Cited by 140Education Discipline and InequalityLegal Issues in EducationCritical Race Theory in Education

The DOI matches its Crossref record; 43 of the 44 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.

Estimating the Effect of State Zero Tolerance Laws on Exclusionary Discipline, Racial Discipline Gaps, and Student Behavior

Curran, F. Chris·2016·Educational Evaluation and Policy Analysis

Open this paper in CoChat — free account

Abstract

Zero tolerance discipline policies have come under criticism as contributors to racial discipline gaps; however, few studies have explicitly examined such policies. This study utilizes data from two nationally representative data sources to examine the effect of state zero tolerance laws on suspension rates and principal perceptions of problem behaviors. Utilizing state and year fixed effects models, this study finds that state zero tolerance laws are predictive of a 0.5 percentage point increase in district suspension rates and no consistent decreases in principals’ perceptions of problem behaviors. Furthermore, the results indicate that the laws are predictive of larger increases in suspension rates for Blacks than Whites, potentially contributing to the Black–White suspension gap. Implications for policy and practice are discussed.

Integrity signals

Registry

Crossref · 10.3102/0162373716652728

Cites

43 of 43 references verified0 citation errors · 0 not checkable

Statistics

Recomputing p-values needs the paper’s full text.

Claims the paper makes

This paper’s full text isn’t openly available, so its claims and self-check weren’t run. The registry and citation checks still apply.

Claims other papers make about this one

Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?

Untitled work
(2001) · RePEc: Research Papers in Economics · Cited by 27,577
The Bioecological Model of Human Development
Bronfenbrenner, U., & Morris, P. A. (2007) · Handbook of Child Psychology · doi:10.1002/9780470147658.chpsy0114 · Cited by 5,760 · cited 1×
“Bioecological theory suggests that students are influenced by the contextual factors surrounding their development (Bronfenbrenner & Morris, 2006).”
Background
A social neuroscience perspective on adolescent risk-taking
Steinberg, L. (2008) · Developmental Review · doi:10.1016/j.dr.2007.08.002 · Cited by 3,644
Peer influence on risk taking, risk preference, and risky decision making in adolescence and adulthood: An experimental study
Gardner, M., & Steinberg, L. (2005) · Developmental Psychology · doi:10.1037/0012-1649.41.4.625 · Cited by 2,218
The color of discipline: Sources of racial and gender disproportionality in school punishment
Skiba, R. J., Michael, R. S., Nardo, A. C., & Peterson, R. L. (2002) · The Urban Review · doi:10.1023/a:1021320817372 · Cited by 1,758
Race Is Not Neutral: A National Investigation of African American and Latino Disproportionality in School Discipline
Skiba, R. J., Horner, R. H., Chung, C.-G., Rausch, M. K., May, S. L., & Tobin, T. (2011) · School Psychology Review · doi:10.1080/02796015.2011.12087730 · Cited by 1,593 · cited 2×
“Research suggests that these racial disparities in discipline do not just represent differences in behavioral infractions but may be reflective of differential use of disciplinary procedures and policies on the part of school personnel (Rocque, 2010; Skiba et al., 2011; Skiba, Michael, Nardo, & Peterson, 2002).”
Background
Risk and Rationality in Adolescent Decision Making: Implications for Theory, Practice, and Public Policy
Reyna, V. F., & Farley, F. (2006) · Psychological Science in the Public Interest · doi:10.1111/j.1529-1006.2006.00026.x · Cited by 1,244 · cited 2×
“Research suggests that students who have reached adolescence have the ability to reason at a level that is comparable with adults (Reyna & Farley, 2006) and that adolescents tend to assess the risks and consequences of various actions in ways that are not dissimilar from adults (Beyth-Marom,…”
Background
Peers increase adolescent risk taking by enhancing activity in the brain’s reward circuitry
Chein, J., Albert, D., O’Brien, L., Uckert, K., & Steinberg, L. (2011) · Developmental Science · doi:10.1111/j.1467-7687.2010.01035.x · Cited by 1,180
Deterrence in the Twenty-First Century
Nagin, D. S. (2013) · Crime and Justice · doi:10.1086/670398 · Cited by 820
Are zero tolerance policies effective in the schools?: An evidentiary review and recommendations
American Psychological Association Zero Tolerance Task Force (2008) · American Psychologist · doi:10.1037/0003-066x.63.9.852 · Cited by 806

Show all 44 references

Research works printed but not linked: 8

Beccaria C., 1983, An essay on crimes and punishment
Bronfenbrenner U., 2006, Handbook of child psychology: Theoretical models of human development, 793
Dilulio J. J., 2005, Encyclopedia of prisons and correctional facilities, 233
Feistritzer C. E., 2011, Profile of teachers in the U.S. 2011
Meier K. J., 1993, Journal of Public Administration Research and Theory, 3, 393
Paternoster R., 2010, The Journal of Criminal Law and Criminology, 100, 765
Richards J., 2004, University of Dayton Law Review, 30, 91
Rocque M., 2011, The Journal of Criminal Law and Criminology, 101, 633

Sorted by citations

The School Discipline Dilemma: A Comprehensive Review of Disparities and Alternative Approaches
Welsh, R. O., & Little, S. (2018) · Review of Educational Research · doi:10.3102/0034654318791582 · Cited by 527
Patrolling Public Schools: The Impact of Funding for School Police on Student Discipline and Long‐term Education Outcomes
Weisburst, E. (2019) · Journal of Policy Analysis and Management · doi:10.1002/pam.22116 · Cited by 150
A multidimensional, multi-tiered system of supports model to promote school attendance and address school absenteeism.
Kearney, C. A., & Graczyk, P. A. (2020) · Clinical Child and Family Psychology Review · doi:10.1007/s10567-020-00317-1 · Cited by 157
Reconciling Contemporary Approaches to School Attendance and School Absenteeism: Toward Promotion and Nimble Response, Global Policy Review and Implementation, and Future Adaptability (Part 1)
Kearney, C. A., Gonzálvez, C., Graczyk, P. A., & Fornander, M. J. (2019) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2019.02222 · Cited by 130
“org 6 October 2019 | Volume 10 | Article 2222 As such, exclusionary disciplinary policies have come under harsh criticism and are increasingly being reviewed and de-emphasized in many districts (Perry and Morris, 2014; Curran, 2016).”
Background
Caste and control in schools: A systematic review of the pathways, rates and correlates of exclusion due to school discipline
Welsh, R. O., & Little, S. (2018) · Children and Youth Services Review · doi:10.1016/j.childyouth.2018.09.031 · Cited by 128
Exploring the School-to-Prison Pipeline: How School Suspensions Influence Incarceration During Young Adulthood
Hemez, P., Brent, J. J., & Mowen, T. J. (2019) · Youth Violence and Juvenile Justice · doi:10.1177/1541204019880945 · Cited by 100
Are Achievement Gaps Related to Discipline Gaps? Evidence From National Data
Pearman, F. A., Curran, F. C., Fisher, B., & Gardella, J. (2019) · AERA Open · doi:10.1177/2332858419875440 · Cited by 107
Self-citation
Policing Education: An Empirical Review of the Challenges and Impact of the Work of School Police Officers
Javdani, S. (2019) · American Journal of Community Psychology · doi:10.1002/ajcp.12306 · Cited by 94
A scoping review of school-based efforts to support students who have experienced trauma.
Stratford, B., Cook, E., Hanneke, R., Katz, E., Seok, D., Steed, H., Fulks, E., Lessans, A., & Temkin, D. (2020) · School Mental Health · doi:10.1007/s12310-020-09368-9 · Cited by 83
“…same time, many jurisdictions across the country have adopted punitive approaches to discipline that do not align with the current research on the effects of trauma and are often disproportionately applied to students of color and students with disabilities (Skiba & Peterson, 2000; Curran, 2016).”
Background
Disparate use of exclusionary discipline: Evidence on inequities in school discipline from a U.S. state
Anderson, K. P., & Ritter, G. W. (2017) · Education Policy Analysis Archives · doi:10.14507/epaa.25.2787 · Cited by 82
The Law, Policy, and Portrayal of Zero Tolerance School Discipline: Examining Prevalence and Characteristics Across Levels of Governance and School Districts
Curran, F. C. (2017) · Educational Policy · doi:10.1177/0895904817691840 · Cited by 74
Self-citation
Categorical Inequality in Black and White: Linking Disproportionality Across Multiple Educational Outcomes
Shores, K., Kim, H. E., & Still, M. (2020) · American Educational Research Journal · doi:10.3102/0002831219900128 · Cited by 90
The Roadmap for Resilience: The California Surgeon General's Report on Adverse Childhood Experiences, Toxic Stress, and Health
Bhushan, D., Kotz, K. J., McCall, J., Wirtz, S., Gilgoff, R., Dube, S. R., Powers, C., Olson-Morgan, J., Galeste, M., Patterson, K., et al. (2020) · doi:10.48019/peam8812 · Cited by 79
Rolling Back Zero Tolerance: The Effect of Discipline Policy Reform on Suspension Usage and Student Outcomes
Lacoe, J. R., & Steinberg, M. P. (2018) · Peabody Journal of Education · doi:10.1080/0161956x.2018.1435047 · Cited by 66
Getting Tough? The Effects of Discretionary Principal Discipline on Student Outcomes
Sorensen, L. C., Bushway, S. D., & Gifford, E. J. (2021) · Education Finance and Policy · doi:10.1162/edfp_a_00341 · Cited by 57
Why and When Do School Resource Officers Engage in School Discipline? The Role of Context in Shaping Disciplinary Involvement
Curran, F., Fisher, B. W., Viano, S. L., & Kupchik, A. (2019) · American Journal of Education · doi:10.1086/705499 · Cited by 51
Self-citation
Early Childhood Suspension and Expulsion: A Content Analysis of State Legislation
Loomis, A. M., Davis, A. E., Cruden, G., Padilla, C. M., & Drazen, Y. (2021) · Early Childhood Education Journal · doi:10.1007/s10643-021-01159-4 · Cited by 51
Short Comparative Interrupted Time Series Using Aggregate School-Level Data in Education Research
Hallberg, K., Williams, R. T., Swanlund, A., & Eno, J. P. (2018) · Educational Researcher · doi:10.3102/0013189x18769302 · Cited by 48
The Dimensions of School Discipline: Toward a Comprehensive Framework for Measuring Discipline Patterns and Outcomes in Schools
Rodriguez, L. A., & Welsh, R. O. (2022) · AERA Open · doi:10.1177/23328584221083669 · Cited by 47
Teacher Support for Zero Tolerance Is Associated With Higher Suspension Rates and Lower Feelings of Safety
Huang, F. L., & Cornell, D. G. (2021) · School Psychology Review · doi:10.1080/2372966x.2020.1832865 · Cited by 49
Teachers’ understanding of racial inequity predicts their perceptions of students’ behaviors
Legette, K. B., Halberstadt, A. G., & Majors, A. T. (2021) · Contemporary Educational Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.cedpsych.2021.102014 · Cited by 52
I Want To Learn But They Won’t Let Me: Exploring the Impact of School Discipline on Academic Achievement
Bell, C., & Puckett, T. (2020) · Urban Education · doi:10.1177/0042085920968629 · Cited by 57
Exploring Disproportionate Discipline for Latinx Students With and Without Disabilities: A National Analysis
Gage, N. A., Katsiyannis, A., Carrero, K. M., Miller, R. D., & Pico, D. L. (2020) · Behavioral Disorders · doi:10.1177/0198742920961356 · Cited by 43
Who Is the One Being Disrespectful? Understanding and Deconstructing the Criminalization of Elementary School Boys of Color
Basile, V. C., York, A., & Black, R. (2019) · Urban Education · doi:10.1177/0042085919842627 · Cited by 46
Police Ambassadors: Student-Police Interactions in School and Legal Socialization
Kupchik, A., Curran, F. C., Fisher, B. W., & Viano, S. L. (2020) · Law & Society Review · doi:10.1111/lasr.12472 · Cited by 39
Self-citation
Rethinking Universal Suspension for Severe Student Behavior
Hinze-Pifer, R., & Sartain, L. (2018) · Peabody Journal of Education · doi:10.1080/0161956x.2018.1435051 · Cited by 37
In-School and Out-of-School Suspension: Behavioral and Psychological Outcomes in a Predominately Black Sample of Middle School Students
Cohen, D., Lewis, C. G., Eddy, C. L., Henry, L. M., Hodgson, C., Huang, F. L., Reinke, W. M., & Herman, K. C. (2021) · School Psychology Review · doi:10.1080/2372966x.2020.1856628 · Cited by 37
Rac(e)ing to punishment? Applying theory to racial disparities in disciplinary outcomes
Little, S., & Welsh, R. O. (2019) · Race Ethnicity and Education · doi:10.1080/13613324.2019.1599344 · Cited by 35
Understanding the linkages between racial/ethnic discipline gaps and racial/ethnic achievement gaps in the United States
Gopalan, M. (2019) · Education Policy Analysis Archives · doi:10.14507/epaa.27.4469 · Cited by 50
Reforming School Discipline: School-Level Policy Implementation and the Consequences for Suspended Students and Their Peers
Steinberg, M. P., & Lacoe, J. R. (2018) · American Journal of Education · doi:10.1086/699811 · Cited by 29
“No Intervention, Just Straight Suspension”: Family perspectives of suspension and expulsion
Wahman, C. L., Steele, T., Steed, E. A., & Powers, L. (2022) · Children and Youth Services Review · doi:10.1016/j.childyouth.2022.106678 · Cited by 31
Trauma-Informed Care in Schools: Perspectives From School Resource Officers and School Security Professionals During Professional Development Training
Forber‐Pratt, A. J., Sheikh, A. J. E., Robinson, L. E., Espelage, D. L., Ingram, K. M., Valido, A., & Torgal, C. (2021) · School Psychology Review · doi:10.1080/2372966x.2020.1832863 · Cited by 31
Up the down escalator? Examining a decade of school discipline reforms
Welsh, R. O. (2023) · Children and Youth Services Review · doi:10.1016/j.childyouth.2023.106962 · Cited by 33
Estimating the Relationship between Corporal Punishment Use and School Suspensions: Longitudinal Evidence from the Civil Rights Data Collection
Curran, F. C., & Kitchin, J. (2018) · Peabody Journal of Education · doi:10.1080/0161956x.2018.1435036 · Cited by 24
Self-citation
Development of Online Professional Development for School Resource Officers: Understanding Trauma, Social-Emotional Learning, Restorative Discipline, and Cultural Diversity
Espelage, D. L., Sheikh, A. J. E., Robinson, L. E., Valido, A., Ingram, K. M., Torgal, C., Atria, C. G., Salama, C. D., Chalfant, P. K., Poekert, P. E., et al. (2020) · Journal of Police and Criminal Psychology · doi:10.1007/s11896-020-09404-z · Cited by 30
School-based health centers, academic achievement, and school discipline: A systematic review of the literature
Thomas, C. L., Price, O. A., Phillippi, S. W., & Wennerstrom, A. (2020) · Children and Youth Services Review · doi:10.1016/j.childyouth.2020.105467 · Cited by 27
Examining Commitment to Prevention, Equity, and Meaningful Engagement: A Review of School District Discipline Policies
Green, A. L., Hatton, H. L., Stegenga, S. M., Eliason, B., & Nese, R. N. T. (2020) · Journal of Positive Behavior Interventions · doi:10.1177/1098300720951940 · Cited by 20
Reforming School Discipline: Responses by School District Leadership to Revised State Guidelines for Student Codes of Conduct
Curran, F. C., & Finch, M. A. (2020) · Educational Administration Quarterly · doi:10.1177/0013161x20925893 · Cited by 18
Self-citation
The Relationship between Parent Volunteering in School and School Safety in Disadvantaged Urban Neighborhoods
Hamlin, D. E., & Li, A. (2019) · Journal of School Violence · doi:10.1080/15388220.2019.1700801 · Cited by 19
Suspensions Suspended: Do Changes to High School Suspension Policies Change Suspension Rates?
Baker-Smith, E. C. (2018) · Peabody Journal of Education · doi:10.1080/0161956x.2018.1435043 · Cited by 18
Compliance and Control: The Hidden Curriculum of Social-Emotional Learning
Cipollone, K., Hoffman, E. B., & Sciuchetti, M. B. (2022) · Perspectives on early childhood psychology and education /Perspectives on early childhood psychology and education · doi:10.58948/2834-8257.1005 · Cited by 16
Navigating Get-Tough and Support-Oriented Philosophies for Improving School Safety: Insights from School Administrators and School Safety Staff
Collier, N. L., Brown, S. J., Montes, A. N., Pesta, G. B., Mears, D. P., & Siennick, S. E. (2018) · American Journal of Criminal Justice · doi:10.1007/s12103-018-9462-6 · Cited by 14
Teacher and School Characteristics Associated with the Identification and Referral of Adolescent Depression and Oppositional Defiant Disorders by U.S. Teachers
Green, J. G., Oblath, R., & Holt, M. K. (2022) · School Mental Health · doi:10.1007/s12310-021-09491-1 · Cited by 13
Decriminalizing practices: disrupting punitive-based racial oppression of boys of color in elementary school classrooms
Basile, V. C. (2020) · International Journal of Qualitative Studies in Education · doi:10.1080/09518398.2020.1747661 · Cited by 13
Recent developments in school social control
Ramey, D. M. (2019) · Sociology Compass · doi:10.1111/soc4.12743 · Cited by 16
Student-Principal Racial/Ethnic Match, Geographic Locale, and Student Disciplinary Outcomes
Edwards, W., Boggs, R., & Reyes, P. (2022) · Journal of School Leadership · doi:10.1177/10526846221134009 · Cited by 15
Suspending Suspensions: The Education Production Consequences of School Suspension Policies*
Pope, N. G., & Zuo, G. W. (2023) · The Economic Journal · doi:10.1093/ej/uead011 · Cited by 12
Educators’ Beliefs and Perceptions of Implementing Restorative Practices
Dhaliwal, T. K., Daramola, E. J., Alonso, J., & Marsh, J. A. (2021) · Education and Urban Society · doi:10.1177/00131245211048439 · Cited by 24
Gentrified Discipline: The Impact of Gentrification on Exclusionary Punishment in Public Schools
Pearman, F. A. (2021) · Social Problems · doi:10.1093/socpro/spab028 · Cited by 11
Are School Substance Use Policy Violation Disciplinary Consequences Associated with Student Engagement in Cannabis?
Magier, M. J., Patte, K. A., Battista, K., Cole, A. G., & Leatherdale, S. T. (2020) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph17155549 · Cited by 12
Equitable practices in school mental health
DeBoer, J. L., Allouche, S. F., Vasquez, J., & Rhodes, J. L. F. (2022) · Psychology in the Schools · doi:10.1002/pits.22678 · Cited by 10
Historical Patterns and Trends in Racial/Ethnic Disproportionality in School Discipline in the United States
Gopalan, M., Asson, S., Cattell, M., & Frankenberg, E. (2024) · Socius Sociological Research for a Dynamic World · doi:10.1177/23780231241285105 · Cited by 9
The Challenges of Engaging in Conversations and Activities Focused on Race, Ethnicity, and Identity in the Classroom: Learning from U.S. Based Teachers
Satterthwaite‐Freiman, M., Wantchekon, K. A., Aguilar, G., Sladek, M. R., Ison, A., Mason, P. A., Soto‐Shed, E., & Umaña‐Taylor, A. J. (2024) · Identity · doi:10.1080/15283488.2024.2340489 · Cited by 8
Influence over school discipline policy: Variation across levels of governance, school contexts, and time
Curran, F. C. (2017) · Education Policy Analysis Archives · doi:10.14507/epaa.25.3141 · Cited by 9
Self-citation
A Web of Punishment: Examining Black Student Interactions With School Police in Los Angeles
Allen, T., & Noguera, P. A. (2023) · Educational Researcher · doi:10.3102/0013189x221095547 · Cited by 11
Potential Racial Threat on Student In-School Suspensions in Segregated U.S. Neighborhoods
Lee, J. (2022) · Education and Urban Society · doi:10.1177/00131245221076090 · Cited by 7
Exploring Associations Among African American Youths' Perceptions of Racial Fairness and School Engagement: Does Gender Matter?
Griffin, C. B. (2018) · Journal of Applied School Psychology · doi:10.1080/15377903.2018.1458672 · Cited by 8
An Initial Study of the Emotional and Behavioral Characteristics of Black Students School Identified as Emotionally Disturbed
Lambert, M. C., Katsiyannis, A., Epstein, M. H., & Cullinan, D. (2021) · Behavioral Disorders · doi:10.1177/01987429211038022 · Cited by 7
What’s in a Name? The Confluence of Confederate Symbolism and the Disparate Experiences of African American Students in a Central Virginia High School
Levy, R. A., Hudson, S. S., Waters, C. N., & Mansfield, K. C. (2017) · Journal of Cases in Educational Leadership · doi:10.1177/1555458917692832 · Cited by 7
Reducing disparities in academic outcomes among youth of color: Evidence from an alternative education program
Phillippi, S., Thomas, C. L., Gastanaduy, M., & Sawyer, M. (2022) · Remedial and Special Education · doi:10.1177/07419325211040558 · Cited by 6
Mass incarceration and the school-to-prison pipeline: the intergenerational transmission of criminalization
Tynan, E., & Warren, M. R. (2025) · International Journal of Adolescence and Youth · doi:10.1080/02673843.2024.2435270 · Cited by 8
Recent Developments in Surveillance: An Overview of Body-Worn Cameras in Schools
Taylor, E. (2018) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-71559-9_19 · Cited by 6
Criminalization and Discrimination in Schools: The Effects of Zero Tolerance Policies on the School-to-Prison Pipeline for Black Girls
Aldridge, S. (2018) · Aisthesis: The Interdisciplinary Honors Journal · Cited by 6
The Relations between Youth Cannabis Use, School Cannabis Use-Related Disciplinary Approaches and Student Perceptions of School Support
Magier, M. J., Leatherdale, S. T., Wade, T. J., & Patte, K. A. (2022) · Substance Use & Misuse · doi:10.1080/10826084.2022.2052097 · Cited by 6
Breaking the culture of school suspension: alternatives to external suspension and exclusion for P-6 students
Avery-Overduin, B. L., & Poed, S. (2023) · Emotional and Behavioral Difficulties · doi:10.1080/13632752.2023.2276023 · Cited by 4
“Uses of History” in Research on Racialized Exclusionary School Discipline
Wiley, K. E., & Middleton, J. D. (2025) · Review of Educational Research · doi:10.3102/00346543251326594 · Cited by 5
Zero tolerance: effects, bias, and more effective strategies for Improving school safety
Santiago‐Rosario, M. R., Austin, S. C., Izzard, S., Strickland-Cohen, M. K., Gallo, J. C. R., Newson, A., & McIntosh, K. (2023) · Preventing School Failure Alternative Education for Children and Youth · doi:10.1080/1045988x.2023.2236054 · Cited by 14
Disciplinary Approaches for Cannabis Use Policy Violations in Canadian Secondary Schools
Magier, M. J., Leatherdale, S. T., Wade, T. J., & Patte, K. A. (2021) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph18052472 · Cited by 5
“I'm a security professional, a counselor, a leader, and sometimes a father figure”: Transformative social emotional learning through the eyes of school security professionals
Forber‐Pratt, A. J., Espelage, D. L., Robinson, L. E., Woolweaver, A. B., Torgal, C., & Sheikh, A. J. E. (2023) · American Journal of Community Psychology · doi:10.1002/ajcp.12640 · Cited by 5
A is for Apple, B is for Bulletproof: The racialized fortification of schools
Woulfin, S. L., & Sadler, J. (2024) · Berkeley Review of Education · doi:10.5070/b812260100 · Cited by 5
A Critical Analysis of the Disciplinary Interventions in “Classroom Management That Works”: Two Decades Later
Roberts, T., Daniels, G., Level, J., Murrell, T., & Russell, J. (2023) · OALib · doi:10.4236/oalib.1109555 · Cited by 4
Combining Restorative Practices with Diplomas Now: Impacts on Practices, Problems, Suspensions, and Chronic Absenteeism
Grant, A. A., Iver, D. J. M., Byrnes, V., Clark, E., Balfanz, R. W., & Lofton, R. (2023) · Journal of Education for Students Placed at Risk (JESPAR) · doi:10.1080/10824669.2023.2278047 · Cited by 4
The Effects of Higher-Stakes Teacher Evaluation on Office Disciplinary Referrals
Liebowitz, D. D., Porter, L., & Bragg, D. (2022) · Journal of Research on Educational Effectiveness · doi:10.1080/19345747.2021.2015496 · Cited by 5
Assessment of adult learning outcomes from a school-based training on adverse childhood experiences science and trauma-informed care
Dube, S. R., Rishi, S., Corr, C. P., & Panlilio, C. C. (2022) · Child Abuse & Neglect · doi:10.1016/j.chiabu.2022.105777 · Cited by 4
School Leaders’ Caring for Place While Addressing Fear, Moral Panic, and Control
Lindle, J. C. (2019) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-17482-8_10 · Cited by 5
Improving the Use of Aggregate Longitudinal Data on School Performance to Assess Program Effectiveness: Evidence from Three Within Study Comparisons
Hallberg, K., Williams, R. T., & Swanlund, A. (2020) · Journal of Research on Educational Effectiveness · doi:10.1080/19345747.2019.1698088 · Cited by 4
English language learners
Dort, R. (2019) · doi:10.17760/d20316540 · Cited by 4
Implementing PBIS with Fidelity: Secondary School Staff Members’ Descriptions of School Climate
Lawrence, T., Holubz, B. J., Hixon, M. L., & Paynter, K. (2022) · Journal of Educational Research and Practice · doi:10.5590/jerap.2022.12.1.19 · Cited by 3
A preliminary assessment of the effectiveness of states’ non-suspension and non-expulsion policies
Green, A. L., Olsen, A. A., Power, M. E., & Nandakumar, V. (2023) · Preventing School Failure Alternative Education for Children and Youth · doi:10.1080/1045988x.2023.2195364 · Cited by 3
Sent Out, Kept In: Detainment-Based Discipline in a Public High School
Gorski, K. J. (2024) · Sociology of Education · doi:10.1177/00380407241300640 · Cited by 3
Getting Tough on Assaults: Do State and School Policies and Practices Reduce Physical Violence Against Educators?
Martinez, A., Perry, A. H., Reddy, L. A., McMahon, S. D., Anderman, E. M., Astor, R. A., Espelage, D. L., & Worrell, F. C. (2025) · Journal of School Violence · doi:10.1080/15388220.2025.2469862 · Cited by 3
Improving Evaluations of Trauma-Informed Professional Development in Early Care and Education Settings Through Observational Measures
Loomis, A. M., Zinsser, K. M., Iruka, I. U., & Curby, T. W. (2025) · Topics in Early Childhood Special Education · doi:10.1177/02711214251325781 · Cited by 4
Revisiting Zero Tolerance Policy in Public Schools: The Case for Wraparound Services, Community Partnerships, and Antiracist Policies in Alternative Schooling
Hollinger, G. W., & Hansel, T. C. (2020) · Urban Social Work · doi:10.1891/usw-d-19-00003 · Cited by 3
Systematic review of the associations of SWPBS with exclusionary discipline and disproportionality in U.S. schools
Weeks, M. R., & Sullivan, A. L. (2024) · Journal of School Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.jsp.2024.101327 · Cited by 4
Adolescent Drug Use in Connecticut Private High Schools: Zero Tolerance, Contextual Peer Influence, and Deterrence Effectiveness
Song, M. (2020) · Journal of Education and Learning · doi:10.5539/jel.v9n5p256 · Cited by 3
Assessing the Odds of Exclusionary Discipline: An Exploration of the Racial, Socioeconomic, and Spatial Disparities in High School Discipline
Taylor, J.-P. C., Zuber, M. J., & Shoup, D. S. (2025) · Journal of Education · doi:10.1177/00220574251343913 · Cited by 2
Embedded Punitiveness: The Legacy of Slavery and its Association with Contemporary School Discipline
Bailey, C. M., Hughes, C., Bryan, D., & Fu, C. M. (2025) · Race and Social Problems · doi:10.1007/s12552-025-09444-2 · Cited by 2
Associations Between Evolving Cannabis Policies and Cannabis-Related School Discipline Among Secondary School Students in Massachusetts, 2005–2019
English, F., Laws, H. B., Yi, Y., Martínez, A. D., Bertone‐Johnson, E. R., & Whitehill, J. M. (2025) · American Journal of Preventive Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.amepre.2025.108129 · Cited by 2
Interventions to Address Racism in Disciplinary Actions in K-12 Schools: A Systematic Review
Scott, B. A., Stilwell, S. M., Pearson, Z. V., Zimmerman, M. A., Hsieh, H., & Heinze, J. E. (2025) · Prevention Science · doi:10.1007/s11121-025-01855-2 · Cited by 4
Lest to Blame Students: The Role of Enforcers in Promoting Academic Dishonesty
Ullah, I. (2021) · Journal of Academic Ethics · doi:10.1007/s10805-021-09431-3 · Cited by 4
Too much talking, not enough listening: the racial contract made manifest in a mixed-race focus group interview
Best, B. O., & Milner, H. R. (2023) · Race Ethnicity and Education · doi:10.1080/13613324.2023.2207984 · Cited by 2
Where There’s Smoke, There’s Fire: Gang Prevention from a Top-Down Perspective
Kolb, A. F., Kolb, W. J., & Favors, M. (2025) · Social Sciences · doi:10.3390/socsci14030128 · Cited by 2
Is being Punished at School an Indicator of Psychosocial Risk?
Corchado-Castillo, A. I., Jalón, M. J. D.-A., & Arias, R. M. (2017) · The Spanish Journal of Psychology · doi:10.1017/sjp.2017.59 · Cited by 2
Predicting School Suspension Risk from Eighth through Tenth Grade Using the Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire
Gross, T. J., Duncan, J., Kim, S. Y., Mason, W. A., & Haggerty, K. (2018) · Contemporary School Psychology · doi:10.1007/s40688-018-00215-y · Cited by 2
Considering a function-based approach for reducing disproportional disciplinary practices
Allday, R. A., Burt, J. L., & Haggard, K. N. (2021) · Preventing School Failure Alternative Education for Children and Youth · doi:10.1080/1045988x.2021.1937023 · Cited by 2
Not Separate but Not Equal: Improving Equity in Discipline in Racially and Ethnically Diverse School Settings
McDaniel, S. C., Cohen, D., Salle, T. P. L., & Nese, R. N. T. (2021) · Beyond Behavior · doi:10.1177/10742956211024168 · Cited by 2
Disproportionality of Sanctions for Illegal and Unethical Teacher Behavior
Guthery, S., & Richards, M. P. (2021) · Journal of Education Human Resources · doi:10.3138/jehr-2021-0041 · Cited by 2
Crime & punishment
OECD (2020) · Trends shaping education spotlights · doi:10.1787/945692bd-en · Cited by 5
We are still separate and definitely unequal: reflections of urban school leaders
Puckett, T., & Craig, M. O. (2024) · International Journal of Qualitative Studies in Education · doi:10.1080/09518398.2024.2320167 · Cited by 1
Stopping the avalanche of trauma in schools through early intervention: a three-phase model proposal
Leh, J. M. (2024) · Journal of Applied Research in Higher Education · doi:10.1108/jarhe-08-2023-0363 · Cited by 1

Authors: Curran, F. C.
Affiliations: University of Maryland, Baltimore County (US)
Corresponding author: Curran, F. Chris
ORCID: Curran, F. Chris
Venue: Educational Evaluation and Policy Analysis
Publisher: American Educational Research Association (AERA)
Published: 2016-07-07
Volume: 38
Issue: 4
Pages: 647-668
ISSN: 0162-3737 (ISSN-L)
1935-1062
DOI: 10.3102/0162373716652728
OpenAlex: W2418407068
Semantic Scholar: ffd33ae7a232608b8d6bf4d354fad5197cd6e289
Cited by: 140
References: 44
Citations by year: 2026: 11 · 2025: 13 · 2024: 10 · 2023: 13 · 2022: 14 · 2021: 18 · 2020: 17 · 2019: 20 · 2018: 16 · 2017: 7 · 2016: 1
FWCI: 65.11
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: closed
Licence: journals.sagepub.com/page/policies/text-and-data-mining-license (tdm)
Locations: Educational Evaluation and Policy Analysis (publishedVersion)
Topics: Social Sciences › Education › Education Discipline and Inequality
Social Sciences › Law › Legal Issues in Education
Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Critical Race Theory in Education
Keywords: zero tolerance laws, student discipline, school suspension, student behavior, school discipline policy, state education policy

About these checks

Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.

Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.

Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.

What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›

Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review

Estimating the Effect of State Zero Tolerance Laws on Exclusionary Discipline, Racial Discipline Gaps, and Student Behavior

Abstract

Overview

Integrity signals

Verification

Claims the paper makes

Claims other papers make about this one

Citations

Cites

Cited by

Related

Metadata

Record

About these checks