Investigating Perceptions of Manufacturers and Retailers to Inclusive Design
Open accessAbstract
This paper describes a study into industry perceptions of barriers and drivers for inclusive design. The study investigated perceptions of manufacturers and retailers of consumer products in the United Kingdom (UK) and compared their perceptions with those of companies in the United States (US) and Japan. It was found that the perceptions of major drivers for inclusive design were similar for manufacturers and retailers in the UK, but the perceptions of barriers to inclusive design differed between manufacturers and retailers. Industry attitudes towards legislation or government regulations in the UK differed from those in the US and Japan. The study concluded that ‘perception barriers' form the majority of the barriers and were the most significant, followed by ‘technical barriers’ and then ‘organizational barriers'. Consequently, strategies should focus on raising awareness to overcome perception barriers and providing supportive tools to overcome technical barriers.
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
With this misconception clients and certain professionals believe that Inclusive Design could cost more if implemented in the design process.
“With this misconception clients and certain professionals believe that ID could cost more if implemented in the design process [39].”
From Inclusion, diversity, equity and accessibility in the built environment: A study of architectural design practice (2021) · cites this paper as [39]
Section 3.2 (page unavailable) reports that retailers rated the perception that inclusive design is more expensive as a significant barrier; Section 4 likewise describes perceived expensiveness as a barrier for manufacturers and retailers. The paper does not establish that design professionals themselves believe implementing it costs more: it lists lack of money among their barriers, which is a different point. (LLM, conf=0.83)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Cites
No references could be resolved yet.
Research works printed but not linked: 15
- Breakwell, M. G., Hammond, S. and Fife-Schaw, C. (Eds.) (1995). Research methods in psychology Sage Publications, London, UK.
- Clarkson, P. J., Coleman, R., Keates, S., and Lebbon, C. (Eds.) (2003). Inclusive design - design for the whole population Springer-Verlag, London, UK.
- Dillma, D. A. (1978). Mail and telephone surveys: the total design method Wiley-Interscience Publication, New York, USA.
- Dong, H., Cardoso, C., Cassim, J., Keates, S., and Clarkson, P. J. (2002). Inclusive design: reflections on design practice. Technical report of Cambridge Engineering Department, CUED/C-EDC/TR118 -June, University of Cambridge, UK.
- D'souza, N. (2004). "Is universal design a critical theory?" in Keates, S., Clarkson, P.J., Langdon, P., and Robinson, P. (Eds.) Designing a more inclusive world, Springer-Verlag, London, UK.
- Howitt, D. and Cramer, D. (2003). An introduction to statistics in psychology (2 nd edition), Pearson Education Limited, Essex, UK.
- Keates, S., Lebbon, C., and Clarkson, P.J. (2000). 'Investigating industry attitudes to universal design' Proceedings of Rehabilitation Engineering and Assistive Technology Society of North America (RESNA) 2000, Orlando, USA, June 28 -July 21,2000, pp. 276-278.
- Keates, S. and Clarkson, P. J. (2003). Countering design exclusion -an introduction to inclusive design Springer-Verlag, London, UK.
- Preiser, W. F. E. and Ostroff, E. (Eds.) (2001). Universal Design Handbook McGraw-Hill, New York, USA.
- Sims, R. E. (2003). 'Design for All': Methods and Data to Support Designers, Doctoral thesis, Loughborough University, UK.
- Underwood, M. J. and Metz, D. (2002). 'Seven business drivers of inclusive design,' Proceedings of the Include 2003 Conference, Royal College of Art, London, UK, 25-28 March 2003, pp. 1:39-1:44.
- BIOGRAPHY Hua Dong studied at Tongji University before she joined the Cambridge Engineering Design Centre in 2001 as a PhD student. She has a BE degree in industrial design and an MA degree in architectural design and theory. She is interested in product design and urban design, especially in relation to inclusive design.
- Dr. P John Clarkson is Director of the Cambridge Engineering Design Centre. He spent seven years with PA Consulting Group and became Reader of University of Cambridge in 2001. His research interests include optimal design for medical devices, design for usability and the application of knowledge-based systems to complex design problems.
- Dr. Saeema Ahmed is a Fellow and College Lecturer in Engineering at New Hall, Cambridge and carries out research in the Engineering Design Centre. Her PhD research is about understanding the use and reuse of experience in engineering design. She is currently investigating methods of indexing design knowledge.
- Dr. Simeon Keates was a Senior Research Associate in the Cambridge Engineering Design Centre. He received both his MA and PhD degree from the University of Cambridge. His research interests include human-computer interaction, novel input systems, user modelling and universal access. He is now working for IBM, New York. Addresses for correspondence:
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Zallio, M., & Clarkson, P. J. (2021) · Building and Environment · doi:10.1016/j.buildenv.2021.108352 · Cited by 161 · see citing works
Self-citationTen questions concerning inclusive design of the built environment
Heylighen, A., Van der Linden, V., & Van Steenwinkel, I. (2017) · Building and Environment · doi:10.1016/j.buildenv.2016.12.008 · Cited by 149 · see citing works
- Authors
- Dong, H., Clarkson, P. J., Ahmed, S., & Keates, S.
- Affiliations
- University of Cambridge (GB)
- University of Cambridge
- IBM (United States) (US)
- Corresponding author
- Dong, Hua
- Clarkson, P. John
- Keates, Simeon
- Venue
- The Design Journal
- Publisher
- Informa UK Limited
- Published
- 2004-11
- Volume
- 7
- Issue
- 3
- Pages
- 3-15
- ISSN
- 1460-6925 (ISSN-L)
- 1756-3062
- OpenAlex
- W2031945929
- Cited by
- 22
- References
- 0
- Citations by year
- 2025: 1 · 2024: 1 · 2023: 2 · 2022: 2 · 2021: 1 · 2019: 1 · 2017: 1 · 2016: 3 · 2015: 1 · 2014: 2 · 2013: 5
- FWCI
- 0.00
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- bura.brunel.ac.uk
- Locations
- The Design Journal (publishedVersion)
- Brunel University Research Archive (BURA) (Brunel University London) (submittedVersion)
- Greenwich Academic Literature Archive (University of Greenwich) (submittedVersion)
- Cambridge University Engineering Department Publications Database (submittedVersion)
- Research Output (Edinburgh Napier University) (submittedVersion)
- Edinburgh Napier Research Repository (Edinburgh Napier University) (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- Cambridge Overseas Trust
- Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Safety Research › Disability Rights and Representation
- Social Sciences › Human Factors and Ergonomics › Digital Accessibility for Disabilities
- Health Sciences › Health Professions › Occupational Therapy › Assistive Technology in Communication and Mobility
- Keywords
- inclusive design, industry perceptions, manufacturing companies, retail companies, technical challenges, organizational barriers, accessibility legislation, cross-national comparison, consumer goods
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
