Appraising the Impact of Toward a Feminist Theory of the State: Consciousness-Raising, Hierarchy Theory, and Substantive Equality Laws

May combine two claims.

The Swedish national umbrella organization for women's shelters, ROKS, lobbied for the prostitution law and rallied other actors to support it, precipitating its passing in Parliament in 1998, with the law taking effect in 1999.

“The Swedish national umbrella organization for women's shelters, ROKS, lobbied for the law and rallied other actors to support it, 4 precipitating its passing in Parliament in 1998, with the law taking effect in 1999.”

• cites [4] 4. TFTS, supra note 1, at 3.Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

• cites [5] 5. See Catharine A. MacKinnon, Substantive Equality Revisited: A Reply to Sandra Fredman, 14 INT'L J. CONST. LAW 739, 740 (2016) (arguing that " sourcePartly supported

  Section 29 describes Sweden’s prostitution law, and the References mention its passage. Neither passage identifies ROKS, describes its lobbying or role in securing passage, or gives the 1998 and 1999 dates. Searches for ROKS and those dates found no further support in our copy. (LLM, conf=0.78)

  Experimental — accuracy not yet measured

May combine two claims.

If women are deemed not similar to the male standard, under the Aristotelian approach they could either be left in the subordinated situations they are in without remedy, or their situations could warrant unlike treatment, which may include worse treatment.

“If women are deemed not similar in such respects, but “different” from the male standard, under the Aristotelian approach they could either be left in the subordinated situations they are in without remedy, or their situations could warrant unlike treatment, which may include worse treatment.30”

• cites [30]Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Classified as probably not a substantial claim. May combine two claims.

Toward a Feminist Theory of the State was problem-driven, presenting empirically grounded theories that could be put into practice in policy and law, in contrast to much social theory popular at the time.

“The approach was problem-driven, 2 presenting empirically grounded theories that could actually be put into practice in policy and law, in contrast to much social theory popular at the time.”

• cites [2] 2. TFTS, supra note 1, at 150-51.Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

May combine two claims.

Women do more part-time work and uncompensated house work than men.

“includes more part-time work and uncompensated house work for women than for men; 28”

• cites [28]Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Classified as probably not a substantial claim. May combine two claims.

Hierarchy theory is a shift from standard equality laws that follow Aristotle's principle of treating likes alike and unlikes unalike, an approach that does not promote substantive equality.

“Hierarchy theory is a shift from standard equality laws that, as demonstrated by MacKinnon, follow Aristotle's principle of treating likes alike and unlikes unalike-an approach that does not promote substantive equality.25”

• cites [25]Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

Studies such as these led MacKinnon to conclude that the sexuality available for women is largely imposed on them through a system of dominance and terror.

“Studies such as these and many others-including studies on the exploitative and abusive production of pornography, and its effect on consumers' likelihood to sexually aggress-led MacKinnon to conclude that the sexuality available for women is largely imposed on them through a system of dominance and terror.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

The knowledge of gender-based violence as a harm is hidden or ignored by men who contribute to gender-based violence and sexual exploitation, rather than the knowledge itself being hidden to them.

“Yet this is not to say that the knowledge is hidden to the men who, for instance, contribute to gender-based violence and sexual exploitation.Rather, it is the knowledge of it as a harm that is hidden or ignored.11”

• cites [11]Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

MacKinnon illuminated how the social construction of sexuality is inseparable from male dominance.

“Drawing on the consequences of her critique of objectification as method and male dominance in scholarship, and from consciousness-raising and the new empirical research it stimulated, MacKinnon also illuminated how the social construction of sexuality is inseparable from male dominance:”

• cites [15]Not matched

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May combine two claims.

A 1991 study reported that virtually all American women worried about being raped-two-thirds consciously, and the remaining unconsciously but visible through their sometimes elaborately cautious behavior.

“Considering the context of intimidation and fear MacKinnon describes, it is not surprising that a study published in 1991 reported that virtually all American women worried about being raped-two-thirds consciously, and the remaining unconsciously but nonetheless visible through their sometimes elaborately cautious behavior.21”

• cites [21]Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

May combine two claims.

Abortion was framed either as women's private choice or as an irresponsible act of feticide; conservatives did not call it an outcome of unequal conditions making women lose control of access to their bodies, and the left did not recognize how use of contraceptives or abortion could stigmatize women as sexually available, thus targeting them for rape.

“Similarly, abortion was framed either as women's private choice, or as an irresponsible act of feticide; conservatives did not call it an outcome of unequal conditions making women lose control of access to their bodies; and the left did not recognize how use of contraceptives (or abortion) could stigmatize women as sexually available, thus targeting them for rape.13”

• cites [13]Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

Women practicing consciousness-raising began to ask different questions than conventional male researchers did.

“Women practicing consciousness-raising began to ask different questions than conventional male researchers did, such”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable), S3 (load-bearing).

Numerous other factors contribute to women's subordination.

“and includes numerous other factors contributing to women's subordination.29”

• cites [29]Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

Toward a Feminist Theory of the State demonstrated how many perspectives that purported to be neutral and objective in existing law and policy were viewpoints from the position of dominance in a system that subordinated women.

“Toward a Feminist Theory of the State elegantly demonstrated how many of those perspectives that purported to be neutral and objective in existing law and policy were, in fact, viewpoints from the position of dominance in a system, whether left-or right-wing, that subordinated women.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

The prevalence of gender-based violence or fear of such violence in women's lives is part of what underlies the first sentence of Toward a Feminist Theory of the State.

“The fact that gender-based violence or the fear of such violence is so prevalent in women's lives is part of what underlies the first sentence in Toward a Feminist Theory of the State:”

Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

Following MacKinnon, consciousness-raising has been a method for generating knowledge into an intrinsically social situation, into the mixture of thought and materiality that comprises gender in the broadest sense.

“Following MacKinnon, consciousness-raising has been a method for generating knowledge “into an intrinsically social situation, into that mixture of thought and materiality which comprises gender in the broadest sense.”9”

• cites [9] 9. INVISIBLE VISIBLE ACTORS: LGBT PEOPLE WITH EXPERIENCE IN SELLING AND/OR BUYING SEXUAL SERVICES] 98-99, 245, 260 (2011), https://alfresco.rfsl.se/ share/s/40M0ziL6TcOP-iECiQTvWg;Not checked yet

  Not checked in the free run.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Committing to this paradigm meant accounting for a large body of empirical research on gender-based violence and its determinants that had emerged clearly by that time.

“Committing to this paradigm meant accounting for a large body of empirical research on gender-based violence and its determinants that had emerged clearly by that time”

• cites [17]Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

May combine two claims.

A study of 930 randomly selected adult females in San Francisco, published seven years before Toward a Feminist Theory of the State, found that 44% of respondents reported rape or attempted rape according to contemporaneous legal standards at least once in their lives, with half of them reporting it more than once.

“For instance, a study of 930 randomly selected adult females in San Francisco, published seven years before Toward a Feminist Theory of the State, found that 44% of respondents reported rape or attempted rape according to contemporaneous legal standards at least once in their lives, with half of them reporting it more than once.18”

• cites [18]Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

A problem-driven political science starts with a problem in the world rather than analyzing a problem as an artifact of the theories and methods used to study it.

“As Ian Shapiro describes, a problem-driven political science “start [s] with a problem in the world,” as opposed to analyzing a problem “in ways that are . . .mere artifacts of the theories and methods that are deployed to study it.””

• cites Ian Shapiro, Problems, Methods, and Theories in the Study of Politics, or What's Wrong with Political Science and What to Do About It, 30 POL.THEORY 596, 598 (2002)Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable). May combine two claims.

Differences are inequality's post hoc excuse, its conclusory artifact, its outcome presented as its origin, its sentimentalization, its damage pointed to as justification after the damage has been done, and the distinctions perception is socially organized to notice because inequality gives them consequences for social power.

“Differences are inequality's post hoc excuse, its conclusory artifact, its outcome presented as its origin, its sentimentalization, its damage that is pointed to as the justification for doing the damage after the damage has been done, the distinctions that perception is socially organized to notice because inequality gives them consequences for social power.33”

• cites [33]Not matched

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Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

MacKinnon wrote that women exist in a context of terror.

“Given that this is the situation of all women, that one never knows for sure that one is not next on the list of victims until the moment one dies (and then, who knows?), it does not seem exaggerated to say that women are sexual, meaning that women exist, in a context of terror.20”

• cites [20]Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

One central feature of Toward a Feminist Theory of the State was to draw from consciousness-raising as a feminist research method to further ground its approach to equality, particularly its prescription for substantive equality laws.

“As a comprehensive political theory of the relationship between male dominance and the state, one of the book's central features was to draw from consciousness-raising as a feminist research method to further ground its approach to equality, particularly in its prescription for substantive equality laws.”

Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

A feminist theory had to account for how sexuality is constructed in its experienced empirical existence, not just in the texts of history, the social psyche, or language.

“In contrast to existing theories, a feminist theory had to account for how sexuality is constructed “in its experienced empirical existence, not just in the texts of history (as Foucault does), in the social psyche (as Lacan does), or in language (as Derrida does).”16”

• cites [16]Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

May combine two claims.

The Aristotelian equality approach revolves around sameness and difference, where sameness with the dominant group's standard entitles compensatory relief for discrimination, while perceived difference mostly provides disadvantages and very few, usually questionable, benefits for women.

“The Aristotelian equality approach revolves around the concept of sameness and difference, where sameness with the dominant group's standard entitles compensatory relief for discrimination, while perceived difference-which mostly provides disadvantages and very few, usually questionable, benefits for women-does not.31”

• cites [31]Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

May combine two claims.

Both the ordinance and the prostitution law applied the substantive equality principles advanced in Toward a Feminist Theory of the State.

“As shown below, both the ordinance and the prostitution law applied the substantive equality principles advanced in Toward a Feminist Theory of the State.”

May combine two claims.

In Ana Bridges and associates' random sample of 50 of the 275 bestselling/most-rented U.S. pornography films from December 2004 to June 2005, 88.2% among 304 scenes showed physical aggression and 48.7% showed verbal aggression, both with overwhelmingly female targets.

“in Ana Bridges and associates' random sample of 50 of the 275 bestselling/most-rented U.S. pornography films from December 2004 to June 2005, 88.2% among 304 scenes showed physical aggression and 48.7% showed verbal aggression, both with overwhelmingly female targets.56”

• cites [56]Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

May combine two claims.

Similar ordinances were passed by the Indianapolis City Council in 1984 and by referendum in Bellingham, Washington, in 1988, but both laws were invalidated by federal courts.

“Similar ordinances were then passed by the Indianapolis City Council in 1984 and by referendum in Bellingham, Washington, in 1988, but both laws were invalidated by federal courts.49”

• cites [49]Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Classified as probably not a substantial claim. May combine two claims.

The social construction of sexuality was identified as intrinsically related to women's subordination to men, thus warranting new substantive equality laws challenging practices such as pornography and prostitution, given the empirical evidence of their harm.

“As discussed above, the social construction of sexuality was identified as intrinsically related to women's subordination to men, 43 thus warranting new substantive equality laws challenging practices such as pornography and prostitution, given the empirical evidence of their harm.”

• cites [43]Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

May combine two claims.

The first ordinance was passed by the Minneapolis City Council on December 30, 1983, but Mayor Donald Fraser, who did not attend the hearings, vetoed it on January 5, 1984.

“The first ordinance was passed by the Minneapolis City Council on December 30, 1983, but Mayor Donald Fraser, who did not attend the hearings, vetoed it on January 5, 1984.47”

• cites [47]Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

May combine two claims.

An anonymous self-administered representative population survey done in 2014 estimated that 46% of American men and 16% of women age eighteen to thirty-nine use pornography any given week, and 56% of men and 26% of women any month.

“An anonymous self-administered representative population survey done in 2014 estimated that 46% of American men and 16% of women age eighteen to thirty-nine use pornography any given week, and 56% of men and 26% of women any month.59”

• cites [59]Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

May combine two claims.

Under the new Swedish law, the government can more effectively support persons to escape prostitution while these people simultaneously seemed to have acquired a bargaining advantage toward the purchasers, who are the only ones vulnerable to criminal charges.

“Under the new law, the government can more effectively support persons to escape prostitution while these people simultaneously seemed to have acquired a bargaining advantage toward the purchasers, who are the only ones vulnerable to criminal charges.53”

• cites [53]Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

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Under the Swedish law, persons who are bought are not criminalized, but third-party profiteers and enablers are.

“The persons who are bought are not criminalized, but third-party profiteers and enablers are.52”

• cites [52]Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims. The quote only partly states this claim.

Purcell found nearly every popular movie in her 2000s sample featured ATMs as well as throat sex, and many new movies with men penetrating women's throats were filled with gagging, retching, choking, gasping, and less often vomiting.

“ATMs as well as”

• cites [58]Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

The Bellingham ordinance was invalidated in 1989 by a federal district court, which cited the Seventh Circuit's appellate opinion from 1985.

“The Bellingham ordinance was invalidated in 1989 by a federal district court, which cited the Seventh Circuit's (another circuit's) appellate opinion from 1985.”

May combine two claims.

The Swedish prostitution law was passed in 1998, took effect in 1999, and criminalizes persons buying prostituted persons for sexual use, so far largely with fines, though imprisonment could technically be used.

“The Swedish prostitution law was passed in 1998, took effect in 1999, and criminalizes the persons buying prostituted persons for sexual use, so far largely with fines, though imprisonment could technically be used.51”

• cites [51]Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Classified as probably not a substantial claim. May combine two claims.

Toward a Feminist Theory of the State identified a range of linchpin social practices that a feminist hierarchy theory and jurisprudence of substantive equality laws must confront, one of which was pornography.

“To address these crucial obstacles to women's equality, Toward a Feminist Theory of the State identified a range of linchpin social practices that a feminist hierarchy theory and jurisprudence of substantive equality laws must confront, one of which was pornography.42”

• cites [42]Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

May combine two claims.

To avoid recall bias, the 2014 survey only asked respondents when was the last time they intentionally looked at pornography, to which 14% among the men reported today, 13% yesterday, 14% 2-4 days ago, and 5% 5-6 days ago.

“To avoid such”

• cites [61]Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

May combine two claims.

Studies find that women more than men report that their pornography consumption was initiated by partners or acquaintances, and that men more often report consuming alone, with indications of longer durations.

“Studies also find that women more than men report that their pornography consumption was initiated by partners or acquaintances, and that men more often report consuming alone, 63 with indications of longer durations.64”

• cites [63]Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

• cites [64]Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Opposition was also heard throughout the hearings.

“Opposition was also heard throughout the hearings.46”

• cites [46]Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based).

In 1983, Catharine A. MacKinnon and Andrea Dworkin drafted anti-pornography civil rights ordinances in response to a crisis in Minneapolis, Minnesota.

“In 1983, Catharine A. MacKinnon and Andrea Dworkin drafted anti-pornography civil rights ordinances in response to a crisis in Minneapolis, Minnesota.”

Classified as probably not a substantial claim. May combine two claims.

This locates the injury outside the bounds of equality law despite the fact that people who most need equal treatment will be the least similar, socially, to those whose situation sets the standard against which their entitlement to equal treatment is measured.

“This locates the injury outside the bounds of equality law despite, as MacKinnon demonstrated, the fact that people “who most need equal treatment will be the least similar, socially, to those whose situation sets the standard against which their entitlement to equal treatment is measured.”41”

• cites [41]Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

May combine two claims.

The sameness/difference approach fails to promote equality in situations where women are most subordinated to men, such as prostitution where a majority of women are poor and have no other option for survival, female-dominated occupations where women are underpaid compared to male-dominated occupations, or child custody decisions when income levels or seeming identification with sexual abusers orb

“The sameness/difference approach fails to promote equality in situations where women are most subordinated to men; for example, in prostitution where a majority of women are poor and have no other option for survival, 38 in female-dominated occupations where women are underpaid compared to maledominated occupations, 39 or during child custody decisions when income levels, or seeming identification”

• cites [38]Not matched

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• cites [39]Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

• cites [40]Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable), S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based).

Updated empirical evidence describing the associations between pornography, sexual exploitation, and gender-based violence warrants their reconsideration even further.

“updated empirical evidence describing the associations between pornography, sexual exploitation, and gender-based violence warrants their reconsideration even further.”

May combine two claims.

An identical ordinance was passed a second time on July 13, 1984 and also vetoed by Mayor Fraser.

“An identical ordinance was passed a second time on July 13, 1984 and also vetoed by Mayor Fraser.48”

• cites [48]Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

May combine two claims. The quote only partly states this claim.

The empirical research and evidence above show even more convincingly today that pornography promotes gender-based violence, inspires johns to purchase sex, and inhibits enforcement of laws by trivializing sexual violence, in rape juries among other places.

“The empirical research and evidence above show even more convincingly today that pornography promotes gender-based violence, inspires johns to purchase sex, and inhibits enforcement of laws by trivializing sexual violence, in rape juries among other places.”

May combine two claims.

The legislative findings of the ordinances recognized pornography's role in subordinating women by promoting and trivializing gender-based violence and prostitution, thus showing that women's substantive equality was at stake.

“The legislative findings of the ordinances further recognized pornography's role in subordinating women by promoting and trivializing gender-based violence and prostitution, thus showing that women's substantive equality was at stake.”

May combine two claims.

The conclusion that pornography consumption causes more gender-based violence is corroborated across reliable methods and valid measurements, by contrast to studies using less reliable methods and less validated measures, such as aggregated officially reported crime statistics.

“As shown above, this conclusion is corroborated across reliable methods and valid measurements, by contrast to studies using less reliable methods and less validated measures, which are not uncommon, one example being the use of aggregated officially reported crime statistics.82”

• cites [82]Not matched

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The 2013 study on Los Angeles performers failed to present reliable evidence and was produced in collaboration with the sex industry, giving it strong incentives to present the situation as harmless.

“The 2013 study failed, however, to present reliable evidence and was produced in collaboration with the sex industry itself, thus having strong incentives to present the situation as harmless.”

• cites [107]Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

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Recent and prior meta-analyses of naturalistic studies show that persons in the normal population who report higher pornography consumption also report more sexual aggression and more attitudes that promote rape than low-consuming persons report.

“The experimental findings are also further mirrored in social reality: recent and prior meta-analyses of naturalistic studies show that persons in the normal population who report higher pornography consumption also report more sexual aggression and more attitudes that promote rape than low-consuming persons report.72”

• cites [72]Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

May combine two claims.

The Boston study compared 101 johns with 101 non-johns, finding that johns reported masturbating significantly more to a greater variety of pornography genres than non-johns did, including multiple men penetrating a woman, anal sex, group sex, and groups of men ejaculating on a humiliated woman's face.

“Notably, the Boston study compared 101 johns with 101 non-johns, finding that johns reported masturbating significantly more to a greater variety of pornography genres than non-johns did, including multiple men penetrating a woman, anal sex, group sex, and groups of men ejaculating on a humiliated woman's face.78”

• cites [78]Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

May combine two claims.

Meta-analyses of nearly fifty psychological experiments now show that exposure to violent as well as nonviolent pornography causes men to be more aggressive against women and to adopt more attitudes that promote and trivialize sexual aggression than otherwise.

“Meta-analyses of nearly fifty psychological experiments now show that exposure to violent as well as nonviolent pornography causes men to be more aggressive against women and to adopt more attitudes that promote and trivialize sexual aggression than otherwise.67”

• cites [67]Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

May combine two claims.

A majority of sex buyers may explicitly admit they want to imitate pornography, such as 52% of 101 johns in Boston and 71% of 133 johns in Cambodia.

“Moreover, a majority of sex buyers (”

• cites [76]Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

May combine two claims.

The pornography research paradigm shows that consumption is an independent factor causing more gender-based violence, and particularly severely so for battered and prostituted persons.

“The pornography research paradigm shows that consumption is an independent factor causing more gender-based violence, and particularly severely so for battered and prostituted persons.”

May combine two claims.

Prostitution in itself is a predictor of PTSD, and being used for pornography in combination with other prostitution predicts even more severe PTSD.

“This means that prostitution in itself is a predictor of PTSD, and that being used for pornography in combination with other prostitution predicts even more severe PTSD.”

May combine two claims.

A 2011 study surveying 134 female adult film performers found that 37% reported forced sex before age 18 compared to 13% of a demographically matched Californian control group; 21% compared to 4% of controls reported being moved into foster child care; 24% compared to 12% of controls reported their household received social welfare; and 50% of performers reported living in poverty in the last 12个月

“37% of the performers, compared to 13% of a demographically-matched Californian control group, reported experiencing”

• cites [86]Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

May combine two claims.

Nonviolent pornography that objectifies, degrades, or dehumanizes contributes to men categorizing women according to notions of whores versus Madonnas, wild versus virtuous girls, and so on, where perceptions of promiscuity promote aggression.

“invariably does, 69 even without express violence, contributes to men categorizing women according to notions of”

• cites [69]Not matched

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• cites [70]Not matched

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May combine two claims.

Pornography contributes to sex discrimination and, as the City Councils concluded, promotes rape, battery, and prostitution and inhibits just enforcement of laws against such acts.

“Indeed, pornography contributes to sex discrimination and-as the City Councils concluded-promotes”

• cites [84]Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

May combine two claims.

Pornographers exploit inequalities and vulnerabilities to make performers accept increasingly abusive conduct that consumers demand, and this is true in both the Los Angeles pornography industry and gay male pornography production.

“Pornographers appear to exploit any inequalities and vulnerabilities they find to make performers accept being subjected to increasingly abusive conduct that consumers apparently demand, and this seems just as true in the purportedly glamorous Los Angeles pornography industry as in gay male pornography production.”

• cites [93]Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

May combine two claims.

A need for money for survival was the most commonly stated reason for entering prostitution (n = 14), sometimes specified as for paying rent or bills, while earning money for drugs was second (n = 10).

“stated for entering prostitution was a need for money for survival (n = 14), sometimes specified as for paying the rent or bills, while earning money for drugs was second place (n = 10))”

• cites CHANDRÉ GOULD & NICOLE FICK, SELLING SEX IN CAPE TOWN 115 (2008)Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

• cites SPECIAL COMM'N ON PORNOGRAPHY & PROSTITUTION IN CANADA, 2 REPORT ON PORNOGRAPHY AND PROSTITUTION 376 (1985)Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

May combine two claims.

To the consumer, it appears as if pornography objectifies women, thus robbing them of part of their human value, which legitimizes singling them out for inhumane abuses.

“To the consumer, it appears as if pornography objectifies women, thus robbing them of part of their human value, which legitimizes singling them out for inhumane abuses.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable). May combine two claims.

Legal prostitution would give existing exploitation the benefit of doubt, presumptively making pimps into legitimate businessmen and johns into ordinary customers.

“legal prostitution, as such, would give existing exploitation the benefit of doubt, thus presumptively making pimps into legitimate businessmen and johns into ordinary customers.”

• cites [138]Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

Decriminalizing prostitution across the board would promote inequality.

“Hence, decriminalizing prostitution across the board would similarly promote inequality, MacKinnon argued; 138”

• cites [138]Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

Pornography subordinates women in society by making producers and consumers treat women as sexual objects that can be legitimately abused and exploited.

“since pornography subordinates women in society by making producers and consumers treat women as sexual objects that can be legitimately abused and exploited.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based).

One can expect a tacit quid pro quo relationship between johns and brothels, where brothels receive money and johns are given an opportunity to do what they want.

“Thus, one can expect a tacit quid pro quo relationship between johns and brothels, where brothels receive money and johns are given an opportunity to do what they want.”

May combine two claims.

Numerous studies and reports show that under other countries' laws, where men are free to buy sex from prostituted persons, the sex industry is not only many times larger, but also more dangerous, exploitative, and unsafe than in Sweden, contrary to the brothel lobby's marketing and popular opinion.

“On the other hand, numerous studies and reports show that under other countries' laws, where men are free to buy sex from prostituted persons, the sex industry is not only many times larger, but also more dangerous, exploitative, and unsafe than in Sweden, contrary to the brothel lobby's marketing and popular opinion.162”

• cites [162]Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

May combine two claims.

MacKinnon introduced the ordinances in Sweden in 1990 during a public speech and parliamentary seminar, offering a civil remedy for pornography and suggesting reforms to Sweden's prostitution law; the prostitution law reforms were enacted nine years later.

“When Professor MacKinnon introduced the ordinances in Sweden in 1990 during a public speech and parliamentary seminar, she offered not only a civil remedy for pornography but also suggested reforms to Sweden's prostitution law; the latter were enacted nine years later.135”

• cites [135]Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

May combine two claims.

A comprehensive research evaluation in 2012 concluded that 80% of the sample of twenty-six clients who were still in the program after one year had left prostitution entirely, while the remaining 20% were prostituted less frequently and also wanted to leave prostitution entirely.

“Specialized public social service exit programs for prostituted persons in Sweden were subjected to a comprehensive research evaluation in 2012, and the evaluation concluded that 80% of the sample of twenty-six clients who were still in the program after one year had left prostitution entirely, while the remaining 20% were prostituted less frequently and also wanted to leave prostitution entirely.”

• cites [148]Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

May combine two claims.

Since then, street prostitution in Sweden has decreased further to about 200 to 250 in 2014, while there is no evidence suggesting an increase in indoor prostitution.

“Since then, street prostitution in Sweden has decreased even further to about 200 to 250 in 2014, while there is no evidence suggesting an increase in indoor prostitution.146”

• cites [146]Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

A comparative research study published in 2008 for the Nordic Council of Ministers used relatively uniform measurements and methods to compare prostitution in Sweden, Norway, and Denmark.

“A comparative research study published in 2008 for the Nordic Council of Ministers used relatively uniform measurements and methods to compare prostitution in Sweden, Norway, and Denmark.141”

• cites [141]Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

May combine two claims.

Although the Indianapolis ordinance was invalidated in the Seventh Circuit on purported expressive grounds, the court could have sustained the ordinance based on a number of theories if it wished to do so.

“Although the Indianapolis ordinance was invalidated in the Seventh Circuit on purported expressive grounds, 130 the court could have sustained the ordinance based on a number of theories if it wished to do so.”

• cites [130]Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

May combine two claims.

The needs of prostituted persons, whose vulnerable situations do not provide much leverage, have not been influential until recently, and then only in places such as Sweden where MacKinnon's ideas have taken root.

“The needs of prostituted persons, whose vulnerable situations do not provide much leverage, have not been influential until recently, and then only in places such as Sweden where MacKinnon's ideas have taken root.”

May combine two claims.

This situation does not exist where buying sex is legal, and where men think, with reason, that nothing can stop them.

“This situation does not exist where buying sex is legal, and where men think, with reason, that nothing can stop them;”

• AssumptionRests on an assumption: No woman in Sweden has been murdered in connection with prostitution since 1999.

May combine two claims.

Sweden's law demonstrably reduced prostitution, contributing to more substantive equality by eliminating considerable sexual exploitation and abuse.

“Sweden's law hence demonstrably reduced prostitution, contributing to more substantive equality by eliminating considerable sexual exploitation and abuse.”

Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

MacKinnon's speech criticized prostitution laws that criminalized both those bought for sex and those buying people for sex because there is a hierarchy at work: one is exploited and abused, the other is exploiting and abusing.

“MacKinnon's speech criticized prostitution laws that criminalized both those bought for sex and those buying people for sex because there is a hierarchy at work: one is exploited and abused, the other is exploiting and abusing.136”

• cites [136]Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable), S4 (based).

There was even less in the way of a feminist jurisprudence concretely applicable to challenge linchpin practices that reinforce male dominance.

“There was even less in the way of a feminist jurisprudence concretely applicable to challenge linchpin practices that reinforce male dominance.”

May combine two claims.

Street prostitution in Sweden decreased from 726 in 1998 to about 300 in 2007, and in online advertisements roughly 300 women and 50 men were additionally found.

“By contrast, street prostitution in Sweden decreased from 726 in 1998 to about 300 in 2007, and in online advertisements roughly 300 women and 50 men were additionally found.145”

• cites [145]Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

May combine two claims.

Similar complaints against general nonspecialized social services have been reported elsewhere, while specialized exit programs are noticeably more appreciated by people wishing to leave the sex industry.

“Similar complaints against general nonspecialized social services have been reported elsewhere, while the specialized exit programs are noticeably more appreciated by people wishing to leave the sex industry.152”

• cites [152]Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

May combine two claims.

Although permissible under the law, claiming damage awards directly from johns has not been realized; however, damages are sometimes acquired from third parties such as pimps.

“Although permissible under the law, this has not been realized; however, damages are sometimes acquired from third parties such as pimps.159”

• cites [159]Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

Researchers counted advertisements for prostitution and street prostitution, which at the time were two fairly robust measurements of the prevalence of prostitution from a comparative perspective.

“Researchers counted advertisements for prostitution as well as street prostitution, which at the time were two fairly robust measurements of the prevalence of prostitution from a comparative perspective, especially considering the huge differences found.142”

• cites [142]Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

May combine two claims.

Exit programs are not yet guaranteed under Swedish law, making them vulnerable to public decisions, including misplaced management interventions or budget cuts.

“Nonetheless, exit programs are not yet guaranteed under Swedish law, making them vulnerable to public decisions, including misplaced management interventions or budget cuts.153”

• cites [153]Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S4 (based).

Even with small individual damage amounts, an endless stream of individual lawsuits or a larger class action lawsuit would push a major pornography distributor/seller toward bankruptcy.

“Even with small individual damage amounts, an endless stream of individual lawsuits or a larger class action lawsuit would push a major pornography distributor/seller toward bankruptcy.”

May combine two claims.

The ordinance only targeted provably harmful materials, avoiding borderline cases.

“Accordingly, the ordinance only targeted provably harmful materials, avoiding borderline cases.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S4 (based).

Before Toward a Feminist Theory of the State, no other work had clearly connected feminist practices such as consciousness-raising with a corresponding feminist political theory.

“Before Toward a Feminist Theory of the State, no other work had clearly connected feminist practices such as consciousnessraising with a corresponding feminist political theory.”

Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

MacKinnon's theory connected the dots between the empirically documented harms and unequal conditions of practices such as pornography, rape, unequal pay, reproduction, and abortion with the laws enabling or otherwise influencing those practices.

“MacKinnon's theory connected the dots between the empirically documented harms and unequal conditions of practices such as pornography, rape, unequal pay, reproduction, and abortion with the laws enabling or otherwise influencing those practices.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable), S4 (based).

Anywhere in the world where male dominance and oppression of women exist, MacKinnon offers an effective blueprint for change.

“Anywhere in the world where male dominance and oppression of women exist, MacKinnon offers an effective blueprint for change.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable), S4 (based). May combine two claims.

MacKinnon transformed the world through merging consciousness-raising and critically informed scholarship, and her theory effectuated real legal change.

“This is not only because MacKinnon transformed the world through merging consciousness-raising and critically informed scholarship, but also because her theory effectuated real legal change.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable), S4 (based).

Few other theories offer an effective blueprint for change.

“Few other theories do.”

Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

MacKinnon offered a legal theory of how to effectively change this system.

“Moreover, she offered a legal theory of how to effectively change this system.”