Global UHP metamorphism and continental subduction/collision: The Himalayan model
Abstract
Continental crust (density ~2.8 g·cm-3) resists subduction into the earth's mantle (~3.3 g·cm-3) because of buoyancy. However, more than 20 recognized ultrahigh-pressure (UHP) terranes have been documented; these occurrences demonstrate that not only is continental crust subducted to depths as great as 150 km, but also that some supracrustal rocks were then exhumed to the earth's surface. UHP terranes are composed of mainly supracrustal rocks that contain minor amounts of minerals such as coesite or diamond, indicative of P > 2.5 GPa. In general, quartzofeldspathic units are thoroughly back reacted, and only mafic eclogite lenses and boudins retain scattered UHP phases. These index minerals are restricted to micron-scale inclusions in chemically and mechanically resistant zircon, garnet, and a few other strong container minerals, and are difficult to identify by conventional petrologic studies. The continental rocks were subjected to UHP metamorphism at T ranging from ~700 to 950°C and P > 2.8 to 5.0 GPa, corresponding to depths of ~100 to 150 km. These UHP units were subsequently exhumed to crustal depths and subjected to intense hydration and amphibolite-facies overprint. Widespread Barrovian-type metamorphism in many collisional orogens may mask an earlier, higher-pressure metamorphic history. We suspect that coesite-bearing UHP rocks were once generated in the majority of exhumed collisional orogens. The recent finding of coesite inclusions in rare Himalayan eclogites and country rock gneisses is a typical example. We use the Himalayan model to illustrate UHP metamorphism and subduction of continental crustal rocks to mantle depths and later Barrovian-type overprint during exhumation. Himalayan UHP eclogites and adjacent gneisses were formed at mantle depths > 100 km at 46 to 52 Ma. These rocks were exhumed to crustal depths and subjected to Barrovian amphibolite- to granulite-facies metamorphism; associated magmatism occurred at 30 to 15 Ma. The Himalayan metamorphic belt was domally uplifted and the mountain-building process initiated since 11 Ma, when underthrusting of the Indian tectosphere beneath the Lesser Himalayas occurred.
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UHP metamorphism is defined in silica-bearing rocks by the stabilization of coesite, which occurs at ~90-100 km depth below Earth's surface, assuming lithostatic pressure.
“Ultrahigh-pressure (UHP) metamorphism is defined in silicabearing rocks by the stabilization of coesite (Chopin, 1984;Smith, 1984) a high-pressure polymorph of quartzwhich occurs at ~90-100 km depth below the Earth's surface, assuming lithostatic pressure”
From Secular change and the onset of plate tectonics on Earth (2020) · cites this paper as Liou et al., 2004
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Shatsky, V. S., & Sobolev, N. V. (2015) · Mineralogical Society of Great Britain and Ireland eBooks · doi:10.1180/emu-notes.5.4 · Cited by 30 · see citing works
Low δ18O eclogites from the Kokchetav massif, northern Kazakhstan
Masago, H., Rumble, D., III, Ernst, E., et al. (2003) · Journal of Metamorphic Geology · doi:10.1046/j.1525-1314.2003.00465.x · Cited by 29 · see citing works
Ultrahigh-Pressure Metamorphism in the Western Gneiss Region of the Norwegian Caledonides
Carswell, D. A., Cuthbert, S., & Ravna, E. J. K. (1999) · International Geology Review · doi:10.1080/00206819909465182 · Cited by 26 · see citing works
Petrotectonic Summary of Less Intensively Studied UHP Regions
Liou, J. G. (1999) · International Geology Review · doi:10.1080/00206819909465158 · Cited by 24 · see citing works
Self-citationUltrahigh-Pressure Metamorphic Rocks
Liou, J. G., & Zhang, R. (2003) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b0-12-227410-5/00795-x · Cited by 23 · see citing works
Self-citationSpencer, D. A. (1993) · ETH Zürich Research Collection · doi:10.3929/ethz-a-000924618 · Cited by 22 · see citing works
Treloar, P. J. (1995) · Geological Journal · doi:10.1002/gj.3350300312 · Cited by 21 · see citing works
Liou, J. G., Zhang, R., Katayama, I., Maruyama, S., & Ernst, E. (2002) · Tokyo Tech Research Repository (Tokyo Institute of Technology) · Cited by 10 · see citing works
Self-citationMiddle Archean continent formation by crustal delamination
Zegers, T. E., & van Keken, P. E. (2001) · Geology · doi:10.1130/0091-7613(2001)029
Scott (1992) · doi:10.1130/0091-7613(1992)020
Mozley (1989) · doi:10.1130/0091-7613(1989)017
High rates of arc consumption by subduction processes: Some consequences
Lallemand, S. (1995) · Geology · doi:10.1130/0091-7613(1995)023
Khawlie, M., Haddad, F., Barazangi, M., Seber, D., & Chaimov, T. (1993) · Geology · doi:10.1130/0091-7613(1993)021
Structure and composition of the Aleutian island arc and implications for continental crustal growth
Steven Holbrook, W., Lizarralde, D., McGeary, S., Bangs, N., & Diebold, J. (1999) · Geology · doi:10.1130/0091-7613(1999)027
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The Neoproterozoic oxygenation event: Environmental perturbations and biogeochemical cycling
Och, L. M., & Shields-Zhou, G. A. (2012) · Earth-Science Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.earscirev.2011.09.004 · Cited by 646 · see citing works
Stern, R. J. (2005) · Geology · doi:10.1130/g21365.1 · Cited by 582 · see citing works
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“Ultrahigh-pressure (UHP) metamorphism is defined in silicabearing rocks by the stabilization of coesite (Chopin, 1984; Smith, 1984) – a high-pressure polymorph of quartz – which occurs at ~90–100 km depth below the Earth's surface, assuming lithostatic pressure (Liou et al., 2004).”
BackgroundPrecambrian geodynamics: Concepts and models
Gerya, T. (2014) · Gondwana Research · doi:10.1016/j.gr.2012.11.008 · Cited by 352 · see citing works
Very-low-temperature record of the subduction process: A review of worldwide lawsonite eclogites
TSUJIMORI, T., SISSON, V, LIOU, J., HARLOW, G., & SORENSEN, S. (2006) · Lithos · doi:10.1016/j.lithos.2006.03.054 · Cited by 251 · see citing works
Self-citationTsujimori, T., & Ernst, W. G. (2014) · Journal of Metamorphic Geology · doi:10.1111/jmg.12057 · Cited by 210 · see citing works
Self-citationJadeitites and plate tectonics
Harlow, G. E., Tsujimori, T., & Sorensen, S. S. (2015) · Annual Review of Earth and Planetary Sciences · doi:10.1146/annurev-earth-060614-105215 · Cited by 111 · see citing works
Self-citation
- Authors
- Liou, J. G., Tsujimori, T., Zhang, R. Y., Katayama, I., & Maruyama, S.
- Affiliations
- Stanford University (US)
- Tokyo Institute of Technology (JP)
- Venue
- International Geology Review
- Publisher
- Informa UK Limited
- Published
- 2004-01
- Volume
- 46
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 1-27
- ISSN
- 0020-6814 (ISSN-L)
- 1938-2839
- OpenAlex
- W2031255348
- Cited by
- 413
- References
- 130
- Citations by year
- 2026: 7 · 2025: 7 · 2024: 5 · 2023: 20 · 2022: 16 · 2021: 16 · 2020: 21 · 2019: 67 · 2018: 23 · 2017: 20 · 2016: 16 · 2015: 21 · 2014: 14 · 2013: 21 · 2012: 22
- FWCI
- 9.78
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- International Geology Review (publishedVersion)
- Tokyo Tech Research Repository (Tokyo Institute of Technology) (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- National Science Foundation
- Japan Society for the Promotion of Science
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Earth and Planetary Sciences › Geophysics › Geological and Geochemical Analysis
- Physical Sciences › Earth and Planetary Sciences › Geophysics › High-pressure geophysics and materials
- Social Sciences › Economics, Econometrics and Finance › Economics and Econometrics › Geochemistry and Geochronology of Asian Mineral Deposits
- Keywords
- ultrahigh-pressure metamorphism, continental subduction, continental collision, Himalayan orogen, coesite, diamond, eclogite, exhumation, Barrovian metamorphism, Lesser Himalaya, underthrusting
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Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
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