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Empathy with Animals and with Humans: Are They Linked?
Abstract
A sample of 514 adults completed a postal questionnaire measuring both their empathy with humans (using the Mehrabian and Epstein (1972) Questionnaire for the Measurement of Emotional Empathy) and their empathy with non-human animals (using the Animal Empathy Scale, developed for this study). There was a significant, but modest correlation between the two scales (Kendall's tau=0.26, p<0.001), indicating that although the two types of empathy measure are in some way linked, they are unlikely to tap a single, unitary construct. This conclusion is reinforced by the finding that human- and animal-oriented empathy exhibit different levels of association with different potential sources of variation. Animal-oriented empathy was related to the current ownership of pets (U=19825.5, p<0.0001) and to the ownership of pets during childhood (U= 10271.0, p<0.01), while human-oriented empathy was related to currently having a child or children at home (U= 21020.5, p<0.05).
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“It has been suggested that anthropomorphism is a key aspect in the formation of the human–animal bond and the practice of pet keeping, since it allows people to identify and address the needs and the psychological states of animals in a context of reciprocal beneficial interaction [149,214].”
From The Complexity of the Human–Animal Bond: Empathy, Attachment and Anthropomorphism in Human–Animal Relationships and Animal Hoarding (2022) · cites this paper as [149]
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Cited by
Sorted by citations
Beetz, A., Uvnäs-Moberg, K., Julius, H., & Kotrschal, K. (2012) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2012.00234 · Cited by 904
“This also applies to the studies by Paul (2000) or Daly and Morton (2003, 2006, 2009).”
Prato-Previde, E., Basso Ricci, E., & Colombo, E. S. (2022) · Animals · doi:10.3390/ani12202835 · Cited by 121
The human and animal baby schema effect: correlates of individual differences.
Lehmann, V., Huis in‘t Veld, E. M. J., & Vingerhoets, A. J. J. M. (2013) · Behavioural Processes · doi:10.1016/j.beproc.2013.01.001 · Cited by 114
Metadata
- Authors
- Paul, E. S.
- Affiliations
- Department of Psychology, University of Edinburgh, UK
- Venue
- Anthrozoös
- Publisher
- Informa UK Limited
- Published
- 2000-12
- Volume
- 13
- Issue
- 4
- Pages
- 194-202
- ISSN
- 0892-7936
- 1753-0377
- Cited by
- 211
- References
- 0
- Language
- en
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