The DOI matches its Crossref record; 47 of the 47 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Non-binary or genderqueer genders
Open accessAbstract
Some people have a gender which is neither male nor female and may identify as both male and female at one time, as different genders at different times, as no gender at all, or dispute the very idea of only two genders. The umbrella terms for such genders are 'genderqueer' or 'non-binary' genders. Such gender identities outside of the binary of female and male are increasingly being recognized in legal, medical and psychological systems and diagnostic classifications in line with the emerging presence and advocacy of these groups of people. Population-based studies show a small percentage--but a sizable proportion in terms of raw numbers--of people who identify as non-binary. While such genders have been extant historically and globally, they remain marginalized, and as such--while not being disorders or pathological in themselves--people with such genders remain at risk of victimization and of minority or marginalization stress as a result of discrimination. This paper therefore reviews the limited literature on this field and considers ways in which (mental) health professionals may assist the people with genderqueer and non-binary gender identities and/or expressions they may see in their practice. Treatment options and associated risks are discussed.
Overview
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
The source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“As a result, people experiencing some form of gender incongruence who would previously be considered non-transsexual [135], and therefore not eligible for ‘classical’ gender affirming treatment (hormones first, followed by various types of surgery), may now be eligible for some form of medical treatment.”
From Mental, behavioral and neurodevelopmental disorders in the ICD-11: an international perspective on key changes and controversies (2020) · cites this paper as [135]
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“Retention helps to preserve access to care for a vulnerable and already stigmatized group [135].”
From Mental, behavioral and neurodevelopmental disorders in the ICD-11: an international perspective on key changes and controversies (2020) · cites this paper as [135]
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Citations
Cites
Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders
American Psychiatric Association (2013) · doi:10.1176/appi.books.9780890425596 · Cited by 116,369
The psychology of sex differences
Maccoby, E. E. (1975) · Behavior Therapy · doi:10.1016/s0005-7894(75)80031-1 · Cited by 5,714
Microaggressions in Everyday Life: Race, Gender, and Sexual Orientation
Buchanan, N. T. (2011) · Psychology of Women Quarterly · doi:10.1177/0361684311401818 · Cited by 1,763
Microaggressions in everyday life race, gender, and sexual orientation
Sue, D. W. (2010) · Cited by 1,394
The Psychology of Sex Differences: —Vol. I: Text
Maccoby, E. E., & Jacklin, C. N. (1974) · doi:10.1515/9781503620780 · Cited by 1,368
Constraints into Preferences: Gender, Status, and Emerging Career Aspirations
Correll, S. J. (2004) · American Sociological Review · doi:10.1177/000312240406900106 · Cited by 934
Delusions of gender: how our minds, society, and neurosexism create difference
(2011) · Choice Reviews Online · doi:10.5860/choice.48-3352 · Cited by 674
Sex Typing and the Avoidance of Cross-Sex Behavior.
Bem, S. L., & Lenney, E. (1976) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/h0078640 · Cited by 671
Evidence for an Altered Sex Ratio in Clinic-Referred Adolescents with Gender Dysphoria
Aitken, M., Steensma, T. D., Blanchard, R., VanderLaan, D. P., Wood, H., Fuentes, A., Spegg, C., Wasserman, L., Ames, M., Fitzsimmons, C. L., et al. (2015) · The Journal of Sexual Medicine · doi:10.1111/jsm.12817 · Cited by 472
Standards of Care for the Health of Transsexual, Transgender, and Gender-Nonconforming People
Coleman, E. (2017) · Principles of Gender-Specific Medicine · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-803506-1.00058-9 · Cited by 371
GenderQueer: Voices From Beyond the Sexual Binary
Nestle, J., Howell, C., & Wilchins, R. A. (2002) · Medical Entomology and Zoology · Cited by 342
Minding the body: Situating gender identity diagnoses in the ICD-11
Drescher, J., Cohen‐Kettenis, P. T., & Winter, S. (2012) · International Review of Psychiatry · doi:10.3109/09540261.2012.741575 · Cited by 339
Gender Identities and Gender Dysphoria in the Netherlands
Kuyper, L., & Wijsen, C. (2013) · Archives of Sexual Behavior · doi:10.1007/s10508-013-0140-y · Cited by 249
Breast Cancer Development in Transsexual Subjects Receiving Cross-Sex Hormone Treatment
Gooren, L. J., van Trotsenburg, M. A. A., Giltay, E. J., & van Diest, P. J. (2013) · The Journal of Sexual Medicine · doi:10.1111/jsm.12319 · Cited by 246
Stereotype threat, identity salience, and spatial reasoning
McGlone, M. S., & Aronson, J. M. (2006) · Journal of Applied Developmental Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.appdev.2006.06.003 · Cited by 230
Gooren, L. J. (2011) · New England Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1056/nejmcp1008161 · Cited by 228
Colizzi, M., Costa, R., & Todarello, O. (2013) · Psychoneuroendocrinology · doi:10.1016/j.psyneuen.2013.09.029 · Cited by 225
Rotondi, N. K., Bauer, G. R., Scanlon, K., Kaay, M., Travers, R., & Travers, A. (2013) · American Journal of Public Health · doi:10.2105/ajph.2013.301348 · Cited by 223
Suicide Protective Factors Among Trans Adults
Moody, C., & Smith, N. G. (2013) · Archives of Sexual Behavior · doi:10.1007/s10508-013-0099-8 · Cited by 202
Comorbidity of Gender Dysphoria and Other Major Psychiatric Diagnoses
Cole, C. M., O'Boyle, M., Emory, L. E., & Meyer, W. J. (1997) · Archives of Sexual Behavior · doi:10.1023/a:1024517302481 · Cited by 193
Psychotherapy and the real-life experience: From gender dichotomy to gender diversity
Bockting, W. O. (2008) · Sexologies · doi:10.1016/j.sexol.2008.08.001 · Cited by 175
Prevalence of Gender Nonconformity in Flanders, Belgium
Caenegem, E. V., Wierckx, K., Elaut, E., Buysse, A., Dewaele, A., Nieuwerburgh, F. V., Cuypere, G. D., & T'Sjoen, G. G. (2015) · Archives of Sexual Behavior · doi:10.1007/s10508-014-0452-6 · Cited by 173
Self-citationtransForming genderTransgender practices of identity, intimacy and care
Hines, S. (2007) · Policy Press eBooks · doi:10.1332/policypress/9781861349163.001.0001 · Cited by 161
Queering gender: studying gender identity in ‘normative’ individuals
Joel, D., Tarrasch, R., Berman, Z., Mukamel, M., & Ziv, E. (2013) · Psychology and Sexuality · doi:10.1080/19419899.2013.830640 · Cited by 160
Gender Outlaws: The Next Generation
Bornstein, K., & Bergman, S. (1994) · Medical Entomology and Zoology · Cited by 143
Haraldsen, I. R. H., & Dahl, A. A. (2000) · Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica · doi:10.1034/j.1600-0447.2000.102004276.x · Cited by 135
Hines, S. (2007) · Bristol University Press eBooks · doi:10.2307/j.ctt9qgpqw · Cited by 131
Psychiatric comorbidity among patients with gender identity disorder
Hoshiai, M., Matsumoto, Y., Sato, T., Ohnishi, M., Okabe, N., Kishimoto, Y., Terada, S., & Kuroda, S. (2010) · Psychiatry and Clinical Neurosciences · doi:10.1111/j.1440-1819.2010.02118.x · Cited by 120
Good Practice Guidelines for the Assessment and Treatment of Adults with Gender Dysphoria
Wylie, K. R., Barrett, J., Besser, M., Bouman, W. P., Bridgman, M., Clayton, A. A., Green, R. R., Hamilton, M., Hines, M., Ivbijaro, G. O., et al. (2014) · Sexual & Relationship Therapy · doi:10.1080/14681994.2014.883353 · Cited by 119
Self-citationBeyond a Binary: The Lives of Gender-Nonconforming Youth
Rankin, S., & Beemyn, G. (2012) · About Campus Enriching the Student Learning Experience · doi:10.1002/abc.21086 · Cited by 119
International Classification of Diseases
Peery, M. L. (2008) · Encyclopedia of Special Education · doi:10.1002/9780470373699.speced1112 · Cited by 117
Gooren, L. J., & Morgentaler, A. (2013) · Andrologia · doi:10.1111/and.12208 · Cited by 114
Transgenderism and reproduction
T'Sjoen, G. G., Caenegem, E. V., & Wierckx, K. (2013) · Current Opinion in Endocrinology Diabetes and Obesity · doi:10.1097/01.med.0000436184.42554.b7 · Cited by 84
Self-citationSimon, L., Unoka, Z., Fogd, D., & Czobor, P. (2010) · Journal of Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.jbtep.2010.08.004 · Cited by 83
Ought GIDNOS Get Nought? Treatment Options for Nontranssexual Gender Dysphoria
Hage, J. J., & Karim, R. B. (2000) · Plastic & Reconstructive Surgery · doi:10.1097/00006534-200003000-00063 · Cited by 80
Sexuality & Gender for Mental Health Professionals: A Practical Guide
Richards, C., & Barker, M. J. (2013) · SAGE Publications Ltd eBooks · doi:10.4135/9781473957817 · Cited by 76
Self-citation(2016) · Human Rights Documents online · doi:10.1163/2210-7975_hrd-0088-0327 · Cited by 73
Transmuting Gender Binaries: The Theoretical Challenge
Monro, S. (2007) · Sociological Research Online · doi:10.5153/sro.1514 · Cited by 66
DISSOCIATIVE DISORDERS AND TRAUMATIC CHILDHOOD EXPERIENCES IN TRANSSEXUALS
Kersting, A., Reutemann, M., Gast, U., Ohrmann, P., Suslow, T., Michael, N., & Arolt, V. (2003) · The Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease · doi:10.1097/01.nmd.0000054932.22929.5d · Cited by 60
Gender Identity Disorders in Childhood and Adolescence
Hill, D. B., Rozanski, C., Carfagnini, J., & Willoughby, B. L. B. (2006) · Journal of Psychology & Human Sexuality · doi:10.1300/j056v17n03_02 · Cited by 53
Sexuality and Gender for Mental Health Professionals: A Practical Guide
Richards, C., & Barker, M. J. (2013) · Open Research Online (The Open University) · Cited by 47
Self-citationNieder, T. O., & Richter‐Appelt, H. (2011) · Psychology and Sexuality · doi:10.1080/19419899.2010.545955 · Cited by 41
Self-citationSexual and Gender Diagnoses of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual (DSM)
Karasic, D. H., & Drescher, J. (2006) · Journal of Psychology & Human Sexuality · doi:10.1300/j056v17n03_01 · Cited by 39
Trans people's reproductive options and outcomes
Richards, C., & Seal, L. (2014) · Journal of Family Planning and Reproductive Health Care · doi:10.1136/jfprhc-2013-100669 · Cited by 16
Self-citationTowards a Sociology of Gender Diversity: The Indian and UK Cases
Monro, S. (2010) · Routledge eBooks · doi:10.4324/9780203856147-23 · Cited by 6
Roen, K. (2015) · Palgrave Macmillan eBooks · doi:10.1057/9781137345899.0018 · Cited by 1
Flagged first, then by citations
Research works printed but not linked: 11
- American Psychiatric Association (APA)., 2000, Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders 4-TR
- Barker M., 2012, The bisexuality report
- Connell R., 2005, Masculinities
- Council of Europe., 2015, Discrimination against transgender people in Europe, Resolution 2048
- de Vries A.L.C., 2015, Transgender healthcare in Europe. Book of abstracts, 10
- Engel A., 2002, Against unambiguousness: Sex and gender in the focus of queer representation politics
- Harper C., 2007, Intersex
- Herdt G., 1996, Third sex third gender
- METRO Youth Chances., 2014, Youth Chances summary of first findings: The experiences of LGBTQ young people in England
- Monro S., 2010, Transgender identities. Towards a social analysis of gender diversity, 242
- Nieder T.O., 2014, Sex and Gender: Perspectives from psychosocial, cultural and sex sciences, 167
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Standards of Care for the Health of Transgender and Gender Diverse People, Version 8
Coleman, E., Radix, A., Bouman, W. P., Brown, G. R., de Vries, A. L. C., Deutsch, M. B., Ettner, R., Fraser, L., Goodman, M. G., Green, J., et al. (2022) · International Journal of Transgender Health · doi:10.1080/26895269.2022.2100644 · Cited by 3,022
Self-citationHembree, W. C., Cohen-Kettenis, P. T., Gooren, L., Hannema, S. E., Meyer, W. J., Murad, M. H., Rosenthal, S. M., Safer, J. D., Tangpricha, V., & T’Sjoen, G. G. (2017) · The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism · doi:10.1210/jc.2017-01658 · Cited by 2,328
Self-citationEnsuring Comprehensive Care and Support for Transgender and Gender-Diverse Children and Adolescents
Rafferty, J. R., SECTION ON LESBIAN, G., Yogman, M. W., Baum, R., Gambon, T. B., Lavin, A., Mattson, G. L., Wissow, L. S., Breuner, C. C., Alderman, E. M., et al. (2018) · PEDIATRICS · doi:10.1542/peds.2018-2162 · Cited by 621
Epidemiology of gender dysphoria and transgender identity
Zucker, K. J. (2017) · Sexual Health · doi:10.1071/sh17067 · Cited by 526
Mitigating Gender Bias in Natural Language Processing: Literature Review
Sun, T., Gaut, A., Tang, S., Huang, Y., ElSherief, M., Zhao, J., Mirza, D., Belding, E., Chang, K.-W., & Wang, W. Y. (2019) · Proceedings of the 57th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics · doi:10.18653/v1/p19-1159 · Cited by 492
Metadata
- Authors
- Richards, C., Bouman, W. P., Seal, L., Barker, M. J., Nieder, T. O., & T’Sjoen, G.
- Affiliations
- Charing Cross Hospital (GB)
- The Open University (GB)
- University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf (DE)
- Corresponding author
- Richards, Christina
- Venue
- International Review of Psychiatry
- Publisher
- Informa UK Limited
- Published
- 2016-01-02
- Volume
- 28
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 95-102
- ISSN
- 0954-0261 (ISSN-L)
- 1369-1627
- OpenAlex
- W2233865108
- Cited by
- 782
- References
- 47
- Citations by year
- 2026: 36 · 2025: 76 · 2024: 86 · 2023: 72 · 2022: 90 · 2021: 116 · 2020: 88 · 2019: 93 · 2018: 72 · 2017: 43 · 2016: 7
- FWCI
- 11.28
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- biblio.ugent.be
- Licence
- other-oa
- Locations
- International Review of Psychiatry (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Open Research Online - ORO (The Open University) (acceptedVersion)
- Ghent University Academic Bibliography (Ghent University) (submittedVersion, other-oa)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Social Psychology › LGBTQ Health, Identity, and Policy
- Social Sciences › Gender Studies › Gender and Feminist Studies
- Social Sciences › Gender Studies › Gender Roles and Identity Studies
- Keywords
- non-binary gender, genderqueer, gender identity, gender expression, gender binary, marginalization, discrimination, victimization, minority stress, mental health professionals, treatment options, diagnostic classification
- MeSH terms
- Female, Gender Identity, Humans, Male, Sexual Behavior, Transsexualism, Homosexuality, Male, Homosexuality, Female, Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Transgender Persons
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
