CoChat
Sign Up
Cited by 65Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances researchSynthesis and properties of polymersToxic Organic Pollutants Impact

The DOI matches its DataCite record.

The PFAS Health Study: Systematic Literature Review

Open access
Kirk, Martyn, Smurthwaite, Kayla, Braunig, Jennifer, Trevenar, Susan, D'Este, Catherine, Lucas, Robyn, Lal, Aparna, Korda, Rosemary, Clements, Archie, Mueller, Jochen, Armstrong, Bruce·2018·National Centre for Epidemiology and Population Health, The Australian National University
DOI 10.25911/kw6t-7h44
Open this paper in CoChat — free accountOpen PDF

Abstract

This review examined all published research into the human health effects of exposure to perfluoroalkyl and polyfluoroalkyl substances, commonly known collectively as PFAS. PFAS chemicals are very resistant to heat and to degradation in the environment, and they persist for quite long periods in the human body. They were extensively used in fire-fighting foams, which were commonly used in fire drills at airports, and in household products, such as protective coatings on furniture and non-stick surfaces on cookware. PFOS (perfluorooctane sulfonic acid) and PFOA (perfluorooctanoic acid) were the two most commonly used PFAS chemicals. We reviewed research published up until February 7th 2017. We found 221 separate scientific publications that reported new results of relevant research in humans. These publications covered effects on reproduction, on pregnant women and their newborn babies, on body metabolism, on major body systems, including brain and nerves, heart and blood vessels, airways and lungs and the immune system, on specific conditions such as overweight, diabetes and cancer, and on thyroid gland function. The people they studied included people who worked in plants manufacturing these chemicals, firefighters, people with higher than usual exposure because of contamination of water supplies and people in the general community, whose exposure was ascertained by measuring PFAS chemicals in their blood. We found sufficient evidence that higher levels of PFOS or PFOA in a person’s blood can lead to higher blood cholesterol levels. High blood cholesterol is associated with heart disease. PFOS and PFOA, however, appeared only to increase cholesterol levels by a small amount. We found limited evidence that higher levels of PFAS in the blood resulted in slightly higher levels of uric acid in the blood. Uric acid is a normal body product and is removed by the kidneys. In a small number of studies, however, we also found limited evidence that high PFAS levels in the blood reduced kidney function or were associated with chronic kidney disease. Since PFAS chemicals are excreted by the kidneys it is possible PFAS does not cause poor kidney function, rather that poor kidney function caused by something else causes increase in PFAS levels in blood. This possibility of “reverse causation” might also explain the association of higher uric acid levels with higher PFAS levels in blood. We found limited evidence in a small number of relevant studies that PFAS exposure caused kidney and testicular cancers and that higher levels of PFAS in the blood resulted in lower levels of antibodies than usual following vaccination against some vaccine preventable infections. We found inadequate evidence that PFAS caused other health effects.

Overview

The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.

Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.

A few free checks a day · papers already verified open instantly · results are public

Integrity signals

Registry

DataCite · 10.25911/kw6t-7h44

Cites

Statistics

Verification

Claims the paper makes

The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.

Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.

A few free checks a day · papers already verified open instantly · results are public

Claims other papers make about this one

Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?

  • Both laboratory and community medical studies have found direct links between PFAS and human health conditions.

    “Both lab­ oratory and community medical studies have found direct links between PFAS and human health conditions.”

    From Review of emerging contaminants in green stormwater infrastructure: antibiotic resistance genes, microplastics, tire wear particles, PFAS, and temperature (2024) · cites this paper as Kirk et al., 2018

    The Conclusions report sufficient evidence of an association between PFOA/PFOS exposure and hypercholesterolemia, and limited evidence for several other outcomes. But the Overview of results says most outcomes lacked consistent evidence, and this review of human studies does not establish the claimed links from laboratory studies. Calling the links broadly 'direct' overstates its findings. (LLM, conf=0.88)

    Experimental — accuracy not yet measured

  • PFAS are linked to health conditions including reduced immune response, thyroid functions, liver and kidney diseases, cancer, and adverse reproductive and developmental outcomes.

    “Some of these include reduced immune response, thyroid functions, liver and kidney diseases, cancer, and adverse reproductive and developmental outcomes (Anderko and Pennea, 2020; Fenton et al., 2021; Kirk et al., 2018; Sunderland et al., 2018).”

    From Review of emerging contaminants in green stormwater infrastructure: antibiotic resistance genes, microplastics, tire wear particles, PFAS, and temperature (2024) · cites this paper as Kirk et al., 2018

    The review discusses PFAS in relation to immune response, thyroid function, cancer, and reproductive and developmental outcomes (p. 15; Previous systematic reviews; Key health outcomes associated with PFAS). It also reports limited evidence of an association with chronic kidney disease (Kidney function, p. 80). The liver-disease portion overstates the source: the Liver function section (p. 83) says the reviewed studies found no evidence that PFOA exposure increases clinically diagnosed liver disease. (LLM, conf=0.88)

    Experimental — accuracy not yet measured

Self-check

Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.

The self-check needs the paper’s full text.

Citations

Cites

No references could be resolved yet.

Part of this paper’s reference list could not be split into single entries.

Research works printed but not linked: 96

  1. Kissa E. Fluorinated surfactants and repellents. Second ed. New York: CRC Press; 2001.
  2. Buck RC, Franklin J, Berger U, Conder JM, Cousins IT, de Voogt P, et al. Perfluoroalkyl and polyfluoroalkyl substances in the environment: Terminology, classification, and origins. Integr Environ Assess Manag. 2011;7(4):513-41.
  3. Smart B. Characteristics of C-F systems. In: Banks R, Smart B, Tatlow J, editors. Organofluorine chemistry: Principles and commercial applications. Boston, MA: Springer; 1994. p. 57-88.
  4. Ericson I, Marti-Cid R, Nadal M, Van Bavel B, Lindstrom G, Domingo JL. Human exposure to perfluorinated chemicals through the diet: Intake of perfluorinated compounds in foods from the Catalan (Spain) market. J Agric Food Chem. 2008;56(5):1787-94.
  5. Fromme H, Tittlemier SA, Volkel W, Wilhelm M, Twardella D. Perfluorinated compounds - Exposure assessment for the general population in Western countries. Int J Hyg Environ Health. 2009;212(3):239-70.
  6. Haug LS, Huber S, Becher G, Thomsen C. Characterisation of human exposure pathways to perfluorinated compounds -Comparing exposure estimates with biomarkers of exposure. Environ Int. 2011;37(4):687-93.
  7. Calafat AM, Wong LY, Kuklenyik Z, Reidy JA, Needham LL. Polyfluoroalkyl chemicals in the U.S. population: Data from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) 2003-2004 and comparisons with NHANES 1999-2000. Environ Health Perspect. 2007;115(11):1596-602.
  8. Giesy J, Kannan K. Global distribution of perfluorooctane sulfonate in wildlife. Environ Sci Technol. 2001;35(7):4.
  9. Kato K, Wong LY, Jia LT, Kuklenyik Z, Calafat AM. Trends in exposure to polyfluoroalkyl chemicals in the U.S. Population: 1999-2008. Environ Sci Technol. 2011;45(19):8037-45.
  10. Prevedouros K, Cousins IT, Buck RC, Korzeniowski SH. Sources, fate and transport of perfluorocarboxylates. Environ Sci Technol. 2006;40(1):32-44.
  11. Toms L-ML, Calafat AM, Kato K, Thompson J, Harden F, Hobson P, et al. Polyfluoroalkyl chemicals in pooled blood serum from infants, children, and adults in Australia. Environ Sci Technol. 2009;43(11):4194-9.
  12. Ahrens L, Bundschuh M. Fate and effects of poly-and perfluoroalkyl substances in the aquatic environment: A review. Environ Toxicol Chem. 2014;33(9):1921-9.
  13. Jian JM, Guo Y, Zeng L, Liang-Ying L, Lu X, Wang F, et al. Global distribution of perfluorochemicals (PFCs) in potential human exposure source -A review. Environ Int. 2017;108:51- 62.
  14. Toms L-ML, Thompson J, Rotander A, Hobson P, Calafat AM, Kato K, et al. Decline in perfluorooctane sulfonate and perfluorooctanoate serum concentrations in an Australian population from 2002 to 2011. Environ Int. 2014;71:74-80.
  15. Borg D, Lund B-O, Lindquist N-G, Håkansson H. Cumulative health risk assessment of 17 perfluoroalkylated and polyfluoroalkylated substances (PFASs) in the Swedish population. Environ Int. 2013;59:112-23.
  16. Weiß O, Wiesmüller GA, Bunte A, Göen T, Schmidt CK, Wilhelm M, et al. Perfluorinated compounds in the vicinity of a fire training area -Human biomonitoring among 10 persons drinking water from contaminated private wells in Cologne, Germany. Int J Hyg Environ Health. 2012;215(2):212-5.
  17. Emmett EA, Zhang H, Shofer FS, Freeman D, Rodway NV, Desai C, et al. Community exposure to perfluorooctanoate: Relationships between serum levels and certain health parameters. J Occup Environ Med. 2006;48(8):771-9. P a g e | 141
  18. Hölzer J, Midasch O, Rauchfuss K, Kraft M, Reupert R, Angerer J, et al. Biomonitoring of perfluorinated compounds in children and adults exposed to perfluorooctanoate-contaminated drinking water. Environ Health Perspect. 2008;116(5):651-7.
  19. Johnson PI, Sutton P, Atchley DS, Koustas E, Lam J, Sen S, et al. The Navigation Guide - Evidence-based medicine meets environmental health: Systematic review of human evidence for PFOA effects on fetal growth. Environ Health Perspect. 2014;122(10):1028-39.
  20. Han X, Snow TA, Kemper RA, Jepson GW. Binding of perfluorooctanoic acid to rat and human plasma proteins. Chem Res Toxicol. 2003;16(6):775-81.
  21. Jones PD, Hu W, De Coen W, Newsted JL, Giesy JP. Binding of perfluorinated fatty acids to serum proteins. Environ Toxicol Chem. 2003;22(11):2639-49.
  22. Chen YM, Guo LH. Fluorescence study on site-specific binding of perfluoroalkyl acids to human serum albumin. Arch Toxicol. 2009;83(3):255-61.
  23. Cui L, Liao CY, Zhou QF, Xia TM, Yun ZJ, Jiang GB. Excretion of PFOA and PFOS in male rats during a subchronic exposure. Arch Environ Contam Toxicol. 2010;58(1):205-13.
  24. Kudo N, Sakai A, Mitsumoto A, Hibino Y, Tsuda T, Kawashima Y. Tissue distribution and hepatic subcellular distribution of perfluorooctanoic acid at low dose are different from those at high dose in rats. Biol Pharm Bull. 2007;30(8):1535-40.
  25. DeWitt JC. Toxicological effects of perfluoroalkyl and polyfluoroalkyl substances. Switzerland: Humana Press; 2015. 495 p.
  26. Perez F, Nadal M, Navarro-Ortega A, Fabrega F, Domingo JL, Barcelo D, et al. Accumulation of perfluoroalkyl substances in human tissues. Environ Int. 2013;59:354-62.
  27. Olsen GW, Burris JM, Ehresman DJ, Froehlich JW, Seacat AM, Butenhoff JL, et al. Half-life of serum elimination of perfluorooctanesulfonate,perfluorohexanesulfonate, and perfluorooctanoate in retired fluorochemical production workers. Environ Health Perspect. 2007;115(9):1298-305.
  28. Olsen GW, Lange CC, Ellefson ME, Mair DC, Church TR, Goldberg CL, et al. Temporal trends of perfluoroalkyl concentrations in American Red Cross adult blood donors, 2000-2010. Environ Sci Technol. 2012;46(11):6330-8.
  29. Li K, Gao P, Xiang P, Zhang X, Cui X, Ma LQ. Molecular mechanisms of PFOA-induced toxicity in animals and humans: Implications for health risks. Environ Int. 2017;99:43-54.
  30. Mudumbi JBN, Ntwampe SKO, Matsha T, Mekuto L, Itoba-Tombo EF. Recent developments in polyfluoroalkyl compounds research: A focus on human/environmental health impact, suggested substitutes and removal strategies. Environ Monit Assess. 2017;189(8):402.
  31. Coperchini F, Awwad O, Rotondi M, Santini F, Imbriani M, Chiovato L. Thyroid disruption by perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS) and perfluorooctanoate (PFOA). J Endocrinol Invest. 2017;40(2):105-21.
  32. Joensen UN, Bossi R, Leffers H, Jensen AA, Skakkebaek NE, Jorgensen N. Do perfluoroalkyl compounds impair human semen quality? Environ Health Perspect. 2009;117(6):923-7.
  33. Frisbee SJ, Brooks AP, Jr., Maher A, Flensborg P, Arnold S, Fletcher T, et al. The C8 health project: Design, methods, and participants. Environ Health Perspect. 2009;117(12):1873-82.
  34. Bach CC, Liew Z, Bech BH, Nohr EA, Fei C, Bonefeld-Jorgensen EC, et al. Perfluoroalkyl acids and time to pregnancy revisited: An update from the Danish National Birth Cohort. Environ Health. 2015;14:59. P a g e | 142
  35. Bach CC, Bech BH, Brix N, Nohr EA, Bonde JP, Henriksen TB. Perfluoroalkyl and polyfluoroalkyl substances and human fetal growth: A systematic review. Crit Rev Toxicol. 2015;45(1):53-67.
  36. Lam J, Koustas E, Sutton P, Johnson PI, Atchley DS, Sen S, et al. The Navigation Guide - Evidence-based medicine meets environmental health: Integration of animal and human evidence for PFOA effects on fetal growth. Environ Health Perspect. 2014;122(10):1040-51.
  37. Ballesteros V, Costa O, Iñiguez C, Fletcher T, Ballester F, Lopez-Espinosa M-J. Exposure to perfluoroalkyl substances and thyroid function in pregnant women and children: A systematic review of epidemiologic studies. Environ Int. 2017;99:15-28.
  38. Chang ET, Adami HO, Boffetta P, Cole P, Starr TB, Mandel JS. A critical review of perfluorooctanoate and perfluorooctanesulfonate exposure and cancer risk in humans. Crit Rev Toxicol. 2014;44 Suppl 1:1-81.
  39. Chang ET, Adami HO, Boffetta P, Wedner HJ, Mandel JS. A critical review of perfluorooctanoate and perfluorooctanesulfonate exposure and immunological health conditions in humans. Crit Rev Toxicol. 2016;46(4):279-331.
  40. Roth N, Wilks MF. Neurodevelopmental and neurobehavioural effects of polybrominated and perfluorinated chemicals: A systematic review of the epidemiological literature using a quality assessment scheme. Toxicol Lett. 2014;230(2):271-81.
  41. Rappazzo KM, Coffman E, Hines EP. Exposure to perfluorinated alkyl substances and health outcomes in children: A systematic review of the epidemiologic literature. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2017;14(7).
  42. Andersen CS, Fei C, Gamborg M, Nohr EA, Sorensen TI, Olsen J. Prenatal exposures to perfluorinated chemicals and anthropometric measures in infancy. Am J Epidemiol. 2010;172(11):1230-7.
  43. Apelberg BJ, Witter FR, Herbstman JB, Calafat AM, Halden RU, Needham LL, et al. Cord serum concentrations of perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS) and perfluorooctanoate (PFOA) in relation to weight and size at birth. Environ Health Perspect. 2007;115(11):1670-6.
  44. Arbuckle TE, Kubwabo C, Walker M, Davis K, Lalonde K, Kosarac I, et al. Umbilical cord blood levels of perfluoroalkyl acids and polybrominated flame retardants. Int J Hyg Environ Health. 2013;216(2):184-94.
  45. Bach CC, Bech BH, Nohr EA, Olsen J, Matthiesen NB, Bonefeld-Jorgensen EC, et al. Perfluoroalkyl acids in maternal serum and indices of fetal growth: The Aarhus Birth Cohort. Environ Health Perspect. 2016;124(6):848-54.
  46. Chen MH, Ha EH, Wen TW, Su YN, Lien GW, Chen CY, et al. Perfluorinated compounds in umbilical cord blood and adverse birth outcomes. PLoS One. 2012;7(8):e42474.
  47. Darrow LA, Stein CR, Steenland K. Serum perfluorooctanoic acid and perfluorooctane sulfonate concentrations in relation to birth outcomes in the Mid-Ohio Valley, 2005-2010. Environ Health Perspect. 2013;121(10):1207-13.
  48. de Cock M, de Boer MR, Lamoree M, Legler J, Van De Bor M. Prenatal exposure to endocrine disrupting chemicals and birth weight -A prospective cohort study. J Environ Sci Health A Tox Hazard Subst Environ Eng. 2016;51(2):178-85.
  49. Fei C, McLaughlin JK, Tarone RE, Olsen J. Perfluorinated chemicals and fetal growth: A study within the Danish National Birth Cohort. Environ Health Perspect. 2007;115(11):1677-82.
  50. Grice MM, Alexander BH, Hoffbeck R, Kampa DM. Self-reported medical conditions in perfluorooctanesulfonyl fluoride manufacturing workers. J Occup Environ Med. 2007;49(7):722-9.
  51. Hamm MP, Cherry N, Chan E, Martin JW, Burstyn I. Maternal exposure to perfluorinated acids and fetal growth. J Expo Sci Environ Epidemiol. 2010;20(7):589-97.
  52. Kim S, Choi K, Ji K, Seo J, Kho Y, Park J, et al. Trans-placental transfer of thirteen perfluorinated compounds and relations with fetal thyroid hormones. Environ Sci Technol. 2011;45(17):7465-72.
  53. Kishi R, Nakajima T, Goudarzi H, Kobayashi S, Sasaki S, Okada E, et al. The association of prenatal exposure to perfluorinated chemicals with maternal essential and long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids during pregnancy and the birth weight of their offspring: The Hokkaido Study. Environ Health Perspect. 2015;123(10):1038-45.
  54. Kwon EJ, Shin JS, Kim BM, Shah-Kulkarni S, Park H, Kho YL, et al. Prenatal exposure to perfluorinated compounds affects birth weight through GSTM1 polymorphism. J Occup Environ Med. 2016;58(6):e198-e205.
  55. Lee YJ, Kim MK, Bae J, Yang JH. Concentrations of perfluoroalkyl compounds in maternal and umbilical cord sera and birth outcomes in Korea. Chemosphere. 2013;90(5):1603-9.
  56. Lee ES, Han S, Oh JE. Association between perfluorinated compound concentrations in cord serum and birth weight using multiple regression models. Reprod Toxicol. 2016;59:53-9.
  57. Lenters V, Portengen L, Rignell-Hydbom A, Jonsson BA, Lindh CH, Piersma AH, et al. Prenatal phthalate, perfluoroalkyl acid, and organochlorine exposures and term birth weight in three birth cohorts: Multi-pollutant models based on elastic net regression. Environ Health Perspect. 2016;124(3):365-72.
  58. Maisonet M, Terrell ML, McGeehin MA, Christensen KY, Holmes A, Calafat AM, et al. Maternal concentrations of polyfluoroalkyl compounds during pregnancy and fetal and postnatal growth in British girls. Environ Health Perspect. 2012;120(10):1432-7.
  59. Nolan LA, Nolan JM, Shofer FS, Rodway NV, Emmett EA. The relationship between birth weight, gestational age and perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) -contaminated public drinking water. Reprod Toxicol. 2009;27(3-4):231-8.
  60. Robledo CA, Yeung E, Mendola P, Sundaram R, Maisog J, Sweeney AM, et al. Preconception maternal and paternal exposure to persistent organic pollutants and birth size: The LIFE study. Environ Health Perspect. 2015;123(1):88-94.
  61. Savitz DA, Stein CR, Bartell SM, Elston B, Gong J, Shin HM, et al. Perfluorooctanoic acid exposure and pregnancy outcome in a highly exposed community. Epidemiology. 2012;23(3):386-92.
  62. Savitz DA, Stein CR, Elston B, Wellenius GA, Bartell SM, Shin HM, et al. Relationship of perfluorooctanoic acid exposure to pregnancy outcome based on birth records in the Mid-Ohio Valley. Environ Health Perspect. 2012;120(8):1201-7.
  63. Shi Y, Yang L, Li J, Lai J, Wang Y, Zhao Y, et al. Occurrence of perfluoroalkyl substances in cord serum and association with growth indicators in newborns from Beijing. Chemosphere. 2017;169:396- 402.
  64. Stein CR, Savitz DA, Dougan M. Serum levels of perfluorooctanoic acid and perfluorooctane sulfonate and pregnancy outcome. Am J Epidemiol. 2009;170(7):837-46.
  65. Wang Y, Adgent M, Su PH, Chen HY, Chen PC, Hsiung CA, et al. Prenatal exposure to perfluorocarboxylic acids (PFCAs) and fetal and postnatal growth in the Taiwan maternal and infant cohort study. Environ Health Perspect. 2016;124(11):1794-800.
  66. Washino N, Saijo Y, Sasaki S, Kato S, Ban S, Konishi K, et al. Correlations between prenatal exposure to perfluorinated chemicals and reduced fetal growth. Environ Health Perspect. 2009;117(4):660-7.
  67. Whitworth KW, Haug LS, Baird DD, Becher G, Hoppin JA, Skjaerven R, et al. Perfluorinated compounds in relation to birth weight in the Norwegian Mother and Child Cohort Study. Am J Epidemiol. 2012;175(12):1209-16.
  68. Wu K, Xu X, Peng L, Liu J, Guo Y, Huo X. Association between maternal exposure to perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) from electronic waste recycling and neonatal health outcomes. Environ Int. 2012;48:1-8.
  69. Monroy R, Morrison K, Teo K, Atkinson S, Kubwabo C, Stewart B, et al. Serum levels of perfluoroalkyl compounds in human maternal and umbilical cord blood samples. Environ Res. 2008;108(1):56-62.
  70. Fei C, McLaughlin JK, Tarone RE, Olsen J. Fetal growth indicators and perfluorinated chemicals: a study in the Danish National Birth Cohort. Am J Epidemiol. 2008;168(1):66-72.
  71. Darrow LA, Howards PP, Winquist A, Steenland K. PFOA and PFOS serum levels and miscarriage risk. Epidemiology. 2014;25(4):505-12.
  72. Jensen TK, Andersen LB, Kyhl HB, Nielsen F, Christesen HT, Grandjean P. Association between perfluorinated compound exposure and miscarriage in Danish pregnant women. PLoS One. 2015;10(4):e0123496.
  73. Buck Louis GM, Sapra KJ, Barr DB, Lu Z, Sundaram R. Preconception perfluoroalkyl and polyfluoroalkyl substances and incident pregnancy loss, LIFE Study. Reprod Toxicol. 2016;65:11-7.
  74. Nolan LA, Nolan JM, Shofer FS, Rodway NV, Emmett EA. Congenital anomalies, labor/delivery complications, maternal risk factors and their relationship with perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) - contaminated public drinking water. Reprod Toxicol. 2010;29(2):147-55.
  75. Bae J, Kim S, Schisterman EF, Barr DB, Louis GMB. Maternal and paternal serum concentrations of perfluoroalkyl and polyfluoroalkyl substances and the secondary sex ratio. Chemosphere. 2015;133:31-40.
  76. Starling AP, Engel SM, Richardson DB, Baird DD, Haug LS, Stuebe AM, et al. Perfluoroalkyl substances during pregnancy and validated preeclampsia among nulliparous women in the Norwegian Mother and Child Cohort Study. Am J Epidemiol. 2014;179(7):824-33.
  77. Stein CR, Savitz DA, Elston B, Thorpe PG, Gilboa SM. Perfluorooctanoate exposure and major birth defects. Reprod Toxicol. 2014;47:15-20.
  78. Liew Z, Ritz B, Bonefeld-Jorgensen EC, Henriksen TB, Nohr EA, Bech BH, et al. Prenatal exposure to perfluoroalkyl substances and the risk of congenital cerebral palsy in children. Am J Epidemiol. 2014;180(6):574-81.
  79. Itoh S, Araki A, Mitsui T, Miyashita C, Goudarzi H, Sasaki S, et al. Association of perfluoroalkyl substances exposure in utero with reproductive hormone levels in cord blood in the Hokkaido Study on Environment and Children's Health. Environ Int. 2016;94:51-9.
  80. Lopez-Espinosa MJ, Mondal D, Armstrong B, Eskenazi B, Fletcher T. Perfluoroalkyl substances, sex hormones, and insulin-like growth factor-1 at 6-9 years of age: A cross-sectional analysis within the C8 Health Project. Environ Health Perspect. 2016;124(8):1269-75.
  81. Maisonet M, Calafat AM, Marcus M, Jaakkola JJ, Lashen H. Prenatal exposure to perfluoroalkyl acids and serum testosterone concentrations at 15 years of age in female ALSPAC study articipants. Environ Health Perspect. 2015;123(12):1325-30.
  82. Olsen GW, Gillard FD, Burlew MM, Burris JM, Mandel JS, Mandel JH. An epidemiologic investigation of reproductive hormones in men with occupational exposure to perfluorooctanoic acid. J Occup Environ Med. 1998;40(7):614-22.
  83. Raymer JH, Michael LC, Studabaker WB, Olsen GW, Sloan CS, Wilcosky T, et al. Concentrations of perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS) and perfluorooctanoate (PFOA) and their associations with human semen quality measurements. Reprod Toxicol. 2012;33(4):419-27.
  84. Toft G, Jönsson BA, Bonde JP, Nørgaard-Pedersen B, Hougaard DM, Cohen A, et al. Perfluorooctane sulfonate concentrations in amniotic fluid, biomarkers of fetal leydig cell function, and cryptorchidism and hypospadias in Danish boys (1980-1996). Environ Health Perspect. 2016;124(1):151-6.
  85. Tsai MS, Lin CY, Lin CC, Chen MH, Hsu SH, Chien KL, et al. Association between perfluoroalkyl substances and reproductive hormones in adolescents and young adults. Int J Hyg Environ Health. 2015;218(5):437-43.
  86. Vested A, Ramlau-Hansen CH, Olsen SF, Bonde JP, Kristensen SL, Halldorsson TI, et al. Associations of in utero exposure to perfluorinated alkyl acids with human semen quality and reproductive hormones in adult men. Environ Health Perspect. 2013;121(4):453-8.
  87. Zhou Y, Hu LW, Qian Z, Chang JJ, King C, Paul G, et al. Association of perfluoroalkyl substances exposure with reproductive hormone levels in adolescents: By sex status. Environ Int. 2016;94:189- 95.
  88. Joensen UN, Veyrand B, Antignac JP, Blomberg Jensen M, Petersen JH, Marchand P, et al. PFOS (perfluorooctanesulfonate) in serum is negatively associated with testosterone levels, but not with semen quality, in healthy men. Hum Reprod. 2013;28(3):599-608. 100. Barrett ES, Chen C, Thurston SW, Haug LS, Sabaredzovic A, Fjeldheim FN, et al. Perfluoroalkyl substances and ovarian hormone concentrations in naturally cycling women. Fertil Steril. 2015;103(5):1261-70.e3. 101.
  89. Fan H, Ducatman A, Zhang J. Perfluorocarbons and Gilbert syndrome (phenotype) in the C8 Health Study population. Environ Res. 2014;135:70-5. 161. Lin CY, Chen PC, Lin YC, Lin LY. Association among serum perfluoroalkyl chemicals, glucose homeostasis, and metabolic syndrome in adolescents and adults. Diabetes Care. 2009;32(4):702-7. 162. Timmermann CAG, Rossing LI, Grøntved A, Ried-Larsen M, Dalgård C, Andersen LB, et al. Adiposity and glycemic control in children exposed to perfluorinated compounds. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2014;99(4):E608-14. 163. Lin CY, Wen LL, Lin LY, Wen TW, Lien GW, Chen CY, et al. Associations between levels of serum perfluorinated chemicals and adiponectin in a young hypertension cohort in Taiwan. Environ Sci Technol. 2011;45(24):10691-8. 164. Fleisch AF, Rifas-Shiman SL, Mora AM, Calafat AM, Ye X, Luttmann-Gibson H, et al. Early-life exposure to perfluoroalkyl substances and childhood metabolic function. Environ Health Perspect. 2017;125(3):481-7. 165. Berg V, Nost TH, Pettersen RD, Hansen S, Veyhe AS, Jorde R, et al. Persistent organic pollutants and the association with maternal and infant thyroid homeostasis: A multipollutant assessment. Environ Health Perspect. 2017;125(1):127-33.
  90. Kato S, Itoh S, Yuasa M, Baba T, Miyashita C, Sasaki S, et al. Association of perfluorinated chemical exposure in utero with maternal and infant thyroid hormone levels in the Sapporo cohort of Hokkaido Study on the Environment and Children's Health. Environ Health Prev Med. 2016;21(5):334- 44. 167. Lopez-Espinosa MJ, Mondal D, Armstrong B, Bloom MS, Fletcher T. Thyroid function and perfluoroalkyl acids in children living near a chemical plant. Environ Health Perspect. 2012;120(7):1036-41. 168. Shah-Kulkarni S, Kim BM, Hong YC, Kim HS, Kwon EJ, Park H, et al. Prenatal exposure to perfluorinated compounds affects thyroid hormone levels in newborn girls. Environ Int. 2016;94:607- 13. 169. Tsai MS, Lin CC, Chen MH, Hsieh WS, Chen PC. Perfluoroalkyl substances and thyroid hormones in cord blood. Environ Pollut. 2017;222:543-8. 170. Yang L, Li J, Lai J, Luan H, Cai Z, Wang Y, et al. Placental transfer of perfluoroalkyl substances and associations with thyroid hormones: Beijing Prenatal Exposure Study. Sci Rep. 2016;6:21699. 171. Wang Y, Rogan WJ, Chen PC, Lien GW, Chen HY, Tseng YC, et al. Association between maternal serum perfluoroalkyl substances during pregnancy and maternal and cord thyroid hormones: Taiwan Maternal and Infant Cohort Study. Environ Health Perspect. 2014;122(5):529-34. 172. Wang Y, Starling AP, Haug LS, Eggesbo M, Becher G, Thomsen C, et al. Association between perfluoroalkyl substances and thyroid stimulating hormone among pregnant women: A cross- sectional study. Environmental health : a global access science source. 2013;12(1):76. 173. Berg V, Nost TH, Hansen S, Elverland A, Veyhe AS, Jorde R, et al. Assessing the relationship between perfluoroalkyl substances, thyroid hormones and binding proteins in pregnant women; a longitudinal mixed effects approach. Environ Int. 2015;77:63-9. 174. Webster GM, Venners SA, Mattman A, Martin JW. Associations between perfluoroalkyl acids (PFASs) and maternal thyroid hormones in early pregnancy: A population-based cohort study. Environ Res. 2014;133:338-47. 175. Bloom MS, Kannan K, Spliethoff HM, Tao L, Aldous KM, Vena JE. Exploratory assessment of perfluorinated compounds and human thyroid function. Physiol Behav. 2010;99(2):240-5. 176. Jain RB. Association between thyroid profile and perfluoroalkyl acids: Data from NHNAES 2007-2008. Environ Res. 2013;126:51-9. 177.
  91. Knox SS, Jackson T, Frisbee SJ, Javins B, Ducatman AM. Perfluorocarbon exposure, gender and thyroid function in the C8 Health Project. J Toxicol Sci. 2011;36(4):403-10. 178. Lin CY, Wen LL, Lin LY, Wen TW, Lien GW, Hsu SHJ, et al. The associations between serum perfluorinated chemicals and thyroid function in adolescents and young adults. J Hazard Mater. 2013;244:637-44. 179. Shrestha S, Bloom MS, Yucel R, Seegal RF, Wu Q, Kannan K, et al. Perfluoroalkyl substances and thyroid function in older adults. Environ Int. 2015;75:206-14. 180. Webster GM, Rauch SA, Marie NS, Mattman A, Lanphear BP, Venners SA. Cross-sectional associations of serum perfluoroalkyl acids and thyroid hormones in U.S. adults: Variation according to TPOAb and iodine status (NHANES 2007-2008). Environ Health Perspect. 2016;124(7):935-42. 181. de Cock M, de Boer MR, Lamoree M, Legler J, van de Bor M. Prenatal exposure to endocrine disrupting chemicals in relation to thyroid hormone levels in infants -a Dutch prospective cohort study. Environ Health. 2014;13:106. 182. Wen LL, Lin LY, Su TC, Chen PC, Lin CY. Association between serum perfluorinated chemicals and thyroid function in U.S. adults: The National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2007-2010. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2013;98(9):E1456-64. 183. Melzer D, Rice N, Depledge MH, Henley WE, Galloway TS. Association between serum perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) and thyroid disease in the U.S. National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey. Environ Health Perspect. 2010;118(5):686-92. 184. Winquist A, Steenland K. Perfluorooctanoic acid exposure and thyroid disease in community and worker cohorts. Epidemiology. 2014;25(2):255-64.
  92. P a g e | 150 185. Steenland K, Zhao L, Winquist A. A cohort incidence study of workers exposed to perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA). Occup Environ Med. 2015;72(5):373-80. 186. Kim DH, Kim UJ, Kim HY, Choi SD, Oh JE. Perfluoroalkyl substances in serum from South Korean infants with congenital hypothyroidism and healthy infants -Its relationship with thyroid hormones. Environ Res. 2016;147:399-404. 187. Chan E, Burstyn I, Cherry N, Bamforth F, Martin JW. Perfluorinated acids and hypothyroxinemia in pregnant women. Environ Res. 2011;111(4):559-64. 188. Chen MH, Ha EH, Liao HF, Jeng SF, Su YN, Wen TW, et al. Perfluorinated compound levels in cord blood and neurodevelopment at 2 years of age. Epidemiology. 2013;24(6):800-8. 189. Donauer S, Chen A, Xu Y, Calafat AM, Sjodin A, Yolton K. Prenatal exposure to polybrominated diphenyl ethers and polyfluoroalkyl chemicals and infant neurobehavior. J Pediatr. 2015;166(3):736- 42. 190. Fei C, McLaughlin JK, Lipworth L, Olsen J. Prenatal exposure to perfluorooctanoate (PFOA) and perfluorooctanesulfonate (PFOS) and maternally reported developmental milestones in infancy. Environ Health Perspect. 2008;116(10):1391-5. 191. Forns J, Iszatt N, White RA, Mandal S, Sabaredzovic A, Lamoree M, et al. Perfluoroalkyl substances measured in breast milk and child neuropsychological development in a Norwegian birth cohort study. Environ Int. 2015;83:176-82. 192. Goudarzi H, Nakajima S, Ikeno T, Sasaki S, Kobayashi S, Miyashita C, et al. Prenatal exposure to perfluorinated chemicals and neurodevelopment in early infancy: The Hokkaido Study. Sci Total Environ. 2016;541:1002-10. 193. Gump BB, Wu Q, Dumas AK, Kannan K. Perfluorochemical (PFC) exposure in children: associations with impaired response inhibition. Environ Sci Technol. 2011;45(19):8151-9. 194. Høyer BB, Ramlau-Hansen CH, Obel C, Pedersen HS, Hernik A, Ogniev V, et al. Pregnancy serum concentrations of perfluorinated alkyl substances and offspring behaviour and motor development at age 5-9 years -A prospective study. Environ Health. 2015;14(1). 195. Stein CR, Savitz DA, Bellinger DC. Perfluorooctanoate and neuropsychological outcomes in children. Epidemiology. 2013;24(4):590-9. 196. Vuong AM, Yolton K, Webster GM, Sjodin A, Calafat AM, Braun JM, et al. Prenatal polybrominated diphenyl ether and perfluoroalkyl substance exposures and executive function in school-age children. Environ Res. 2016;147:556-64. 197. Stein CR, Savitz DA, Bellinger DC. Perfluorooctanoate exposure in a highly exposed community and parent and teacher reports of behaviour in 6-12-year-old children. Paediatr Perinat Epidemiol. 2014;28(2):146-56. 198. Hoffman K, Webster TF, Weisskopf MG, Weinberg J, Vieira VM. Exposure to polyfluoroalkyl chemicals and attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder in U.S. children 12-15 years of age. Environ Health Perspect. 2010;118(12):1762-7. 199. Lien GW, Huang CC, Shiu JS, Chen MH, Hsieh WS, Guo YL, et al. Perfluoroalkyl substances in cord blood and attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder symptoms in seven-year-old children. Chemosphere. 2016;156:118-27. 200. Liew Z, Ritz B, von Ehrenstein OS, Bech BH, Nohr EA, Fei C, et al. Attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder and childhood autism in association with prenatal exposure to perfluoroalkyl substances: A nested case-control study in the Danish National Birth Cohort. Environ Health Perspect. 2015;123(4):367-73. 201.
  93. Rylander C, Duong TP, Odland JO, Sandanger TM. Perfluorinated compounds in delivering women from south central Vietnam. J Environ Monit. 2009;11(11):2002-8. 249. Grandjean P, Andersen EW, Budtz-Jorgensen E, Nielsen F, Molbak K, Weihe P, et al. Serum vaccine antibody concentrations in children exposed to perfluorinated compounds. JAMA. 2012;307(4):391-7. 250. Mogensen UB, Budtz-Jorgensen E, Grandjean P, Grandjean P, Nielsen F, Heilmann C, et al. Structural equation modeling of immunotoxicity associated with exposure to perfluorinated alkylates. Environ Health. 2015;14:47. 251.
  94. Kielsen K, Shamim Z, Heilmann C, Kielsen K, Shamim Z, Ryder LP, et al. Antibody response to booster vaccination with tetanus and diphtheria in adults exposed to perfluorinated alkylates. J Immunotoxicol. 2016;13(2):270-3. 252. Grandjean P, Heilmann C, Weihe P, Nielsen F, Mogensen UB, Budtz-Jorgensen E. Serum vaccine antibody concentrations in adolescents exposed to perfluorinated compounds. Environ Health Perspect. 2017;125(7):077018. 253. Granum B, Haug LS, Namork E, Stolevik SB, Thomsen C, Aaberge IS, et al. Pre-natal exposure to perfluoroalkyl substances may be associated with altered vaccine antibody levels and immune- related health outcomes in early childhood. J Immunotoxicol. 2013;10(4):373-9. 254. Stein CR, McGovern KJ, Pajak AM, Maglione PJ, Wolff MS. Perfluoroalkyl and polyfluoroalkyl substances and indicators of immune function in children aged 12-19 years: NHANES. Pediatr Res. 2016;79(2):348-57. 255. Looker C, Luster MI, Calafat AM, Johnson VJ, Burleson GR, Burleson FG, et al. Influenza vaccine response in adults exposed to perfluorooctanoate and perfluorooctanesulfonate. Toxicol Sci. 2014;138(1):76-88. 256. Stein CR, Ge Y, Wolff MS, Ye X, Calafat AM, Kraus T, et al. Perfluoroalkyl substance serum concentrations and immune response to FluMist vaccination among healthy adults. Environ Res. 2016;149:171-8. 257. Fei C, McLaughlin JK, Lipworth L, Olsen J. Prenatal exposure to PFOA and PFOS and risk of hospitalization for infectious diseases in early childhood. Environ Res. 2010;110(8):773-7. 258. Okada E, Sasaki S, Saijo Y, Washino N, Miyashita C, Kobayashi S, et al. Prenatal exposure to perfluorinated chemicals and relationship with allergies and infectious diseases in infants. Environ Res. 2012;112:118-25.
  95. Dong GH, Tung KY, Tsai CH, Liu MM, Wang D, Liu W, et al. Serum polyfluoroalkyl concentrations, asthma outcomes, and immunological markers in a case-control study of Taiwanese children. Environ Health Perspect. 2013;121(4):507-13. 260. Humblet O, Diaz-Ramirez LG, Balmes JR, Pinney SM, Hiatt RA. Perfluoroalkyl chemicals and asthma among children 12-19 years of age: NHANES (1999-2008). Environ Health Perspect. 2014;122(10):1129-33. 261. Zhu Y, Qin XD, Zeng XW, Paul G, Morawska L, Su MW, et al. Associations of serum perfluoroalkyl acid levels with T-helper cell-specific cytokines in children: By gender and asthma status. Sci Total Environ. 2016;559:166-73. 262. Goudarzi H, Miyashita C, Okada A, Kashino I, Kobayashi S, Chen CJ, et al. Effects of prenatal exposure to perfluoroalkyl acids on prevalence ofallergic diseases among 4-year-old children. Environ Int. 2016;94:124-32. 263. Okada E, Sasaki S, Kashino I, Matsuura H, Miyashita C, Kobayashi S, et al. Prenatal exposure to perfluoroalkyl acids and allergic diseases in early childhood. Environ Int. 2014;65:127-34. 264. Steenland K, Zhao L, Winquist A, Parks C. Ulcerative colitis and perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) in a highly exposed population of community residents and workers in the Mid-Ohio Valley. Environ Health Perspect. 2013;121(8):900-5. 265. Innes KE, Ducatman AM, Luster MI, Shankar A. Association of osteoarthritis with serum levels of the environmental contaminants perfluorooctanoate and perfluorooctane sulfonate in a large Appalachian population. Am J Epidemiol. 2011;174(4):440-50. 266. Uhl SA, James-Todd T, Bell ML. Association of osteoarthritis with perfluorooctanoate and perfluorooctane sulfonate in NHANES 2003-2008. Environ Health Perspect. 2013;121(4):447-52. 267. Khalil N, Chen A, Lee M, Czerwinski SA, Ebert JR, DeWitt JC, et al. Association of perfluoroalkyl substances, bone mineral density, and osteoporosis in the U.S. population in NHANES 2009-2010. Environ Health Perspect. 2016;124(1):81-7. 268. Lin LY, Wen LL, Su TC, Chen PC, Lin CY. Negative association between serum perfluorooctane sulfate concentration and bone mineral density in US premenopausal women: NHANES, 2005-2008. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2014;99(6):2173-80. 269. International Agency for Research on Cancer. IARC monographs on the evaluation of carcinogenic risks to humans Lyon, France2017 [Available from: https://monographs.iarc.fr/ENG/Monographs/vol110/mono110-07.pdf. 270.
  96. Verner MA, Loccisano AE, Morken NH, Yoon M, Wu H, McDougall R, et al. Associations of perfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) with lower birth weight: An evaluation of potential confounding by glomerular filtration rate using a physiologically based pharmacokinetic model (PBPK). Environ Health Perspect. 2015;123(12):1317-24.

Cited by

Sorted by citations

Metadata

Authors
Kirk, M., Smurthwaite, K., Braunig, J., Trevenar, S., D'Este, C., Lucas, R., Lal, A., Korda, R., Clements, A., Mueller, J., & Armstrong, B.
ORCID
Venue
National Centre for Epidemiology and Population Health, The Australian National University
Publisher
National Centre for Epidemiology and Population Health, The Australian National University
Published
2018-04
DOI
10.25911/kw6t-7h44
OpenAlex
W3128911814
Cited by
65
References
0
Citations by year
2026: 1 · 2025: 10 · 2024: 12 · 2023: 9 · 2022: 11 · 2021: 14 · 2020: 5 · 2019: 3
FWCI
0.43
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
Locations
  • ANU Open Research (Australian National University) (submittedVersion)
  • The Australian National University
Funders
This Systematic Literature Review was commissioned by the Australian Government Department of Health.
Topics
  • Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Environmental Chemistry › Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances research
  • Physical Sciences › Materials Science › Polymers and Plastics › Synthesis and properties of polymers
  • Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Health, Toxicology and Mutagenesis › Toxic Organic Pollutants Impact
Keywords
PFAS, per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances, PFOS, perfluorooctanoic acid, human health effects, firefighters, water pollution, reproductive effects, pregnancy, serum cholesterol, uric acid, chronic kidney disease, renal function, testicular cancer, kidney cancer, vaccine antibody response, immune system, thyroid function

About these checks

Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.

Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.

Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.

What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›

Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review