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Cited by 472LGBTQ Health, Identity, and PolicySexual Differentiation and DisordersGender Roles and Identity Studies

Evidence for an Altered Sex Ratio in Clinic-Referred Adolescents with Gender Dysphoria

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Aitken, Madison, Steensma, Thomas D., Blanchard, Ray, VanderLaan, Doug P., Wood, Hayley, Fuentes, Amanda, Spegg, Cathy, Wasserman, Lori +12 more·2015·The Journal of Sexual Medicine
DOI 10.1111/jsm.12817
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Abstract

Introduction: The number of adolescents referred to specialized gender identity clinics for gender dysphoria appears to be increasing and there also appears to be a corresponding shift in the sex ratio, from one favoring natal males to one favoring natal females. Aim: We conducted two quantitative studies to ascertain whether there has been a recent inversion of the sex ratio of adolescents referred for gender dysphoria. Methods: The sex ratio of adolescents from two specialized gender identity clinics was examined as a function of two cohort periods (2006–2013 vs. prior years). Study 1 was conducted on patients from a clinic in Toronto, and Study 2 was conducted on patients from a clinic in Amsterdam. Results: Across both clinics, the total sample size was 748. In both clinics, there was a significant change in the sex ratio of referred adolescents between the two cohort periods: between 2006 and 2013, the sex ratio favored natal females, but in the prior years, the sex ratio favored natal males. In Study 1 from Toronto, there was no corresponding change in the sex ratio of 6,592 adolescents referred for other clinical problems. Conclusions: Sociological and sociocultural explanations are offered to account for this recent inversion in the sex ratio of adolescents with gender dysphoria.

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  • The prevalence of transwomen athletes in elite competition is likely to increase in the future, due to the increased visibility of transgender individuals in society, which in turn may drive more people to consider expressing their chosen gender identity.

    “The prevalence of transwomen athletes in elite competition is likely to increase in the future, due to the increased visibility of transgender individuals in society [85, 86], which in turn may drive more people to consider expressing their chosen gender identity [87].”

    From Integrating Transwomen and Female Athletes with Differences of Sex Development (DSD) into Elite Competition: The FIMS 2021 Consensus Statement (2021) · cites this paper as [85]

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Authors
Aitken, M., Steensma, T. D., Blanchard, R., VanderLaan, D. P., Wood, H., Fuentes, A., Spegg, C., Wasserman, L., Ames, M., Fitzsimmons, C. L., Leef, J. H., Lishak, V., Reim, E., Takagi, A., Vinik, J., Wreford, J., Cohen-Kettenis, P. T., de Vries, A. L. C., Kreukels, B. P. C., & Zucker, K. J.
Affiliations
  • Centre for Addiction and Mental Health (CA)
  • Amsterdam UMC Location Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam (NL)
  • University of Toronto (CA)
  • Center of Expertise on Gender Dysphoria , Amsterdam,   The Netherlands
Corresponding author
Zucker, Kenneth J.
ORCID
Venue
The Journal of Sexual Medicine
Publisher
Oxford University Press (OUP)
Published
2015-03-01
Volume
12
Issue
3
Pages
756-763
ISSN
  • 1743-6095 (ISSN-L)
  • 1743-6109
DOI
10.1111/jsm.12817
OpenAlex
W1871210477
Cited by
472
References
32
Citations by year
2026: 14 · 2025: 25 · 2024: 37 · 2023: 55 · 2022: 49 · 2021: 58 · 2020: 103 · 2019: 36 · 2018: 45 · 2017: 23 · 2016: 20 · 2015: 7
FWCI
51.82
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
Licence
Locations
  • The Journal of Sexual Medicine (publishedVersion)
  • PubMed (publishedVersion)
  • Amsterdam UMC (VU Amsterdam) - Institutional Repository (publishedVersion)
  • Pure Amsterdam UMC (submittedVersion, other-oa)
  • Data Archiving and Networked Services (DANS) (submittedVersion)
Topics
  • Social Sciences › Psychology › Social Psychology › LGBTQ Health, Identity, and Policy
  • Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Sexual Differentiation and Disorders
  • Social Sciences › Gender Studies › Gender Roles and Identity Studies
Keywords
gender dysphoria, sex ratio, adolescents, gender identity clinics, cohort trends, transgender youth
MeSH terms
Adolescent, Adult, Age Factors, Body Image, Canada, Female, Gender Identity, Humans, Male, Motivation, Netherlands, Surveys and Questionnaires, Referral and Consultation, Gonadal Steroid Hormones, Sexual Maturation, Sex Ratio, Transsexualism, Guideline Adherence, Gender-Affirming Procedures, Transgender Persons

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