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Right for the Right Reasons: Training Differentiable Models by Constraining their Explanations
Open accessAbstract
Expressive classifiers such as neural networks are among the most accurate supervised learning methods in use today, but their opaque decision boundaries make them difficult to trust in critical applications. We propose a method to explain the predictions of any differentiable model via the gradient of the class label with respect to the input (which provides a normal to the decision boundary). Not only is this approach orders of magnitude faster at identifying input dimensions of high sensitivity than sample-based perturbation methods (e.g. LIME), but it also lends itself to efficiently discovering multiple qualitatively different decision boundaries as well as decision boundaries that are consistent with expert annotation. On multiple datasets, we show our approach generalizes much better when test conditions differ from those in training.
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“Some papers already optimize for interpretability by using a regularization term or objective function during training of the predictive model (e.g., [33,137,191,211,244,276,277,289]) or by relating rewards to explainability and presentation quality in reinforcement learning (e.g., [268]).”
From From Anecdotal Evidence to Quantitative Evaluation Methods: A Systematic Review on Evaluating Explainable AI (2023) · cites this paper as [211]
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Metadata
- Authors
- Ross, A. S., Hughes, M. C., & Doshi-Velez, F.
- Affiliations
- Harvard University (US)
- Harvard University
- Venue
- Proceedings of the Twenty-Sixth International Joint Conference on Artificial Intelligence
- Published
- 2017-08
- Pages
- 2662-2670
- OpenAlex
- W2595017202
- Cited by
- 515
- References
- 31
- Citations by year
- 2026: 34 · 2025: 46 · 2024: 58 · 2023: 73 · 2022: 64 · 2021: 93 · 2020: 67 · 2019: 43 · 2018: 31 · 2017: 5
- FWCI
- 18.21
- Type
- conference paper
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Locations
- International Joint Conference on Artificial Intelligence (publishedVersion)
- arXiv (Cornell University) (submittedVersion)
- arXiv (Cornell University)
- Funders
- Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency (W911NF-16-1-0561)
- Air Force Office of Scientific Research (FA9550-17, FA9550-, FA9550-17-1, -16-1-)
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Computer Science › Artificial Intelligence › Explainable Artificial Intelligence (XAI)
- Physical Sciences › Computer Science › Artificial Intelligence › Adversarial Robustness in Machine Learning
- Physical Sciences › Computer Science › Software › Software Testing and Debugging Techniques
- Keywords
- explainable AI, gradient-based explanation, decision boundaries, neural network interpretability, perturbation method, lime
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
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