The DOI matches its Crossref record; 4 of the 4 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Assessing the Contribution of Distributed Leadership to School Improvement and Growth in Math Achievement
Abstract
Although there has been sizable growth in the number of empirical studies of shared forms of leadership over the past decade, the bulk of this research has been descriptive. Relatively few published studies have investigated the impact of shared leadership on school improvement. This longitudinal study examines the effects of distributed leadership on school improvement and growth in student math achievement in 195 elementary schools in one state over a 4-year period. Using multilevel latent change analysis, the research found significant direct effects of distributed leadership on change in the schools’ academic capacity and indirect effects on student growth rates in math. The study supports a perspective on distributed leadership that aims at building the academic capacity of schools as a means of improving student learning outcomes.
Overview
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Citations
Cites
Coefficient Alpha and the Internal Structure of Tests
Cronbach, L. J. (1951) · Psychometrika · doi:10.1007/bf02310555 · Cited by 43,931
Significance tests and goodness of fit in the analysis of covariance structures.
Bentler, P. M., & Bonett, D. G. (1980) · Psychological Bulletin · doi:10.1037//0033-2909.88.3.588 · Cited by 19,023
Robinson, V. M. J., Lloyd, C. A., & Rowe, K. J. (2008) · Educational Administration Quarterly · doi:10.1177/0013161x08321509 · Cited by 2,549
Dropping Out of High School: The Role of School Organization and Structure
Lee, V. E., & Burkam, D. T. (2003) · American Educational Research Journal · doi:10.3102/00028312040002353 · Cited by 738
Cited by
Hallinger, P., & Heck, R. H. (2010) · School Leadership & Management · doi:10.1080/13632431003663214 · Cited by 788
Self-citationHow does leadership affect student achievement? Results from a national US survey
Seashore Louis, K., Dretzke, B., & Wahlstrom, K. (2010) · School Effectiveness and School Improvement · doi:10.1080/09243453.2010.486586 · Cited by 624
Leithwood, K., & Sun, J. (2012) · Educational Administration Quarterly · doi:10.1177/0013161x11436268 · Cited by 601
Distributed leadership: implications for the role of the principal
Harris, A. (2011) · Journal of Management Development · doi:10.1108/02621711211190961 · Cited by 353
Successful Leadership in Rural Schools: Cultivating Collaboration
Preston, J., & Barnes, K. E. R. (2018) · The Rural Educator · doi:10.35608/ruraled.v38i1.231 · Cited by 109
Metadata
- Authors
- Heck, R. H., & Hallinger, P.
- Venue
- American Educational Research Journal
- Published
- 2009-09
- Volume
- 46
- Issue
- 3
- Pages
- 659-689
- ISSN
- 0002-8312 (ISSN-L)
- 1935-1011
- OpenAlex
- W2096274748
- Cited by
- 585
- References
- 4
- FWCI
- 118.31
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
How to cite
Cite CoChat for the checks on this page, and the paper for its own findings.
- This page
- CoChat. (2026). Citation check: Assessing the Contribution of Distributed Leadership to School Improvement and Growth in Math Achievement. https://app.cochat.ai/papers/10.3102/0002831209340042
- The paper
- Heck, R. H., & Hallinger, P. (2009). Assessing the Contribution of Distributed Leadership to School Improvement and Growth in Math Achievement. American Educational Research Journal. https://doi.org/10.3102/0002831209340042
Data sources
Bibliographic data: Semantic Scholar, OpenAlex, Crossref.
Contains information from the Semantic Scholar Academic Graph Datasets, made available under the ODC Attribution License (ODC-BY 1.0).
Semantic Scholar’s data is described in: Kinney, R., et al. (2023). The Semantic Scholar Open Data Platform. arXiv:2301.10140.