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Cited by 0Poverty, Education, and Child WelfareLegal and Social Justice StudiesChild Welfare and Adoption

THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN CHILD SAFEGUARDING PRACTICES UTILIZED AND CHILD PROTECTION OUTCOMES IN PRIMARY SCHOOLS IN INFORMAL SETTLEMENTS OF EMBAKASI SOUTH SUB-COUNTY, NAIROBI COUNTY, KENYA

Open access
Odhiambo, Beryl Akinyi, Onsarigo, Thomas Gisemba, Lango, Benard·2026·World Journal of Advanced Research and Reviews
DOI 10.30574/wjarr.2026.31.3.2295
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Abstract

Child protection is essential for children’s safety, wellbeing and overall development. Children in informal settlements face increased risks of abuse, neglect, exploitation and other protection concerns. Despite the enactment of legislation and policies, child protection practices in primary schools remain inconsistent, particularly in informal settlements where poverty, overcrowding, unemployment and high crime rates further constrain safeguarding efforts. This study will analyze child safeguarding practices and child protection outcomes in primary schools in informal settlements of Embakasi South Sub-County, Nairobi County, Kenya, with a focus on the types of safeguarding practices implemented. The study will be guided by Travis Hirschi’s Social Control Theory and will adopt a Convergent Parallel Mixed Methods Design, incorporating a descriptive survey and case study. The target population will comprise 666 respondents, including headteachers, teachers, Parents Teachers Association representatives, Board of Management representatives, support staff, counsellors, the Children Officer, the County Education Officer and representatives of non-governmental organizations implementing child safeguarding programmes. A sample of 249 respondents will be selected using Yamane’s (1967) formula, through stratified simple random and purposive sampling. Structured questionnaires will be used to collect data. Quantitative data will be analyzed using descriptive statistics with SPSS Version 29, while qualitative data will be analyzed thematically. The study will establish that child safeguarding practices positively and significantly contribute to child protection outcomes, with effective safeguarding practices emerging as the strongest predictor. The study will conclude that coordinated and integrated safeguarding is essential for safe learning environments. It will recommend periodic staff training, adequate resources, appropriate reporting systems, multi-sectoral collaboration, regular safeguarding audits and strengthened school-parent, school-community and school-child protection service partnerships.

AI snapshot

Written from the paper’s full text.

TL;DR

This study examined how child safeguarding practices relate to child protection outcomes in primary schools in informal settlements of Embakasi South Sub-County, Nairobi County, Kenya. It found a strong positive association between safeguarding practices and perceived child protection outcomes, with safeguarding practices the strongest predictor in the regression model.

Key findings

  • Child safeguarding practices had a composite mean of 4.07 (SD = 0.96), indicating general agreement that practices were implemented; the highest-rated item was having a written child safeguarding policy (M = 4.20, SD = 0.87), while counselling services (M = 3.88, SD = 1.10), new-staff orientation (M = 3.90, SD = 1.08), and external-agency collaboration (M = 3.94, SD = 1.07) were lower.
  • Child safeguarding practices were strongly positively correlated with child protection outcomes (r = 0.756, p < 0.001, N = 234); staff awareness (r = 0.714), reporting mechanisms (r = 0.731), and barriers to implementation (r = −0.641) were also correlated with outcomes.
  • Regression showed R = 0.781, R² = 0.610, adjusted R² = 0.603, with child safeguarding practices accounting for 61.0% of variation in child protection outcomes and emerging as the strongest predictor among study variables.
  • 71.4% of respondents reported receiving training on child safeguarding practices, while 28.6% reported no formal training.

Methods

  • Convergent parallel mixed methods design combining a quantitative descriptive survey and a qualitative case study, guided by Travis Hirschi’s Social Control Theory.
  • Target population was 666 respondents across 37 primary schools in Mukuru kwa Njenga, Mukuru kwa Reuben, Pipeline, and Kware; sample size was 249 using Yamane’s (1967) formula, with stratified simple random and purposive sampling.
  • Data were collected via questionnaires, interview guides, observation guides, and document-analysis checklists; quantitative data were analyzed with descriptive statistics and SPSS Version 29, qualitative data thematically, and relationships tested using Pearson correlation and multiple linear regression.

Limitations

  • The paper states that correlation does not establish causation and that the regression model leaves 39.0% of variation in child protection outcomes unexplained by included variables.
  • Evident from the text: outcomes are repeatedly described as “perceived child protection outcomes,” and the correlation analysis reports N = 234 rather than the planned sample of 249.
  • Evident from the text: the design is not longitudinal, so temporal ordering and causal direction between safeguarding practices and outcomes are not established.

Model-written summary. Check it against the paper before relying on it.

Integrity signals

Registry

Crossref · 10.30574/wjarr.2026.31.3.2295

Cites

0 citation errors · 0 not checkable

Statistics

Nothing to recompute.

Claims the paper makes

2 of 14 cited sources checked · 0 supported · 0 flagged · accuracy not yet measured

  • Premisecitation

    Majority of schools in informal settlement did not have adequate security guards and fences that would improve child safeguarding practices.

    “The findings found that majority of schools in informal settlement did not have adequate security guards and fences that would improve child safeguarding practices.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim1 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Gatundu (2024) source

      The Abstract recommends that primary schools in Kibra’s informal settlements have security guards and fences and meet child-friendly school standards. It does not report that a majority of those schools lacked adequate guards or fences, so the claimed prevalence is unsupported. (LLM, conf=0.82)

      Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
  • Interpretationcitation

    The study's findings are consistent with Gatundu (2024), which emphasizes the importance of schools having formal safeguarding policies, building safe learning environments, and implementing practical activities to ensure children are not placed at risk.

    “The findings are consistent with Gatundu (2024), which focuses on the importance of schools having formal safeguarding policies, building safe learning environments, and implementing practical activities in schools that ensure children are not placed at risk of harming themselves.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim1 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Gatundu (2024) source

      Split into 2 atoms — 0 confirmed, 2 partially supported, 0 disputed, 0 misattributed, 0 unverifiable. Expand the claim to see per-atom verdicts.

      Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
  • Findingown data

    Partnership working with external agencies including child protection services had a lower mean score (M = 3.94, SD = 1.07).

    “and partnership working with external agencies including child protection services (M = 3.94, SD = 1.07).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim
  • Findingown data

    Induction for new staff to child protection had a lower mean score (M = 3.90, SD = 1.08).

    “induction for new staff to child protection (M = 3.90, SD = 1.08)”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim
  • Findingown data

    Child Protection Outcomes correlated positively with Reporting Mechanisms (r = 0.731, p < 0.001, N = 234).

    “Reporting Mechanisms Pearson Correlation 0.731** 0.263 0.301 1 Sig.(2-tailed) 0.000 0.104 0.082 N 234 234 234 234”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim
  • May combine two claims. 29
  • Classified as probably not a substantial claim. 29

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingown data

    Work experience distribution: 71 (30.3%) had over 15 years, 67 (28.6%) had 5-10 years, 61 (26.1%) had 11-15 years, and 35 (15.0%) had less than five years.

    “most of the respondents (71, 30.3%) had over 15 years of work experience, with 67 (28.6%) having 5-10 years' experience.Among respondents who had 11 -15 years of experience, 61 (26.1%) reported this experience, and 35 (15.0%) had less than five years of experience.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

    Findingown data

    Participants indicated that safeguarding had become an integral part of school management and that staff were expected to adhere to established procedures when handling child protection cases.

    “They indicated that safeguarding had become an integral part of school management and that staff were expected to adhere to the established procedures when handling child protection cases.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingown data

    Participants indicated that schools had implemented several initiatives aimed at creating safe learning environments, including teacher supervision, guidance and counselling services, child-friendly reporting channels, learner sensitization programmes and collaboration with parents and child protection agencies.

    “Participants indicated that schools had implemented several initiatives aimed at creating safe learning environments.These included teacher supervision, guidance and counselling services, child-friendly reporting channels, learner sensitization programmes and collaboration with parents and child protection agencies.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingown data

    The age distribution of respondents was: 81 (34.6%) aged 30-39 years, 69 (29.5%) aged 40-49 years, 46 (19.7%) aged 50 years and above, and 38 (16.2%) below 30 years.

    “81 (34.6%) of the respondents were in the age group 30 -39 years, while 69 (29.5%) were in the age group 40 -49 years.Forty-six (19.7%) of the respondents were aged between 50 years and above, and 38 (16.2%) were below 30 years.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingown data

    Participants highlighted the existence of safeguarding policies, supportive school environments, guidance and counselling programmes and management support as key practices contributing to child protection.

    “Participants highlighted the existence of safeguarding policies, supportive school environments, guidance and counselling programmes and management support as key practices contributing to child protection.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingown data

    The highest level of education among respondents was a bachelor's degree (121, 51.7%), followed by diploma (62, 26.5%), postgraduate (33, 14.1%), and certificate (7.7%).

    “the highest level of education among the respondents was bachelor's degree with 121 (51.7% of respondents) respondents holding a bachelor's degree, the most common level of education among the respondents.Sixty-two (26.5%) had a Diploma and 33 (14.1%) had a postgraduate qualification.The lowest percentage (7.7%)was those holding a Certificate qualification.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingown data

    Child safeguarding practices significantly predicted child protection outcomes and represented the strongest predictor among the study variables.

    “The regression analysis further showed that child safeguarding practices significantly predicted child protection outcomes and represented the strongest predictor among the study variables, based on the verified regression results.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim
    • Rests on an assumption: The regression model is correctly specified and includes the main predictors of child protection outcomes.

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingown data

    167 (71.4%) of respondents reported receiving training on child safeguarding practices, while 67 (28.6%) reported not receiving any formal training.

    “167 (71.4%) of the respondents reported receiving training on child safeguarding practices and 67 (28.6%) reported not to have received any formal training.”
    • Also stated in: § Figure 5: Training in Child Safeguarding Practices · hedged
      “The results indicate that while most of the respondents had access to child safeguarding training, a significant percentage did not have access to it.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingown data

    The statement 'The school has a written child safeguarding policy' had a mean score of 4.20 (SD = 0.87), the most widely agreed statement.

    “The most widely agreed statement was 'The school has a written child safeguarding policy' (M = 4.20, SD = 0.87)”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingown data

    In participating primary schools, there were written safeguarding policies, clear reporting lines, effective supervision of pupils, and administrative support in place.

    “There are written safeguarding policies, clear reporting lines, effective supervision of pupils and administrative support in place, which is evidence of the institutional commitment to fostering safe learning environments and to keeping children safe from abuse, neglect and exploitation.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim
    • Rests on an assumption: Self-reported perceptions of child safeguarding practices and child protection outcomes accurately reflect the actual practices and outcomes in the schools.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

    Findingown data

    Among the respondents, 142 (60.7%) were female and 92 (39.3%) were male.

    “vast majority of the respondents were female 142 (60.7%) and 92 (39.3%) were males.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

    Findingown data

    Participants noted that greater parental involvement and more frequent review of safeguarding policies would further strengthen the effectiveness of these safeguarding practices.

    “However, they also noted that greater parental involvement and more frequent review of safeguarding policies would further strengthen the effectiveness of these safeguarding practices.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Interpretationown data

    Representativeness in terms of age range ensured that the study included a range of perspectives.

    “Representativeness in terms of age range also ensured that the study included a range of perspectives”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

    Interpretationreasoning

    Both male and female respondents answered the question, creating a balanced picture of child safeguarding activities and child protection outcomes and contributing to the overall quality of the study results.

    “However, both male and female respondents answered the question, which created a balanced picture of child safeguarding activities and child protection outcomes and contributed to the overall quality of the study results.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

    Interpretationreasoning

    Most respondents had wide experience in education, likely to have significant knowledge about child safeguarding practices, school policies and child protection procedures.

    “The results indicated that most of the respondents had wide experience in education.This means that they were likely to have a significant amount of knowledge from their long-term interactions with learners and school communities about child safeguarding practices, school policies and child protection procedure.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim
    • Rests on an assumption: Longer serving staff are expected to have been exposed to a broader spectrum of child protection issues and have more experience with safeguarding policies and procedures.

  • May combine two claims.

    Interpretationown data

    The adjusted R2 value of 0.603 demonstrates that the regression model retains considerable explanatory power after adjusting for the number of predictor variables and provides a reliable fit for the observed data.

    “In addition, the adjusted R² value of 0.603 demonstrates that the model retains considerable explanatory power even after adjusting for the number of predictor variables, indicating that the regression model provides a reliable fit for the observed data.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim
    • Rests on an assumption: The regression model is correctly specified and includes the main predictors of child protection outcomes.

  • May combine two claims.

    Interpretationown data

    Nearly a third of respondents did not have any formal safeguarding training, which raises concerns that this could impact on the consistent implementation of child safeguarding policies and procedures in schools.

    “Nearly a third of respondents, however, did not have any formal safeguarding training, which raises concerns that this could impact on the consistent implementation of child safeguarding policies and procedures in schools.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim
    • Rests on an assumption: Training provides all school staff and other stakeholders with the knowledge and skills needed to recognize, prevent and respond to child safeguarding issues appropriately.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable), S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

    Interpretationreasoning

    Clear disciplinary procedures, teacher supervision, restricted access and consistent enforcement of codes of conduct could discourage harmful behavior and promote accountability.

    “Clear disciplinary procedures, teacher supervision, restricted access and consistent enforcement of codes of conduct could therefore discourage harmful behavior and promote accountability.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S4 (based).

    Interpretationnone given

    Existing studies have largely focused on child protection concerns such as violence prevalence, corporal punishment, legal protection and general awareness.

    “Existing studies have largely focused on child protection concerns such as violence prevalence, corporal punishment, legal protection and general awareness.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Interpretationreasoning

    The use of respondents from different levels of work experience allowed researchers to gain insight into both newly established and experienced stakeholders' perspectives, enhancing the quality of the results.

    “The use of respondents from different levels of work experience also allowed the researchers to gain insight into both newly established and experienced stakeholders' perspectives, which enhances the quality of the results obtained.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S4 (based).

    Interpretationreasoning

    Strong pupil-teacher relationships could increase trust and make children more willing to disclose unsafe experiences.

    “Strong pupil-teacher relationships could also increase trust and make children more willing to disclose unsafe experiences.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Interpretationown data

    The evidence indicates that schools had focused on developing a secure learning environment, both through policy and practical safeguarding practices.

    “This evidence indicates that schools had focused on developing a secure learning environment, both through policy and practical, safeguarding practices.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S4 (based).

    Interpretationreasoning

    When school staff understood safeguarding requirements and internalized professional standards, they were more likely to identify risks, intervene appropriately and report concerns.

    “When school staff understood safeguarding requirements and internalized professional standards, they were more likely to identify risks, intervene appropriately and report concerns.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Interpretationown data

    The relatively high proportion of trained respondents suggests that several schools and child protection actors have tried to boost the skills of staff members involved in child protection.

    “The relatively high proportion of trained respondents suggests that several schools and child protection actors have tried to boost the skills of staff members involved in child protection.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    The 2019 Violence Against Children Survey reported that 46% of young women and 52% of young men aged 18-24 had experienced at least one form of violence before age 18, alongside low reporting and help-seeking among survivors.

    “The 2019 Violence Against Children Survey reported that 46% of young women and 52% of young men aged 18-24 had experienced at least one form of violence before age 18, alongside low reporting and help-seeking among survivors (Ministry of Labour and Social Protection, 2020).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Ministry of Labour and Social Protection, 2020

      Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

    Interpretationreasoning

    Most respondents had tertiary education, which meant they were well informed about child safeguarding practices, child protection policies and reporting procedures.

    “From the findings, most of the respondents had tertiary education, which meant they were well informed about issues regarding child safeguarding practices, child protection policies and reporting procedures.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim
    • Rests on an assumption: Education level affects how respondents understand educational policies on child safeguarding, their responses to child safeguarding concerns, and their implementation of child protection practices.

  • May combine two claims.

    Interpretationreasoning

    Most respondents were of prime age, and therefore likely to have had good knowledge and experience of child safeguarding issues in primary schools.

    “The results indicate that most of the respondents were of prime age, and therefore likely to have had good knowledge and experience of child safeguarding issues and concerns in primary schools.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim
    • Rests on an assumption: Age affects work experience, exposure to safeguarding issues, and decision-making processes in the school.

  • Classified as probably not a substantial claim. May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Schools that actively operate effective child safeguarding practices tend to foster safer environments, encourage disclosure of abuse, and build trust among learners and parents.

    “Schools that actively operate these practices tend to foster safer environments, encourage disclosure of abuse, and build trust among learners and parents.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Balch et al, (2020)

      Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  • Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

    Premisecitation

    Policies alone are insufficient unless supported by practical safeguarding measures such as staff training, reporting mechanisms, and strong institutional leadership.

    “These studies highlight that policies alone are insufficient unless they are supported by practical safeguarding measures such as staff training, reporting mechanisms, and strong institutional leadership (Aktaret al.2020).”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Aktaret al.2020

      Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Interpretationreasoning

    The relatively high level of education of respondents contributed to confidence in the quality and reliability of information in the study.

    “The relatively high level of education of respondents also contributed to the confidence gained in the quality and reliability of information in the study.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Interpretationcitation

    Despite Kenya's commitment to child protection through legal frameworks, child protection concerns persist.

    “Despite Kenya's commitment to child protection through the Basic Education Act (2013), the Children Act (2022) and other national frameworks, child protection concerns persist.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Ministry of Labour and Social Protection, 2020

      Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S4 (based). May combine two claims.

    Premisenone given

    Literature identifies inconsistencies in teachers' safeguarding capacity, weaknesses in reporting systems, limited awareness of reporting channels and inadequate follow-up of cases.

    “Literature also identifies inconsistencies in teachers' safeguarding capacity, weaknesses in reporting systems, limited awareness of reporting channels and inadequate follow-up of cases.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

    Study design and conductreasoning

    Feedback from the pilot study led to improvements in the wording, clarity of the scales, and relevance of the items included.

    “The valuable feedback led to improvements in the wording, clarity of the scales, and relevance of the items included.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Premisecitation

    Schools in Kibra Sub-County carried out sensitization campaigns where parents were taught how to identify sexual misbehaviors in their children.

    “The schools also carried out sensitization campaigns where parents were taught on how to identify sexual misbehaviors in their children.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Gatundu (2024) source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Premisecitation

    Schools in Kibra Sub-County included lessons on sexual abuse and its definition into their curricula.

    “Gatundu (2024), reported that schools in Kibra Sub-County did a good job of including lessons on sexual abuse and its definition into their curricula.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Gatundu (2024) source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • Classified as probably not a substantial claim. May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Child safeguarding practices in schools-staff awareness, preventive measures, reporting and referral mechanisms, and addressing barriers-contribute to safer learning environments and improved child protection outcomes by preventing abuse, facilitating early identification of risks, strengthening reporting, and enhancing institutional responses.

    “These measures are intended to contribute to safer learning environments and improved child protection outcomes by preventing abuse, facilitating early identification of risks, strengthening reporting and enhancing institutional responses to child protection concerns (Baginsky et al., 2022).”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Baginsky et al., 2022 source

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

    Study design and conductreasoning

    The correlation analysis does not establish causation; the results demonstrate associations between the study variables and perceived child protection outcomes but do not demonstrate that changes in one variable directly caused changes in another.

    “It is important to note that correlation does not establish causation.The results demonstrate associations between the study variables and perceived child protection outcomes but do not, by themselves, demonstrate that changes in one variable directly caused changes in another.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Interpretationown data

    Counselling provision, induction for new staff, and partnership working with external agencies were not always evident in all schools.

    “the results indicate that these elements of safeguarding practice were not always evident in all schools and so need strengthening.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim
    • Rests on an assumption: Self-reported perceptions of child safeguarding practices and child protection outcomes accurately reflect the actual practices and outcomes in the schools.

  • Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

    Interpretationreasoning

    Less attention has been given to how specific dimensions of school safeguarding relate to child protection outcomes in informal settlements, particularly in Embakasi South Sub-County.

    “Less attention has been given to how specific dimensions of school safeguarding relate to child protection outcomes in informal settlements, particularly in Embakasi South Sub-County.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Study design and conductreasoning

    The use of multiple instruments enabled triangulation by comparing information obtained from respondents with observations and documentary evidence.

    “The use of multiple instruments enabled triangulation by comparing information obtained from respondents with observations and documentary evidence.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

    Premisecitation

    Social Control Theory proposes that strong attachments, commitment to conventional activities, involvement in socially accepted roles and shared values could discourage deviant behavior.

    “The theory proposed that strong attachments, commitment to conventional activities, involvement in socially accepted roles and shared values could discourage deviant behavior.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Travis Hirschi (19690)

      Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable), S4 (based).

    Interpretationreasoning

    Parental and school management involvement could strengthen informal social controls.

    “Similarly, parental and school management involvement could strengthen informal social controls.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Study design and conductown data

    The qualitative findings support the quantitative results.

    “The qualitative findings support the quantitative results, which indicated that respondents generally agreed that child safeguarding practices were being implemented in the participating schools.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Interpretationown data

    The findings are consistent with the literature reviewed in this study, which has highlighted that child protection outcomes are complex and dependent on a multi-institutional and multi-organizational context rather than a single safeguarding intervention.

    “The findings are consistent with the literature reviewed in this study, which has highlighted that the outcome of child protection is complex and dependent on a multi-institutional and multi-organizational context rather than a single safeguarding intervention.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Interpretationown data

    Institutional commitment to child safeguarding was manifested not only in policymaking but also in administrative support and easy access to safeguarding procedures.

    “The results showed that institutional commitment to child safeguarding was not just manifested in policymaking but also in administrative support and easy access to safeguarding procedures.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim
    • Rests on an assumption: Self-reported perceptions of child safeguarding practices and child protection outcomes accurately reflect the actual practices and outcomes in the schools.
45 of 45

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    Gender affects experiences, perceptions and approaches to child safeguarding and protection in the school setting.

    “The gender of the respondents was important as gender could affect experiences, perceptions and approaches to child safeguarding and protection in the school setting.”

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    Age affects work experience, exposure to safeguarding issues, and decision-making processes in the school.

    “Age is identified as a key demographic because it can affect their work experience, they may have had a different level of exposure to safeguarding issues and may have different decision-making processes in the school.”

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    Education level affects how respondents understand educational policies on child safeguarding, their responses to child safeguarding concerns, and their implementation of child protection practices.

    “This information was of significance as it is likely to affect how respondents understand educational policies on child safeguarding and what they do in response to child safeguarding concerns, as well as how they implement child protection practices.”

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    Longer serving staff are expected to have been exposed to a broader spectrum of child protection issues and have more experience with safeguarding policies and procedures.

    “Often, the length of time in work experience was cited as an important factor as longer serving staff were expected to have been exposed to a broader spectrum of child protection issues and have had more experience with safeguarding policies and procedures.”

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    Training provides all school staff and other stakeholders with the knowledge and skills needed to recognize, prevent and respond to child safeguarding issues appropriately.

    “A key aspect of child protection is training, which provides all school staff and other stakeholders with the knowledge and skills needed to recognize, prevent and respond to child safeguarding issues appropriately.”

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    Self-reported perceptions of child safeguarding practices and child protection outcomes accurately reflect the actual practices and outcomes in the schools.

    “The results demonstrate associations between the study variables and perceived child protection outcomes but do not, by themselves, demonstrate that changes in one variable directly caused changes in another.”
    “The findings therefore indicated that stronger implementation of safeguarding practices was associated with more positive perceived child protection outcomes”

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    The sample of 234 respondents is representative of primary schools in informal settlements of Embakasi South Sub-County, Nairobi County.

    “The results presented in Table 4 showed that child safeguarding practices had a strong positive and statistically significant relationship with child protection outcomes (r = 0.756, p < 0.001, N = 234).”
    “The study concluded that child safeguarding practices were strongly and positively associated with child protection outcomes (r = 0.756, p <0 .001),indicating that consistent implementation of child protection policies, effective learner supervision, safe school practices and appropriate response procedures contributed to improved child safety, wellbeing and protection.”

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    The regression model is correctly specified and includes the main predictors of child protection outcomes.

    “The coefficient of determination (R² = 0.610) further reveals that, child safeguarding practices, account for 61.0% of the variation in child protection outcomes.”
    “The remaining 39.0% of the variation is likely attributable to other factors that were not included in the regression model”

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    The qualitative thematic analysis accurately captures participants' views and experiences.

    “The responses were analyzed thematically and are presented according to the study objectives.”
    “The qualitative findings indicated that schools that consistently implemented safeguarding procedures were perceived to be better positioned to prevent and respond to child protection concerns.”
9 of 9

Self-check

Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.

Each contradiction between two passages listed here was confirmed by an independent check.

  • Table 1 PTA/BoM row does not add up

    Minor

    The three settlement counts for Parents/PTS and BoM representatives sum to 111, not the reported 121.

    Reported 121 · recomputed 111

  • Table 2 population categories total 656, not 666

    Minor

    Adding the population figures listed for the six categories gives 656, ten fewer than the table's reported total.

    Reported 666 · recomputed 656

  • Correlation-analysis variables differ from the reported matrix

    Minor

    The description says the analysis examined staff safeguarding training, child-centered practices and community participation, whereas the correlation matrix lists staff awareness, child safeguarding practices, reporting mechanisms and barriers to implementation.

3 of 3

Cites

The publisher hasn’t deposited this paper’s reference list.

Research works printed but not linked: 8

  1. Aziz, A., & Khan, N. (2020). The potential uses of pilot study in qualitative research. Journal of Research & Reviews in Social Sciences Pakistan, 3(1), 750-767.
  2. Cohen, J. (1988). Statistical power analysis for the behavioral sciences (2nd ed.). Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.
  3. Holmyard, L., & Rigg, K. (2025). Safeguarding and Child Protection in International Schools: Legal and Cultural Contexts and Parent Engagement. In Diversity and Inclusion Challenges for Leaders of International Schools (pp. 71-106). IGI Global Scientific Publishing.
  4. Korir, P. (2017). Child care workers' knowledge about reporting suspected child sexual abuse: A case of Nakuru District (Thesis, Moi University).
  5. Musili, W. (2023). Institutional factors influencing the implementation of child-friendly schools in Kenya. Journal of the Kenya National Commission for UNESCO, 3(1), 1-14.
  6. Mwangi, J. G., Kaumbulu, A. K., & Momanyi, E. M. (2025). The influence of strategic planning processes on the school performance of public primary schools in Embakasi South Sub-County, an urban, resource-constrained area in Nairobi County, Kenya. Journal of Popular Education in Africa, 9(10), 392-404.
  7. Udalang, V. M. (2023). An Analysis of the Department of Children Services' Role in Protecting Children From Child Sexual Abuse in Kenya (Doctoral dissertation, University of Nairobi).
  8. Yamane, T. (1967). Statistics: An introductory analysis (2nd ed.). Harper & Row.

Related

Authors
Odhiambo, B. A., Onsarigo, T. G., & Lango, B.
Affiliations
Catholic University of Eastern Africa (KE)
Corresponding author
Odhiambo, Beryl Akinyi
ORCID
Onsarigo, Thomas Gisemba
Venue
World Journal of Advanced Research and Reviews
Publisher
GSC Online Press
Published
2026-09-30
Volume
31
Issue
3
Pages
319-334
ISSN
2581-9615 (ISSN-L)
DOI
10.30574/wjarr.2026.31.3.2295
OpenAlex
W7211968536
Cited by
0
References
0
FWCI
0.00
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
Licence
cc-by
Locations
  • World Journal of Advanced Research and Reviews (publishedVersion, cc-by)
  • Zenodo (CERN European Organization for Nuclear Research) (submittedVersion, cc-by)
  • Zenodo (CERN European Organization for Nuclear Research) (cc-by)
Topics
  • Social Sciences › Safety Research › Poverty, Education, and Child Welfare
  • Social Sciences › Law › Legal and Social Justice Studies
  • Social Sciences › Safety Research › Child Welfare and Adoption
Keywords
child protection, elementary school, informal settlements, social control theory, child abuse, safe learning environment, school-parent partnership, intersectoral collaboration

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Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.

Claims read by deepseek-v4.1-flash under definition version 3 (extract-v3) on 2026-10-29.

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