The DOI matches its Crossref record; 194 of the 196 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
A Review of School Climate Research
Abstract
For more than a century, there has been a growing interest in school climate. Recently, the U.S. Department of Education, Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Institute for Educational Sciences, a growing number of State Departments of Education, foreign educational ministries, and UNICEF have focused on school climate reform as an evidence-based school improvement strategy that supports students, parents/guardians, and school personnel learning and working together to create ever safer, more supportive and engaging K–12 schools. This work presents an integrative review on school climate research. The 206 citations used in this review include experimental studies, correlational studies, literature reviews, and other descriptive studies. The review focuses on five essential dimensions of school climate: Safety, Relationships, Teaching and Learning, Institutional Environment, and the School Improvement Process. We conclude with a critique of the field and a series of recommendations for school climate researchers and policymakers.
Overview
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
In the citing paper
“These pupils often experience strained relationships with teachers, low school connectedness and a history of negative educational experiences (Kearney & Graczyk, 2020; Thapa et al., 2013).”
From Beyond the Classroom: Strengthening Pupil Engagement, Attendance and Belonging through Alternative Education and Community Partnerships (2025) · cites this paper as Thapa et al., 2013
In the citing paper
“When school is experienced as unsafe, unsupportive, or irrelevant, avoidance and disruptive behaviour are more likely to emerge (Sammons et al., 2016; Thapa et al., 2013).”
From Beyond the Classroom: Strengthening Pupil Engagement, Attendance and Belonging through Alternative Education and Community Partnerships (2025) · cites this paper as Thapa et al., 2013
In the citing paper
“Association between school climate and increased self-esteem, lower levels of drug use, fewer self-reports of psychiatric problems, better psychological well-being, decreased student absenteeism, lower rates of student suspension, and effective risk prevention.”
From Critical connections: health and academics (2015) · cites this paper as [79]
In the citing paper
“which has also been associated with decreased absenteeism and increased academic achievement.78,79”
From Critical connections: health and academics (2015) · cites this paper as [79]
In the citing paper
“being a victim of bullying is associated with feeling unsafe at school, lower connectedness with school, and lower grades.79”
From Critical connections: health and academics (2015) · cites this paper as [79]
In the citing paper
“a positive and safe school climate is associated with reduced aggression and violence, peer victimization, and punitive disciplinary actions”
From Critical connections: health and academics (2015) · cites this paper as [79]
In the citing paper
“Students who are more attached to school have been shown to have better attendance, grades, and classroom behavior.79”
From Critical connections: health and academics (2015) · cites this paper as [79]
In the citing paper
“A positive and safe school climate has been shown to be associated with increased attachment to school.77–79”
From Critical connections: health and academics (2015) · cites this paper as [79]
In the citing paper
“Student-teacher relationships influence academic success and behavioral outcomes for students.77–79”
From Critical connections: health and academics (2015) · cites this paper as [79]
In the citing paper
“Cooperative learning, group cohesion, respect, and mutual trust have been shown to directly improve the learning environment and more distally the school climate.77–79”
From Critical connections: health and academics (2015) · cites this paper as [79]
In the citing paper
“School connectedness has been shown to be a strong protective factor in decreasing risky health behaviors such as substance use, early sexual initiation, violence, and risk of unintentional injury (eg, drinking and driving).79–81”
From Critical connections: health and academics (2015) · cites this paper as [79]
In the citing paper
“Research has demonstrated an association between school connectedness and academic achievement, including school attendance, staying in school longer, and higher grades and classroom test scores.79,80”
From Critical connections: health and academics (2015) · cites this paper as [79]
In the citing paper
“school climate is directly related to academic achievement for elementary school, middle school, and high school.79”
From Critical connections: health and academics (2015) · cites this paper as [79]
In the citing paper
“addressing physical threats (eg, crime, violence, and injuries) that make students feel safe, which in turn has been shown to be associated with decreased absenteeism and increased academic achievement.53,79,91”
From Critical connections: health and academics (2015) · cites this paper as [79]
In the citing paper
“In addition, student learning opportunities beyond the classroom such as service-learning opportunities and civic engagement have been associated with improved school-related behaviors, decreased school suspension rates, and increased academic achievement.79,99”
From Critical connections: health and academics (2015) · cites this paper as [79]
Citations
Cites
Maslow, A. H. (1943) · Psychological Review · doi:10.1037/h0054346 · Cited by 21,563
Social Cognitive Theory: An Agentic Perspective
Bandura, A. (2001) · Annual Review of Psychology · doi:10.1146/annurev.psych.52.1.1 · Cited by 15,510
Axford, N. (2017) · Routledge eBooks · doi:10.4324/9781315258324-16 · Cited by 11,329
(2015) · Routledge eBooks · doi:10.4324/9781315712383-22 · Cited by 10,894
Durlak, J. A., Weissberg, R. P., Dymnicki, A. B., Taylor, R. D., & Schellinger, K. B. (2011) · Child Development · doi:10.1111/j.1467-8624.2010.01564.x · Cited by 10,854
Editorial Office (1997) · Obesity Surgery · doi:10.1381/096089297765555359 · Cited by 3,941
Bullying Behaviors Among US Youth
Nansel, T. R., Overpeck, M. D., Pilla, R. S., Ruan, W. J., Simons‐Morton, B. G., & Scheidt, P. C. (2001) · JAMA · doi:10.1001/jama.285.16.2094 · Cited by 3,805
Skinner, E. A., & Belmont, M. J. (1993) · Journal of Educational Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-0663.85.4.571 · Cited by 3,428
(2006) · PubMed · Cited by 3,378
Hamre, B. K., & Pianta, R. C. (2001) · Child Development · doi:10.1111/1467-8624.00301 · Cited by 3,307
Research works printed but not linked: 41
- Benninga J. S., 2003, Journal of Research in Character Education, 1, 19
- Blaya C., 2006, Harcèlement et maltraitance en milieu scolaire
- 10.1037//0003-066X.34.10.844 · DOI
- Brookover W., 1977, Schools can make a difference
- Brookover W. B., 1979, Changes in school characteristics coincident with changes in student achievement
- 10.2307/1162468 · DOI
- Brown P. M., 2012, The handbook of prosocial education, 767
- Bulach C., 1994, ERS Spectrum, 12, 3
- 10.1037//1522-3736.5.1.515a · DOI
- Cohen J., 2012, The handbook of prosocial education, 227
- Cohen J., 2013, School climate reform: Definitions and models
- Debarbieux E., 1996, La violence en milieu scolaire: 1: Etat des lieux
- Del Rey R., 2009, Revisita Interuniversitaria de Formacion del Profesorado, 66, 159
- 10.1023/A:1009970210393 · DOI
- 10.1111/j.14678624.2010.01564.x · DOI
- Fonagy P., 2005, Medical Science Monitor, 11, CR317
- Fraser B. J., 1982, The Alberta Journal of Educational Research, 28, 212
- Gangi T. A., 2010, School climate and faculty relationships: Choosing an effective assessment measure
- 10.1007/s10964-007-9192-4 · DOI
- 10.1016/j.tate.2007.06.005 · DOI
- Guffey S., 2011, Poster presented at the biennial meeting of the Society for Research in Child Development
- Guo P. (2012). School culture: A validation study and exploration of its relationship with teachers’ work environment (Unpublished doctoral dissertation). Fordham University, New York.
- Guo P., 2011, Paper presented at the Association for Moral Education annual conference
- Higgins-D’Alessandro A., 2012, The handbook of prosocial education, 3
- Higgins-D’Alessandro A., 2011, Paper presented at the Association for Moral Education annual conference
- 10.1037//0022-0663.82.1.117 · DOI
- Janosz M., 1998, Revue canadienne de psycho- éducation, 27, 285
- 10.1007/s10964-010-95407 · DOI
- Melton G. B., 1998, Violence among rural youth
- Novotney A., 2009, American Psychological Association: Monitor on Psychology, 40, 68
- Ortega R., 2011, Violencia deGénero. La violencia sexual a debate, 99
- Payton J., 2008, The positive impact of social and emotional learning for kindergarten to eighth-grade students: Findings from three scientific reviews
- 10.1001/jama.278.10.823 · DOI · Paper page
- 10.1111/j.1467-8624.1983.tb00329.x · DOI
- Schneider S. H., 2010, Journal of Research in Character Education, 8, 25
- Sherblom S. A., 2006, Journal of Research in Character Education, 4, 19
- 10.1037//0022-0663.85.4.571 · DOI · Paper page
- Soukamneuth S., 2004, Principal Leadership: High School Edition, 4, 14
- Torney-Purta J., 2001, Citizenship and education in twenty-eight countries
- Wilson J., 1984, Education, 104, 444
- Yoneyama S., 2006, Youth Studies Australia, 25, 34
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Items 901–1,000 of 1,001
A School Effectiveness Approach to Good Citizenship
Treviño, E., Carrasco, D., López-Hornickel, N., & Zúñiga, C. G. (2021) · IEA research for education · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-75746-5_5 · Cited by 10
Rebicova, M. L., Veselská, Z. D., Husárová, D., Gecková, A. M., Jansen, D. E. M. C., van Dijk, J. P., & Reijneveld, S. A. (2021) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph182413009 · Cited by 11
AKYÜREK, M. İ. (2022) · Education 3-13 · doi:10.1080/03004279.2022.2089711 · Cited by 10
Zabek, F. A., Meyers, J. P., Rice, K. G., Ashby, J. S., & Kruger, A. C. (2022) · Journal of School Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.jsp.2022.08.005 · Cited by 10
Student Engagement in English Language Classes: An Evaluative Study
Mekki, O. M., Ismail, A. M., & Ahmed, D. M. H. (2022) · Sohag University International Journal of Educational Research (SUIJER) /Sohag University International Journal of Educational Research (SUIJER) · doi:10.21608/suijer.2022.253735 · Cited by 11
Yu, Z., & Jiang, X. (2022) · Mathematical Problems in Engineering · doi:10.1155/2022/7975433 · Cited by 10
Iqbal, T., Shahzad, M. A., Nuez, M. J. A., & Martínez, J. R. (2022) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2022.1008890 · Cited by 10
Manajemen Konflik dan Stres di Sekolah
Fathorrahman, F. (2021) · ITQAN Jurnal Ilmu-Ilmu Kependidikan · doi:10.47766/itqan.v12i2.122 · Cited by 10
Miconi, D., Aigoin, M., Audet, G., & Rousseau, C. (2024) · Canadian Journal of School Psychology · doi:10.1177/08295735241227596 · Cited by 10
Samadieh, H., & Reshvanloo, F. T. (2023) · Iranian Journal of Educational Sociology · doi:10.61186/ijes.6.3.11 · Cited by 11
Lin, Y., Jin, Y., & Yang, R. S. (2024) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2024.1487345 · Cited by 10
Critical Success Factors in a High School Healthcare Education Program
Thessin, R. A., Scully‐Russ, E., & Lieberman, D. S. (2018) · Journal of Career and Technical Education · doi:10.21061/jcte.v32i1.1590 · Cited by 10
Rathmann, K., Herke, M., Hurrelmann, K., & Richter, M. (2018) · Das Gesundheitswesen · doi:10.1055/s-0043-121886 · Cited by 10
Novara, C., Lenzi, M., & Santinello, M. (2018) · International Journal of Inclusive Education · doi:10.1080/13603116.2018.1459889 · Cited by 15
Brown, T. M., Galindo, C., Quarles, B., & Cook, A. L. J. (2019) · The Urban Review · doi:10.1007/s11256-019-00508-3 · Cited by 14
Burušić, J. (2019) · Management · doi:10.30924/mjcmi.24.si.1 · Cited by 10
Perceptions of School Climate Among Subgroups of Aggressive and Victimized Youth
O’Connor, K. E., Hitti, S. A., Thompson, E. L., Farrell, A. D., & Sullivan, T. N. (2019) · School Mental Health · doi:10.1007/s12310-019-09343-z · Cited by 12
Educational Rationality: Measurement, Correlates, and Consequences
Karwowski, M., & Milerski, B. (2021) · Education Sciences · doi:10.3390/educsci11040182 · Cited by 10
Petrucci, G. W., Borsa, J. C., Damásio, B. F., & Koller, S. H. (2016) · Psicologia Reflexão e Crítica · doi:10.1186/s41155-016-0037-5 · Cited by 11
Using Photovoice to Explore School Connection and Disconnection
Joyce, H. D. (2018) · Children & Schools · doi:10.1093/cs/cdy021 · Cited by 10
Centeio, E. E., Somers, C. L., Moore, E. W. G., Garn, A. C., Kulik, N. L., Martin, J. J., Shen, B., & McCaughtry, N. (2019) · The Journal of Early Adolescence · doi:10.1177/0272431619833493 · Cited by 10
Perceptions of School Climate Among Students Self-Identifying as Lesbian, Gay, or Bisexual
Salle, T. P. L., Neves, J. R., Freeman, J., & Sugai, G. M. (2019) · Remedial and Special Education · doi:10.1177/0741932518800795 · Cited by 10
The role of creativity in principals’ leadership practices towards parental involvement
Arivayagan, K., Kadir, S. A., Luan, W. S., & Abdullah, A. (2019) · International Journal of Educational Management · doi:10.1108/ijem-11-2018-0348 · Cited by 10
Oberfield, Z. W. (2019) · Review of Public Personnel Administration · doi:10.1177/0734371x19894376 · Cited by 10
Varela, J. J., Torres-Vallejos, J., González, C., & García, O. (2020) · Psykhe (Santiago) · doi:10.7764/psykhe.29.2.1416 · Cited by 13
Pirone, F. (2021) · European Journal of Education · doi:10.1111/ejed.12479 · Cited by 12
Novak, A. S. (2019) · Journal of School Violence · doi:10.1080/15388220.2018.1512416 · Cited by 9
Nilsen, T., & Teig, N. (2022) · Springer international handbooks of education · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-88178-8_34 · Cited by 9
Irribarra, D. T., & Arneson, A. E. (2023) · Measurement · doi:10.1016/j.measurement.2023.113430 · Cited by 11
A qualitative study of Swedish pupils’ perspectives on supportive school climates and help-seeking
Forsberg, C., Chiriac, E. H., & Thornberg, R. (2023) · Pastoral Care in Education · doi:10.1080/02643944.2023.2265388 · Cited by 12
Wu, Y., Chen, P., Li, S., Huang, X.-Y., & Nie, Y. (2024) · Child Psychiatry & Human Development · doi:10.1007/s10578-024-01687-1 · Cited by 10
Doğan, R. Y., & Demircioğlu, H. (2024) · Psychology in the Schools · doi:10.1002/pits.23330 · Cited by 10
Adolescents’ Wellbeing at School: What Helps and What Hinders From Feeling Safe and Satisfied?
Horanicová, S., Husárová, D., Gecková, A. M., Rebicova, M. L., Sokolová, L., deWinter, A. F., & Reijneveld, S. A. (2024) · International Journal of Public Health · doi:10.3389/ijph.2024.1607244 · Cited by 11
A systematic review on evaluating school safety signs and ways to improve its effectiveness
Wang, T., Shukor, S. F. A., Kozłowski, M., Mohamed, W. S. W., & Zhang, T. (2025) · Frontiers in Communication · doi:10.3389/fcomm.2025.1550402 · Cited by 9
Romero, R. H., van der Meulen, K., Granizo, L., del Barrio, C., Puyol, P., Lara, L., & Olmos, R. (2025) · Psychosocial Intervention · doi:10.5093/pi2025a10 · Cited by 12
Zhang, J., Ye, Z., Chen, S., & Sun, Q. (2025) · Large-scale Assessments in Education · doi:10.1186/s40536-025-00268-5 · Cited by 9
Digital pedagogical competence evaluation of teachers and strategies of school principals
Wulandari, S. A., & Arifin, Z. (2020) · Journal of Physics Conference Series · doi:10.1088/1742-6596/1469/1/012075 · Cited by 9
Mathematikunterricht im Vergleich zwischen den Schularten
Bayer, S. (2020) · Waxmann Verlag GmbH eBooks · doi:10.31244/9783830992479 · Cited by 10
The relationship between school climate and students’ engagement at school
Đorđić, D. (2020) · Zbornik Instituta za pedagoska istrazivanja · doi:10.2298/zipi2002233d · Cited by 9
St‐Amand, J., Smith, J., & Rasmy, A. (2021) · International Journal of Learning Teaching and Educational Research · doi:10.26803/ijlter.20.12.5 · Cited by 9
As pesquisas sobre o clima escolar e saúde no Brasil - uma revisão de escopo
Lima, D. H., & Peres, M. F. T. (2022) · Ciência & Saúde Coletiva · doi:10.1590/1413-81232022279.21842021 · Cited by 9
Cerda‐Smith, J., Joy, A., Mathews, C. J., Knox, J. L., & Mulvey, K. L. (2023) · Science Education · doi:10.1002/sce.21784 · Cited by 10
How Schools are Addressing Harmful Sexual Behaviour: findings of 14 School Audits
Lloyd, J., & Walker, J. (2023) · British Journal of Educational Studies · doi:10.1080/00071005.2023.2178634 · Cited by 9
Thapa, A., & Cohen, J. A. (2023) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-031-14728-9_29 · Cited by 9
Self-citationPunia, P., & Bala, M. (2023) · Open Education Studies · doi:10.1515/edu-2022-0195 · Cited by 14
Eisman, A. B., Whitman, J., Palinkas, L. A., Fridline, J., Harvey, C., Kilbourne, A. M., & Hutton, D. W. (2023) · Implementation Science Communications · doi:10.1186/s43058-023-00511-6 · Cited by 9
Diş, O., & Demirkasımoğlu, N. (2024) · The Asia-Pacific Education Researcher · doi:10.1007/s40299-024-00920-8 · Cited by 9
A tool for assessing social climate in university classrooms
Sánchez, C. R., Ortíz, D. C., Carrasco, M. G., Carbó, P. A., & Burriel, M. P. (2015) · Electronic Journal of Research in Educational Psychology · doi:10.14204/ejrep.36.14075 · Cited by 9
Yurdabakan, İ., & Baş, A. U. (2018) · Journal of Psychoeducational Assessment · doi:10.1177/0734282918803500 · Cited by 10
Communal schools and teacher victimization
Payne, A. A., & Gottfredson, D. C. (2019) · Aggressive Behavior · doi:10.1002/ab.21826 · Cited by 9
Stability of School Contributions to Student Social-Emotional Learning Gains
Fricke, H., Loeb, S., Meyer, R. H., Rice, A. B., Pier, L., & Hough, H. J. (2021) · American Journal of Education · doi:10.1086/716550 · Cited by 10
Using Integrative Data Analysis to Investigate School Climate Across Multiple Informants
McGrath, K. V., Leighton, E. A., Ene, M., DiStefano, C., & Monrad, D. M. (2019) · Educational and Psychological Measurement · doi:10.1177/0013164419885999 · Cited by 9
High School Students With Emotional and Behavioral Disorders Perceptions of School Climate
Gage, N. A., Kramer, D. A., & Ellis, K. (2020) · Journal of Disability Policy Studies · doi:10.1177/1044207320934800 · Cited by 9
Mateos, N. E., Palacios, E. G., Fernández‐Zabala, A., & Antonio‐Agirre, I. (2020) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph17134800 · Cited by 9
Adapt or Abandon: Demographic Shocks and Principal Turnover
Pendola, A., & Fuller, E. J. (2020) · Leadership and Policy in Schools · doi:10.1080/15700763.2020.1759650 · Cited by 9
Benitez, I., Fisher, B. W., Tolles, T., & Wright, E. M. (2021) · Crime & Delinquency · doi:10.1177/0011128721989062 · Cited by 9
Effects of School Climate and Parent Support on Academic Performance: Implications for School Reform
Duraku, Z. H., & Hoxha, L. (2021) · International Journal of Educational Reform · doi:10.1177/10567879211015946 · Cited by 11
Gordon, R. A., Crowder, M. K., Aloe, A. M., Davidson, L. A., & Domitrovich, C. E. (2022) · Journal of School Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.jsp.2022.05.002 · Cited by 11
Zhu, Q., Cheong, Y., & Wang, C. (2022) · School Psychology Review · doi:10.1080/2372966x.2022.2088250 · Cited by 10
Wang, L., Yang, D., Cui, Y., Zheng, J., Wang, J., Yang, Y., & Luo, Z. (2022) · Psychology in the Schools · doi:10.1002/pits.22819 · Cited by 9
Kim, I., Burgess, D. L., & Chatters, S. J. (2022) · Journal of School Health · doi:10.1111/josh.13261 · Cited by 9
Pre-Service Teachers’ Perceptions of and Experiences with Classroom Physical Activity
Bigelow, H., & Fenesi, B. (2023) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph20021049 · Cited by 10
Hang, Y., & Zhang, X. (2023) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1147119 · Cited by 9
Ali, F., Ow-Yeong, Y. K., & Tilley, J. L. (2024) · Studies In Educational Evaluation · doi:10.1016/j.stueduc.2024.101330 · Cited by 9
SCHOOL CLIMATE AND PARENTAL INVOLVEMENT: THE PERCEPTION OF IRANIAN TEACHERS
Pourrajab, M., Roustaee, R., Talebloo, B., Kasmaienezhadfard, S., & Ghani, M. F. B. A. (2015) · Global Journal of Commerce & Management Perspective · Cited by 9
Landsbergis, P. A., Zoeckler, J. M., Kashem, Z., Rivera, B. D., Alexander, D. L., & Bahruth, A. (2017) · NEW SOLUTIONS A Journal of Environmental and Occupational Health Policy · doi:10.1177/1048291117739420 · Cited by 9
Toward being nobody's darling: a womanist reframing of school climate
Edwards, E. B. (2020) · International Journal of Qualitative Studies in Education · doi:10.1080/09518398.2020.1753254 · Cited by 10
Does Four Equal Five? Implementation and Outcomes of the Four-Day School Week
Kilburn, M. R., Phillips, A., Gomez, C. J., Mariano, L. T., Doss, C., Troxel, W., Morton, E., & Estes, K. (2021) · RAND Corporation eBooks · doi:10.7249/rr-a373-1 · Cited by 9
Gestión de la convivencia escolar a nivel intermedio: Diseño y validación de una escala
Ascorra, P., Cárdenas, K., & Álvarez‐Figueroa, F. (2020) · Revista Evaluar · doi:10.35670/1667-4545.v20.n3.31700 · Cited by 9
Gálvez-Nieto, J. L., Vera-Bachmann, D., Trizano-Hermosilla, Í., Polanco-Levicán, K., & Briceño-Olivera, C. (2020) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2020.01561 · Cited by 9
Social and Emotional Learning: Children
Schonert-Reichl, K. A., & Weissberg, R. P. (2014) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-1-4614-5999-6_133 · Cited by 10
Moore, S. A., Ouellette, R. R., & Connors, E. H. (2023) · Frontiers in Education · doi:10.3389/feduc.2022.931474 · Cited by 8
PIRLS 2026 Assessment Frameworks. Boston College
(2024) · doi:10.6017/lse.tpisc.tr2103.kb4199 · Cited by 9
Wikman, C., Allodi, M. W., & Ferrer‐Wreder, L. (2024) · Scandinavian Journal of Educational Research · doi:10.1080/00313831.2024.2369893 · Cited by 8
Baraldsnes, D., & Caravita, S. C. S. (2025) · International Journal of Bullying Prevention · doi:10.1007/s42380-024-00284-z · Cited by 8
Altun, A., Kuduz, E., & Akkan, İ. N. (2025) · International Journal of Educational Research · doi:10.1016/j.ijer.2025.102557 · Cited by 8
Fischer, S. M., Macaulay, P. J. R., & Bilz, L. (2025) · International Journal of Bullying Prevention · doi:10.1007/s42380-024-00283-0 · Cited by 11
Meng, X., Chen, Y., Rudasill, K. M., Xu, L., Yu, D., & Harrell, D. R. (2025) · Journal of Youth and Adolescence · doi:10.1007/s10964-025-02212-w · Cited by 9
Meza, B. P. L., Simões, L., Ryan, G. W., Saunders, M., Turley, K., Dudovitz, R., & Wong, M. D. (2025) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0328437 · Cited by 8
SÖYLEMEZ, N. H., & Söylemez, Ö. F. (2025) · Psychology in the Schools · doi:10.1002/pits.70063 · Cited by 13
Yurt, E., & Kara, M. (2025) · SAGE Open · doi:10.1177/21582440251382061 · Cited by 9
Berkowitz, R., Shmilovitch, N. B.-O., Tzafrir, S. S., & Enosh, G. (2025) · Behavioral Sciences · doi:10.3390/bs15101429 · Cited by 8
Multilevel determinants of school belonging: the moderating role of national safety climate
Elizondo-González, J. F., Malla, S., & Bustos, S. B. (2025) · Frontiers in Education · doi:10.3389/feduc.2025.1697010 · Cited by 9
Shariq, D. A., Romeo, R. R., & Gard, A. M. (2025) · Developmental Science · doi:10.1111/desc.70105 · Cited by 12
The Influence of a Recess Intervention on Children’s Sense of Belonging and Enjoyment
McNamara, L., Gibson, J. L., Lakman, Y., Spadafora, N., Lodewyk, K. R., & Walker, M. (2018) · Journal of Contemporary Issues in Education · doi:10.20355/jcie29343 · Cited by 8
Development of a School Climate Scale Based on School Members’ Shared Experiences
Sudla, W., Wongwanich, S., & Sriklaub, K. (2020) · The Journal of Behavioral Science · doi:10.69523/swu.tjbs.2020.15.1.4 · Cited by 8
Mateos, N. E., (UPV/EHU)., F. D. E. Y. D. U. D. P. V., Fernández‐Zabala, A., (UPV/EHU)., F. D. E. Y. D. U. D. P. V., Palacios, E. G., (UPV/EHU)., F. D. E. Y. D. U. D. P. V., Izar-de-la-Fuente, I., & (UPV/EHU)., F. D. E. Y. D. U. D. P. V. (2020) · Revista de Psicología y Educación - Journal of Psychology and Education · doi:10.23923/rpye2020.02.196 · Cited by 8
Implementation of Place-Based Education: A Case Study in a Primary School at Talhogang, Bhutan
Dorji, K., Kinley, K., & Sivitskis, A. J. (2021) · Creative Education · doi:10.4236/ce.2021.1210180 · Cited by 8
Transforming School Climate and Student Discipline: The Restorative Justice Promise for Peace
Payne, A. A., & Welch, K. (2022) · Peace psychology book series · doi:10.1007/978-3-031-13101-1_4 · Cited by 8
Alkaabi, A. K., Cherian, J. P., & Davidson, R. (2022) · International Journal of Educational Management · doi:10.1108/ijem-01-2022-0010 · Cited by 8
Cagongon, R. R., & Osorno, R. I. M. (2022) · European Journal of Physical Education and Sport Science · doi:10.46827/ejpe.v9i2.4548 · Cited by 8
Student perceptions of behavior and discipline: a PBIS survey for student voice
Feuerborn, L. L., Tyre, A. D., Beaudoin, K., & Zečević, M. (2023) · Preventing School Failure Alternative Education for Children and Youth · doi:10.1080/1045988x.2023.2199256 · Cited by 8
Voight, A. M., Giraldo-García, R. J., Fogarty, L., Sanders, S. M., Golden, A. R., Linick, M. A., & Davis, E. C. (2023) · Journal of Research on Educational Effectiveness · doi:10.1080/19345747.2023.2189895 · Cited by 10
Gálvez-Nieto, J. L., Polanco-Levicán, K., Navarro‒Aburto, B., & Beltrán-Véliz, J. C. (2023) · Sustainability · doi:10.3390/su151914064 · Cited by 8
Statement on the effects of law enforcement in school settings
Tocci, C., Stacy, S. T., Siegal, R., Renick, J., LoCurto, J., Lakind, D., Gruber, J., & Fisher, B. W. (2023) · American Journal of Community Psychology · doi:10.1002/ajcp.12723 · Cited by 8
Griffin, C. B., Harris, J. N., & Proctor, S. L. (2024) · Journal of School Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.jsp.2024.101282 · Cited by 11
Grmuša, A., & Hong, J. S. (2024) · Journal of Psychologists and Counsellors in Schools · doi:10.1177/20556365241236607 · Cited by 9
Student’s and Classmates’ Prosocial Behavior predict Academic Engagement in Middle School
Brass, N. R., Hung, C., Stephen, T., Bergin, C. C., Rose, C. A., & Prewett, S. L. (2024) · Journal of Youth and Adolescence · doi:10.1007/s10964-024-02027-1 · Cited by 11
Durham, R. E., Bettencourt, A. F., & Connolly, F. (2014) · Cited by 8
Rea, D. W., & Zinskie, C. D. (2017) · National Youth-At-Risk Journal · doi:10.20429/nyarj.2017.020201 · Cited by 8
Metadata
- Authors
- Thapa, A., Cohen, J., Guffey, S., & Higgins-D’Alessandro, A.
- Affiliations
- National School Climate Center
- Fordham University (US)
- Fordham University
- ORCID
- Cohen, Jonathan
- Venue
- Review of Educational Research
- Published
- 2013-09
- Volume
- 83
- Issue
- 3
- Pages
- 357-385
- ISSN
- 0034-6543 (ISSN-L)
- 1935-1046
- OpenAlex
- W2103901158
- Semantic Scholar
- efd067a6710a4d6c6f0355fbf8d1aef8783333be
- Cited by
- 2,335
- References
- 196
- Citations by year
- 2026: 203 · 2025: 237 · 2024: 211 · 2023: 236 · 2022: 231 · 2021: 221 · 2020: 225 · 2019: 174 · 2018: 207 · 2017: 143 · 2016: 114 · 2015: 90 · 2014: 36 · 2013: 6
- FWCI
- 395.08
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Review of Educational Research (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- U.S. Department of Education
- University of Wisconsin-Madison
- University of Chicago
- Wisconsin Center for Education Research, School of Education, University of Wisconsin-Madison
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Education › Educational Environments and Student Outcomes
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › School Health and Nursing Education
- Social Sciences › Education › Early Childhood Education and Development
- Keywords
- school climate, school safety, teacher-student relationship, teaching-learning process, institutional environment, school improvement, K-12 schools
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
