Pharmacobotanical, physicochemical and phytochemical characterization of Echinops echinatus Roxb. (Asteraceae) leaves: A comprehensive pharmacognostical study
Open accessAbstract
Systematic Study was carried out to determine pharmacognostic characteristics of Echinops echinatus Roxb.
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- Findingown data
The percentage yield of water extract of E. echinatus leaf powder was 7.62% w/w.
“Water | Brown | pungent | Semisolid | 7.62%”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim - Findingown data
The shape of E. echinatus leaves is pinnatified amplexical with triangular projections forming spines.
“| Shape | Pinnatified amplexical with triangular projections forming |”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim - Findingown data
The percentage yield of methanol extract of E. echinatus leaf powder was 6.3% w/w.
“Methanol | Green | pungent | Semisolid | 6.3%”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim - Findingown data
Foreign organic matter in E. echinatus leaf powder was 1.98% w/w.
“Foreign organic matter 1.98%”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim - Findingown data
Water soluble ash value of E. echinatus leaf powder was 3% w/w.
“Total ash value Acid insoluble ash value Sulfated ash Water soluble ash value 9.5% 1.5% 3.5% 3%”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim
- Findingown data
Acid insoluble ash value of E. echinatus leaf powder was 1.5% w/w.
“Total ash value Acid insoluble ash value Sulfated ash Water soluble ash value 9.5% 1.5% 3.5% 3%”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim - Findingown data
The percentage yield of chloroform extract of E. echinatus leaf powder was 3.92% w/w.
“Chloroform | brown | characteristic | semisolid | 3.92%”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim - Findingown data
The microchemical test of E. echinatus leaf powder reveals the presence of multicellular trichomes.
“The microchemical test of leaf powder reveals the presence of Multicellular trichomes,”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim - Findingown data
The percentage yield of petroleum ether extract of E. echinatus leaf powder was 2.6% w/w.
“Pet ether | Dark green | disaggregable | Sticky | 2.6%”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim - Findingown data
Transverse section of E. echinatus leaves showed anomocytic type of stomata (irregular celled stomata).
“Transverse section of Leaves of.was found to have anomocytic type of stomata i.e.Irregular celled stomata were present.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim - Findingown data
Collenchyma along with clustered crystals of calcium oxalate was present in the transverse section of E. echinatus leaves.
“Collenchyma along with clustered crystals of calcium oxalate was present in the section.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim - Findingown data
Moisture content (loss on drying) of E. echinatus leaf powder was 6% w/w.
“Moisture content determination (LOD) 6%”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim - Findingown data
Water soluble extractive value of E. echinatus leaf powder was 6.4% w/w.
“Extractive values Water soluble extractive Alcohol soluble extractive 6.4% 4.4%”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim - Findingown data
Sulfated ash value of E. echinatus leaf powder was 3.5% w/w.
“Total ash value Acid insoluble ash value Sulfated ash Water soluble ash value 9.5% 1.5% 3.5% 3%”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim - Findingown data
Total ash value of E. echinatus leaf powder was 9.5% w/w.
“Total ash value Acid insoluble ash value Sulfated ash Water soluble ash value 9.5% 1.5% 3.5% 3%”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim - Findingown data
The percentage yield of ethyl acetate extract of E. echinatus leaf powder was 4.69% w/w.
“Ethyl acetate | Brown | pungent | semisolid | 4.69%”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim - Findingown data
Spongy parenchymatous cells were present in the intracellular spaces of E. echinatus leaves.
“Spongy parenchymatous cells were also present in the intracellular spaces.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim - Findingown data
The percentage yield of benzene extract of E. echinatus leaf powder was 2.54% w/w.
“Benzene | Dark green | disaggregable | sticky | 2.54%”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim - Findingown data
The odour of E. echinatus leaves is pungent.
“| Odour | Pungent |”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim - Findingown data
The taste of E. echinatus leaves is bitter.
“| Taste | Bitter |”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim - Findingown data
Alcohol soluble extractive value of E. echinatus leaf powder was 4.4% w/w.
“Extractive values Water soluble extractive Alcohol soluble extractive 6.4% 4.4%”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim
- May combine two claims. 6
- Classified as probably not a substantial claim. 5
- The quote only partly states this claim. 1
May combine two claims.
Findingown dataThe surface of E. echinatus leaves is wooly with spikes.
“| Surface of leaf | Wooly with spikes |”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimMay combine two claims.
Findingown dataThe size of E. echinatus leaves is 10-14 cm #1-2 cm.
“| Size | 10-14 cm #1-2 cm |”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimMay combine two claims.
Findingown dataThe upper and lower epidermis of E. echinatus leaves consists of a single row of cells with both glandular and multicellular trichomes.
“The upper and lower epidermis consists of single row of cells with both glandular and multicellular trichomes.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimProbably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).
Findingown dataThe colour of E. echinatus leaves is green.
“| Colour | Green |”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimMay combine two claims.
Findingown dataEthanolic extract of E. echinatus leaves showed presence of alkaloids, carbohydrate, tannins, flavonoids, glycosides and phenolics.
“Ethanolic extract ofEchinops echinatus Roxb.. leaves showed presence of alkaloids, Carbohydrate, Tannins, flavonoids, glycosides and Phenolics.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claimClassified as probably not a substantial claim. May combine two claims.
Study design and conductown dataThe collected E. echinatus plant material was authenticated and a voucher specimen (Voucher No. 487) was deposited for reference.
“Authentication of collected plant material was carried out at Department of Botany From Sangamner Nagarpalika Arts, D. J. Malpani Commerce & B. N.Sarda Science College, Sangamner Ahemadnagar, Maharashtra, Voucher No.487 was deposited for further reference.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claimProbably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).
Study design and conductcitationMorphological evaluation of E. echinatus was carried out as per WHO guidelines.
“Morphological evaluation was carried as per WHO guidelines [5].”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [5] 5. World Health Organization. Quality control methods for medicinal plant materials. World Health Organization, 1998.
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
Classified as probably not a substantial claim. The quote only partly states this claim.
Study design and conductcitationExtraction of E. echinatus leaf powder was performed using maceration and soxhlet extraction according to standard procedures.
“The extraction of dried powder of the leaf of Echinops echinatus Roxb.was performed using maceration and soxhlet extraction process.”
- Also stated in: § 2.7. Extraction process · plain
“This examination was done by using standard procedures [11].”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [11] 11. Nduche MV et al. "Phytochemical Screening & Antimicrobial activity of Caria papaya L. Citrus paradisi L. Citrus sinensis L, and Vernonia amygdalina Del. Cent", Journal of Dairy & Veterniary Sciences, 9(3), (2019).
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Also stated in: § 2.7. Extraction process · plain
Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).
Study design and conductcitationFluorescence analysis of E. echinatus plant powders was carried out according to standard methods.
“Fluorescent analyses of all the plant powders were carried out according to the standard methods.Behavior of powdered plant materials with different chemical reagents was carried out as described by standard procedures [9].”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [9] 9. Tanwar, S, et al. "Standardization and phytochemical evaluation of Tinospora cordifolia (willd.) Miers. (Meni-spermaceae). " Int J Pharm Pharm Sci 4 (2012): 219-23.
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
May combine two claims.
PremisecitationEchinops echinatus Roxb. leaves have been used in traditional medicine and Ayurveda for several diseases including dysurea, facilitating delivery, diabetes, thirst, cardiac disease, urolithiasis, fever, blisters of skin, and sexual disability.
“Leaves has been used by different cultures as a remedy for several diseases.It was also mentioned in Ayurveda as it was used in dysurea, for facilitating delivery, diabetes, thirst, cardiac disease, urolithiasis, fever, blisters of skin, sexual disability [3,4].”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 2 sources checked- cites [3] 3. Mujawar, F. A. A., et al. "Pharmacognostical, phytochemical and pharmacological of Echinops echinatus Roxb: a comprehensive review." World J. Pharm. Sci. 3 (2015): 1626-1632.
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- cites [4] 4. Kasote, Deepak M., et al. "Herbal remedies for urinary stones used in India and China: a review." Journal of ethnopharmacology. 203 (2017): 55-68. source
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
Each contradiction between two passages listed here was confirmed by an independent check.
Extraction results include solvents absent from the stated procedure
MinorThe extraction procedure names petroleum ether, chloroform, methanol and water, but the extract-yield table also reports benzene and ethyl acetate extracts. The described procedure does not account for those two reported extracts.
“100 gm of coarsely powder air-dried leaf powder was successively extracted with different solvent 350 ml of petroleum ether (40-60°C) for 6 hr., 350 ml of chloroform (40-50°C) for 5-6 hr., 350 ml of methanol (60°C) for 18 hr.,and350 ml of water at temperature (80°C) for 6 hr. in soxhlet extractor.”
“| | Benzene | Dark green | disaggregable | sticky | 2.54% | | 2. | Chloroform | brown | characteristic | semisolid | 3.92% | | | Ethyl acetate | Brown | pungent | semisolid | 4.69% |”
Cites
Henderson, V. E. (1926) · Nature · doi:10.1038/117585d0 · Cited by 1,567 · see citing works
Herbal remedies for urinary stones used in India and China: A review
Kasote, D. M., Jagtap, S. D., Thapa, D., Khyade, M. S., & Russell, W. R. (2017) · Journal of Ethnopharmacology · doi:10.1016/j.jep.2017.03.038 · Cited by 125 · see citing works
Pharmacognostic, Physicochemical and Phytochemical Studies on Carica papaya Linn. Leaves
Zunjar, V, Mammen, D., Trivedi, B., & Daniel, M. (2011) · Pharmacognosy Journal · doi:10.5530/pj.2011.20.2 · Cited by 39 · see citing works
Ethnomedicinal review of Usnakantaka (Echinops echinatus Roxb.)
Set, A., Maurya, S., & Kushwaha, A. (2015) · Pharmacognosy Reviews/Bioinformatics Trends/Pharmacognosy review · doi:10.4103/0973-7847.162138 · Cited by 23 · see citing works
Roy, P., Mandal, P., Panda, S., et al. (2018) · Pharmacognosy Journal · doi:10.5530/pj.2018.4.124 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
Flagged first, then by citations
1 of the 6 references couldn’t be matched to a known paper.
Research works printed but not linked: 3
- [3]3. Mujawar, F. A. A., et al. "Pharmacognostical, phytochemical and pharmacological of Echinops echinatus Roxb: a comprehensive review." World J. Pharm. Sci. 3 (2015): 1626-1632.
- [9]9. Tanwar, S, et al. "Standardization and phytochemical evaluation of Tinospora cordifolia (willd.) Miers. (Meni-spermaceae). " Int J Pharm Pharm Sci 4 (2012): 219-23.
- [11]11. Nduche MV et al. "Phytochemical Screening & Antimicrobial activity of Caria papaya L. Citrus paradisi L. Citrus sinensis L, and Vernonia amygdalina Del. Cent", Journal of Dairy & Veterniary Sciences, 9(3), (2019).
- Venue
- International Journal of Biology, Pharmacy and Allied Sciences
- Publisher
- BPAS Publishers LLP
- Published
- 2021-07-01
- Volume
- 10
- Issue
- 7
- ISSN
- 2277-4998 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W4248254877
- Cited by
- 0
- References
- 6
- FWCI
- 0.00
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- diamond
- doi.org
- Locations
- International Journal of Biology Pharmacy and Allied Sciences (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Agricultural and Biological Sciences › Plant Science › Medicinal Plant Research
- Life Sciences › Agricultural and Biological Sciences › Plant Science › Phytochemistry Medicinal Plant Applications
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Complementary and alternative medicine › Phytochemicals and Medicinal Plants
- Keywords
- Echinops echinatus, pharmacognostic evaluation, leaf anatomy, phytochemical screening, flavonoids, alkaloids, glycosides, physicochemical parameters, ash content, extractive values, medicinal plants, Asteraceae
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