the heroic trope of valuing kinship ties and tribal origin.

    “This typological link between Israel and the English is strengthened by another familiar heroic trope, namely, the value placed on kinship ties and tribal origin.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.

    Interpretationnone given

    The sustained imagery of contrast and reversal, which characterises the earlier parts of the poem, is suspended as Moses commences his speech to the survivors.

    “The sustained imagery of contrast and reversal, which characterises the earlier parts of the poem, is, however, suspended as Moses commences his speech to the survivors.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.

    Interpretationnone given

    Anagogically, the destruction of Pharaoh's army is a type of the Judgement Day.

    “Anagogically, the destruction of Pharaoh's army is a type of the Judgement Day and the urban imagery informing the fragment further juxtaposes their existence in earthly cities against Israel's liberating travel.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim.

    Interpretationreasoning

    Presenting exile as a desired alternative to urban life is an unexpected anomaly in Exodus that disrupts reception for early medieval English recipients relying on stock formulaic phrases, themes, and tropes.

    “Presenting exile as a desired alternative to an urban life is an unexpected feature in a text that relies on familiar tropes, an anomaly that disrupts a reception of a text for early medieval English recipients of the poem who must rely on stock formulaic phrases, themes, and tropes to appreciate a poem.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • It may state two separate claims as one.

    Interpretationreasoning

    While the allegorical dimension presents travelling Israelites as the Church, the poem's polyvalency accommodates an additional typological link between historical Israelites travelling to Canaan and the Germanic ancestors of early medieval English people who conceived their journey from Germania to England as a new exodus.

    “While the allegorical dimension of the text presents the travelling Israelites as the Church, the poem's polyvalency accommodates an addition typological link between the historical Israelites travelling to the land of Canaan and the Germanic ancestors of the early medieval English people who conceived of their historical journey from Germania to England in terms of a new exodus.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim. It may state two separate claims as one.

    Interpretationreasoning

    The adjective læne accretes all the religious connotations of transience, to which all things material are subject, as well as God's grace in the dispensation of wealth for temporary use.

    “The adjective accretes all the religious connotations of transience, to which all things material are subject, as well as God's grace in the dispensation of wealth for temporary use.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim.

    Interpretationreasoning

    Tropologically, cities represent transient values that disrupt the pilgrims' attention on their heavenly home.

    “Tropologically, cities represent transient values that disrupt the pilgrims' attention on their heavenly home.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.

    Premisecitation

    Bede quoted from both De Ciuitate Dei and De Doctrina Christiana.

    “As demonstrated by Michael Lapidge in The Anglo-Saxon Library, Bede quoted from both De Ciuitate Dei (Lapidge 2006: 197) and De Doctrina Christiana (2006: 199).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 2 sources checked
    • cites Lapidge 2006: 197

      Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

    • cites 2006: 199

      Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  • Probably not a substantial claim. The paper may give no reason why it holds.

    Interpretationnone given

    The Red Sea is a fortification in which the Egyptians are destroyed by the God of the Israelites.

    “The Red Sea is a fortification in which the Egyptians are destroyed by the God of the Israelites.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim.

    Premisecitation

    Such a textual anomaly warrants allegorical reading according to Augustine in De Doctrina Christiana.

    “It is exactly such a textual anomaly that warrants an allegorical reading according to Augustine in De Doctrina Christiana.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites De Doctrina Christiana

      Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  • Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.

    Interpretationnone given

    If respected by Israel, the covenant will result in bringing future victories to Israel as well as the promise of the land between the two seas; it is God rather than Israel that is attributed agency in the process of the conquest of land.

    “If respected by Israel, the covenant will result in bringing future victories to Israel as well as the promise of the land between the two seas; it is God rather than Israel that is attributed agency in the process of the conquest of land:”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim. It may state two separate claims as one.

    Interpretationreasoning

    The hermeneutic act on the part of the reader is not only juxtaposed to the stasis of life in the city but also imagined as a liberating action, like the Israelites' journey away from the Egyptian cities.

    “The hermeneutic act on the part of the reader is thus not only juxtaposed to the stasis of the life in the city but also imagined as a liberating action, like the Israelites' journey away from the Egyptian cities.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.

    Interpretationnone given

    The digression in Exodus presents the voyage as a progress to the promised land.

    “Whoever is the subject of the reference, the digression presents the voyage as a progress to the promised land.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.

    Interpretationreasoning

    The fragment inculcates the proper attitude to land and material values.

    “The fragment inculcates the proper attitude to land and material values.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim.

    Premisecitation

    For Bede, it is the fact that the descendants of Seth do not live in cities that qualifies them as the elect.

    “For Bede, it is the fact that the descendants of Seth do not live in cities that qualifies them as the elect.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites In Genesim

      Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  • Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence.

    Interpretationreasoning

    The poet's teaching is stated in terms of contrast and reversal that confuse and conflate the symbolisms of city life and exile.

    “The poet's teaching is, significantly, stated in terms of contrast and reversal that confuse and conflate the symbolisms of city life and exile.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • It may state two separate claims as one.

    Interpretationreasoning

    The Egyptian exile-cities resemble Hell in two respects: they are constrictive, and life in them is represented as exile from a more prosperous state.

    “it must be stated that the Egyptian exile-cities resemble Hell in two respects; namely, they are constrictive, and the life in them is represented as exile from a more prosperous state.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.

    Interpretationnone given

    The Exodus poet draws inspiration from the Germanic poetic tradition, the hall imagery recurrent in Old English heroic poetry, and Germanic kinship values.

    “The Exodus poet draws inspiration from yet other sources, namely, the Germanic poetic tradition, the hall imagery that is recurrent in the Old English heroic poetry as well as Germanic kinship values.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim. The paper may give no reason why it holds. It may state two separate claims as one.

    Interpretationnone given

    The Egyptians are characterised by an inordinate longing for their homeland, a longing that ties them to the world and sets them apart from the peregrinating and homeless Israelites.

    “The Egyptians are characterised by an inordinate longing for their homeland, a longing that ties them to the world and sets them apart from the peregrinating and homeless Israelites.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim. It may state two separate claims as one.

    Interpretationreasoning

    The Egyptian cities represent an Augustinian city of men and form a backdrop for a typological reading of the Israelites' mægburh as a prefiguration of the Church.

    “The Egyptian cities represent an Augustinian city of men and form a backdrop for a typological reading of the Israelites' mægburh as a prefiguration of the Church.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.

    Interpretationreasoning

    If fæsten is read as 'fortification' in line 49a, the word confers another negative connotation on the poem's representations of cities.

    “If fæsten is read as 'fortification' in line 49a, the word confers another negative connotation on the poem's representations of cities.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim. The paper may give no reason why it holds.

    Interpretationnone given

    There is a manifest tension in the poem between the promise of land articulated at the end of the poem and the sustained criticism of urban space in the episodes that narrate Israel's escape from Egypt and the crossing.

    “There is a manifest tension in the poem between the promise of land articulated at the end of the poem and the sustained criticism of urban space in the episodes that narrate Israel's escape from Egypt and the crossing:”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim.

    Interpretationreasoning

    The Israelites are presented as liberated in their journey.

    “While the Egyptians are depicted as bound and captive in cities, suffering loss and bereavement that in Old English poetry are the experiences of exiles, the Israelites are presented as liberated in their journey.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim. The paper may give no reason why it holds.

    Interpretationnone given

    The poet describes the Egyptian cities by means of formulaic expressions derived from secular poetic representations of halls and exile that characterise such Old English poems as Beowulf.

    “As will be shown in the following pages, the poet describes the Egyptian cities by means of formulaic expressions derived from secular poetic representations of halls and exile that characterise such Old English poems as Beowulf.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim. It may state two separate claims as one.

    Interpretationreasoning

    The poem asserts Israel's dependence on land and longing for a temporal homeland.

    “While the Israelites' flight in the Old English Exodus might be interpreted as an archetype of the pilgrim to the other world turning away from transient values, the poem also asserts Israel's dependence on land and longing for a temporal homeland.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence. It may state two separate claims as one.

    Interpretationreasoning

    The mægburh in the digression is a historically inclusive sign that encouraged the early medieval English audience to include their own ancestors and themselves in the concept of the metaphorical city that is not geographically anchored and in the process of the travellers' constant travel to their promised destination.

    “The mægburh in the digression is a historically inclusive sign that encouraged the early medieval English audience to include their own ancestors and themselves in the concept of the metaphorical city that is not geographically anchored and in the process of the travellers constant travel to their promised destination.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.

    Interpretationnone given

    The reversal of symbols in Exodus could only be appreciated by an audience familiar with Germanic heroic poetics.

    “The reversal of symbols that he creates in the composition could only be appreciated by an audience familiar with Germanic heroic poetics.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim
    • Rests on an assumption: The Exodus poet's original audience was familiar with the traditional Germanic trope of the hall as a symbol of social order.

  • Probably not a substantial claim. It may state two separate claims as one.

    Interpretationcitation

    Since pagan learning is permissible in De Doctrina Christiana, the Exodus poet's adaptation of Germanic secular concepts for biblical exposition is acceptable.

    “Since the use of pagan learning is permissible in De Doctrina Christiana, the Exodus poet's adaption of Germanic secular concepts for his exposition of a biblical narrative and its manifold senses using a familiar poetic concept is acceptable.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites De Doctrina Christiana

      Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  • Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence. It may state two separate claims as one.

    Interpretationreasoning

    People must be mindful of Hell and make only provisional use of their earthly possessions so that they keep reorienting their exile to their proper destination.

    “People must be mindful of Hell and make only provisional use of their earthly possessions so that they keep reorienting their exile to their proper destination.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • It may state two separate claims as one.

    Premisecitation

    Bede associates the descendants of Cain with life in cities, and the descendants of Seth with life in tents.

    “Bede associates the former with the life in cities, while the latter with the life in tents.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites In Genesim

      Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  • Probably not a substantial claim. The paper may give no reason why it holds. It may state two separate claims as one.

    Interpretationnone given

    The reversal of the symbol that ends the poem also presents a hall as an image of divine reward; as the Israelites will overcome all enemies, they will establish the beer-halls of men in the new land between the two seas.

    “reversal of the symbol that ends the poem also presents a hall as an image of divine reward; as the Israelites will overcome all enemies, they will establish the beer-halls of men in the new land between the two seas.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence.

    Interpretationreasoning

    In light of the poem's ethical distinction between the pilgrimage away from the world and its possessions and Egypt's commitment to worldly material values, the desire of the Egyptians to return to the protective confines of their homes and cities condemns them.

    “In the light of the poem's ethical distinction between the pilgrimage away from the world and its possessions and Egypt's commitment to worldly material values, the desire of the Egyptians to return to the protective confines of their homes, and cities, condemns them.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim. It may state two separate claims as one.

    Interpretationreasoning

    The present life is imagined as a sojourn in a guest-hall, in which the reader is supposed to consider Hell, an everlasting dwelling place.

    “The present life is imagined as a sojourn in a guest-hall, in which the reader is supposed to consider Hell, an everlasting dwelling place:”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim.

    Interpretationreasoning

    The sail and tentage imagery developed by the poet sustains an allegorical image of the Israelites as a figure of the Christian church.

    “There has been a long-standing agreement that the sail and tentage imagery developed by the poet sustains an allegorical image of the Israelites as a figure of the Christian church.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.

    Interpretationcitation

    The anagogical sense is present in the description of the death of the Egyptian first-born and Pharaoh's army.

    “This sense is present in the description of the death of the Egyptian first-born and Pharaoh's army.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim.

    Interpretationreasoning

    The defensive, protective function of the hall complements the association of hall life with prosperity, which the poet uses when describing the Israelites' mægburh protected physically and spiritually by the pillar of fire.

    “The defensive, protective function of the hall is an important idea that complements the association of the life in the hall with prosperity, on which the poet falls back upon when he describes the Israelites' mægburh protected physically and spiritually by the pillar of fire.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.

    Interpretationreasoning

    Tropologically, the image of undaunted Israelites is an example of faith and obedience, worthy of emulation.

    “Tropologically, or in the moral sense, the image of undaunted Israelites is therefore an example of faith and obedience, an example worthy of emulation.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim.

    Interpretationreasoning

    In Exodus, reversals of symbols from traditional protective and prosperous halls and fortresses sustain the allegorical dimension.

    “In the poem, a reversal of symbols that derive from the traditional representations of halls and fortresses in Old English poetry as protective spaces and representations of prosperity serve to sustain the allegory dimension of the text.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.

    Premisecitation

    In early medieval England, burghal cities were either based on earlier Roman cities or built in imitation of them.

    “In early medieval England, burghal cities, as Richard North and Michael D.J. Bintley note in their recent edition of the Old English poem Andreas, were either based on earlier Roman cities or built in imitation of them (North & Bintley 2016: 94).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites North & Bintley 2016: 94

      Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  • Probably not a substantial claim.

    Interpretationreasoning

    The metaphorical movement forward of the mystery that emanates from the counsel imitates the Israelites' journey from Egypt.

    “The metaphorical movement forward of the mystery that emanates from the counsel imitates the Israelites journey from Egypt.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.

    Interpretationreasoning

    The guest-hall in which the elect sojourn for their duration of the pilgrimage is given to them for temporal use only.

    “The guest-hall in which the elect sojourn for their duration of the pilgrimage is given to them for temporal use only.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.

    Interpretationnone given

    The message of Moses's speech requires spiritual interpretation on the part of life's interpreter, the life-guardian, who must unlock its contents with the keys of the spirit.

    “The message requires spiritual interpretation on the part of life's interpreter, the life-guardian, who must unlock its contents with the keys of the spirit.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.

    Interpretationreasoning

    Like the time on Earth given to the Egyptians in lease, the Israelites also hold material benefits that will eventually be taken away.

    “Like the time on Earth given to the Egyptians in lease, the Israelites also hold material benefits that will eventually be taken away.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim. It may state two separate claims as one.

    Interpretationcitation

    The historical and heroic level of the narrative provides an additional figural dimension of the exodus; the exodus of Israel is a historical precedent for Germanic migration and conversion.

    “The historical and heroic level of the narrative provides an additional figural dimension of the exodus; the exodus of Israel is a historical precedent for Germanic migration and conversion.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.

    Premisecitation

    Bede represents the nomadic existence and life in tents as a symbol of a spiritual struggle with the devil as well as a more general symbol of the life of a Christian.

    “Bede represents the nomadic existence and life in tents as a symbol of a spiritual struggle with the devil as well as a more general symbol of the life of a Christian.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites In Genesim

      Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  • It may state two separate claims as one.

    Premisecitation

    The formulation of the life of Christians as exiles was widely disseminated in Augustine's writings and recurrent in his discussions of the contrast between the city of men and the City of God.

    “The formulation was widely disseminated in Augustine's writings and recurrent in his discussions of the contrast between the city of men and the City of God.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Augustine

      Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  • Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.

    Interpretationnone given

    Bede presupposes that his audience will find the image of tents used in warfare and in travelling familiar and evocative of their ancestors' migration from the continental Germania to Britain.

    “In addition, he presupposes that his audience will find the image of tents used in warfare and in travelling familiar and evocative of their ancestors' migration from the continental Germania to Britain.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.

    Premisecitation

    The noun burh plausibly has its roots in the verb beorgan, 'protect'.

    “It is plausible that the noun has its roots in the verb beorgan, 'protect', as Simon Draper suggests (Draper 2008: 240)”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Draper 2008: 240 source

  • Probably not a substantial claim. The paper may give no reason why it holds.

    Interpretationnone given

    The Exodus poet relies on the audience's knowledge of the trope of the hall as the symbol of social order.

    “The Exodus poet relies on the audience's knowledge of the trope of the hall as the symbol of social order.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim
    • Rests on an assumption: The Exodus poet's original audience was familiar with the traditional Germanic trope of the hall as a symbol of social order.

  • Probably not a substantial claim.

    Interpretationreasoning

    The urban imagery informing the fragment juxtaposes the Egyptians' existence in earthly cities against Israel's liberating travel.

    “Anagogically, the destruction of Pharaoh's army is a type of the Judgement Day and the urban imagery informing the fragment further juxtaposes their existence in earthly cities against Israel's liberating travel.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim.

    Interpretationreasoning

    Israel's mægburh is an inversion of the conventional image of a community insofar as it is displaced from a fixed geographical location symbolising order and continuity.

    “In contrast to the inversion of the conventional idea of the hall as a symbol of order and continuity, Israel's mægburh is an inversion of the conventional image of a community insofar as it is displaced from a fixed geographical location that symbolises order and continuity.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim.

    Interpretationreasoning

    The Old English account of the death of the Egyptians in the Red Sea depicts the urbanised space of the sea-hall as giving way to the essential wildness of the elements that constitute it.

    “The Old English account of the death of the Egyptians in the Red Sea depicts the urbanised space of the sea-hall as giving way to the essential wildness of the elements that constitute it.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence. The paper may give no reason why it holds.

    Interpretationreasoning

    The poet inverts the conventional imagery of the hall and exile in the poem to emphasise narrative moments that require the reader to explore the letter of the poem for additional layers or signification.

    “The poet inverts the conventional imagery of the hall and exile in the poem to emphasise narrative moments that require the reader to explore the letter of the poem for additional layers or signification.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.

    Interpretationnone given

    This wisdom, as transmitted in the poem, reflects on the relationship between peregrini and the land that they receive for temporary use, a gift that is to be taken away at the end of times.

    “This wisdom, as transmitted in the poem, reflects on the relationship between peregrini and the land that they receive for temporary use, a gift that is to be taken away at the end of times.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim. The paper may give no reason why it holds.

    Interpretationnone given

    The metaphor of the key that opens the Scripture, which the poet uses in Exodus, encourages the reader to unveil the hidden meaning of the narrative.

    “The metaphor of the key that opens the Scripture, which the poet uses in Exodus, encourages the reader to unveil the hidden meaning of the narrative.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.

    Interpretationnone given

    The poet uses irony to represent the death of the Egyptian army as a deep reward, deop lean, as, drowned in the sea, none of them survive to return home and relate the outcome of the battle with God in the protective confines of their boroughs.

    “The poet uses irony to represent the death of the Egyptian army as a deep reward, deop lean, as, drowned in the sea, none of them survive to return home and relate the outcome of the battle with God in the protective confines of their boroughs:”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim.

    Interpretationreasoning

    The walls of water that protected the Israelites from destructive natural elements and human enemies trap the Egyptians.

    “The walls of water that protected the Israelites from the destructive natural elements as well as from their human enemies trap the Egyptians.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • It may state two separate claims as one.

    Interpretationreasoning

    Throughout the description of their destruction, the Egyptians represent cives terreni; their destruction reflects the eschatology of earthly political structures.

    “Throughout the description of their destruction, the Egyptians represent cives terreni; their destruction reflects the eschatology of earthly political structures.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence. The paper may give no reason why it holds. It may state two separate claims as one.

    Interpretationnone given

    Knowledge of the secular trope of the hall is required for the audience since the traditional poetic idea of the hall is a hermeneutic key to unlocking the letter of the narrative and unveiling its allegorical meaning.

    “Knowledge of the secular trope of the hall is required for the audience since the traditional poetic idea of the hall is a hermeneutic key to unlocking the letter of the narrative and unveiling its allegorical meaning.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence. It may state two separate claims as one.

    Interpretationreasoning

    It is the strangeness of the inversion of the tropes that calls for an exegetical explication; the conventional secular imagery has been inverted in the poem during a process of facilitating the reader's reception of manifold allegory.

    “It is the strangeness of the inversion of the tropes that calls for an exegetical explication; the conventional secular imagery has been inverted in the poem during a process of facilitating the reader's reception of manifold allegory.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim.

    Interpretationreasoning

    The order of presentation guides the reader's movement from the allegorical perspective sustained in the bulk of the poem to his or her life experience in which the hall functions as a symbol of social order, rank and class.

    “The order of presentation guides the reader's movement from the allegorical perspective sustained in the bulk of the poem to his or her life experience in which the hall functions as a symbol of social order, rank and class.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence. The paper may give no reason why it holds.

    Interpretationnone given

    The poem's secret meaning can only be reached by the reader who is able to transcend the symbolism he or she falls back upon in the reception of secular texts.

    “The poem's secret meaning can only be reached by the reader who is able to transcend the symbolism he or she falls back upon in the reception of secular texts.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim.

    Interpretationreasoning

    The narrative proximity of the destruction of the Egyptians in the Red Sea depicted as a destruction of a hall forms an exegetically appropriate contrast for the establishment of Canaan as a prefiguration of salvation.

    “The narrative proximity of the destruction of the Egyptians in the Red Sea depicted as a destruction of a hall forms an exegetically appropriate contrast for the establishment of Canaan as a prefiguration of salvation.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.

    Interpretationreasoning

    The order of presenting the inverted imagery as first and its conventional form as second is also appropriate.

    “The order of presenting the inverted imagery as first and its conventional form as second is also appropriate.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim
93 of 93

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    The Old English Exodus is a unified poem whose urban and maritime imagery is artistically consistent.

    “The aim of the present article is to explore the conflation and inversion of urban and maritime spaces that informs the narrative of Exodus and to elucidate their artistic consistency.”

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    The Exodus poet had knowledge of or access to Augustinian and Bedan exegetical traditions.

    “Bede and his biblical commentaries are another source from which the poet may have derived the urban imagery that he uses to sustain the poem's polyvalent structure.”

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    The poem's original Christian audience would have been able to read the exodus typologically, tropologically, and anagogically.

    “which for the poem's Christian audience mystically and allegorically represents eternal life.”

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    The Exodus poet's original audience was familiar with the traditional Germanic trope of the hall as a symbol of social order.

    “The Exodus poet relies on the audience's knowledge of the trope of the hall as the symbol of social order.”

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    The Exodus poet's original audience was familiar with patristic allegorical exegesis, including Bede's and Augustine's ideas.

    “In the light of Bede's exegesis, the poem's original audiences may well have been prompted to understand the mægburh of the Isralites as a figure of the Church.”

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    Some of the poem's early medieval audiences lived in sophisticated urban settlements.

    “the very fact that some of the poem's early medieval audiences lived in sophisticated urban settlements must also be taken into account.”
6 of 6

Self-check

Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.

Each contradiction between two passages listed here was confirmed by an independent check.

  • Judgement prefiguration attributes destruction to the Israelites

    Minor

    The paper elsewhere identifies Pharaoh's army, not the Israelites, as the group destroyed in the Red Sea and treats that destruction as a prefiguration of Judgement Day.

1 of 1

Citations

Cites

Flagged first, then by citations

Research works printed but not linked: 10

  1. Augustine. 1997. On Christian teaching (translated by R. P. H. Green). Oxford University Press.
  2. Augustine. 2003. City of God (translated by Henry Bettenson). Penguin Books.
  3. Bede. 2006. On Ezra and Nehemiah. Liverpool University Press.
  4. Bede. 2008. On Genesis (translated by Calvin B. Kendall.). Liverpool University Press.
  5. Bjork, Robert R. (ed.). 2014. Old English shorter poems. Vol. II: Wisdom and lyric. Harvard University Press.
  6. Irving, Edward B, (ed.). 1953. The Old English Exodus. Yale University Press.
  7. Lucas, Peter J. (ed.). 2020. Exodus (3rd edn). Liverpool University Press.
  8. North, Richard & Michael D. J. Bintley (eds.). 2016. Andreas: An edition. Liverpool University Press.
  9. Discenza, Nicole Guenther. 2017. Inhabited spaces: Anglo-Saxon construction of space. Toronto University Press.
  10. Hopkins, Stephen C. E. 2018. Snared by the beasts of battle: Fear as hermeneutic guide in the Old English Exodus. Philological Quarterly 97(1). 1-25.

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Related

Metadata

Authors
Olesiejko, J.
Affiliations
Adam Mickiewicz University in Poznań (PL)
Corresponding author
Olesiejko, Jacek
ORCID
Olesiejko, Jacek
Venue
Studia Anglica Posnaniensia
Publisher
Adam Mickiewicz University Poznan
Published
2022-01-01
Volume
57
Issue
1
Pages
5-32
ISSN
  • 0081-6272 (ISSN-L)
  • 2082-5102
DOI
10.2478/stap-2022-0001
OpenAlex
W4210973251
Cited by
2
References
20
Citations by year
2023: 2
FWCI
12.66
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
Licence
Locations
  • Studia Anglica Posnaniensia (publishedVersion, cc-by-nc-nd)
  • Pressto (Uniwersytetu Adama Mickiewicza) (submittedVersion)
  • DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion)
  • Repozytorium Uniwersytetu im. Adama Mickiewicza (Adam Mickiewicz University in Poznań) (submittedVersion, cc-by-nc-nd)
Topics
  • Social Sciences › Arts and Humanities › History › Medieval Literature and History
  • Social Sciences › Arts and Humanities › Literature and Literary Theory › Historical, Literary, and Cultural Studies
  • Social Sciences › Arts and Humanities › Religious studies › Biblical Studies and Interpretation
Keywords
Old English poetry, biblical exodus, Red Sea, urban imagery, exile, hermeneutics, typology, tropology, anagogy, biblical adaptation

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