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Advanced glycoxidation and lipoxidation end products (AGEs and ALEs): an overview of their mechanisms of formation
Open accessAbstract
Advanced lipoxidation end products (ALEs) and advanced glycation end products (AGEs) have a pathogenetic role in the development and progression of different oxidative-based diseases including diabetes, atherosclerosis, and neurological disorders. AGEs and ALEs represent a quite complex class of compounds that are formed by different mechanisms, by heterogeneous precursors and that can be formed either exogenously or endogenously. There is a wide interest in AGEs and ALEs involving different aspects of research which are essentially focused on set-up and application of analytical strategies (1) to identify, characterize, and quantify AGEs and ALEs in different pathophysiological conditions; (2) to elucidate the molecular basis of their biological effects; and (3) to discover compounds able to inhibit AGEs/ALEs damaging effects not only as biological tools aimed at validating AGEs/ALEs as drug target, but also as promising drugs. All the above-mentioned research stages require a clear picture of the chemical formation of AGEs/ALEs but this is not simple, due to the complex and heterogeneous pathways, involving different precursors and mechanisms. In view of this intricate scenario, the aim of the present review is to group the main AGEs and ALEs and to describe, for each of them, the precursors and mechanisms of formation.
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“This positive partial charge is attacked by nucleophiles such as cysteine and histidine and stable Michael adducts are formed (Fig. 4B) [50]. Nucleophilic attack of lysine forms unstable Michael adducts, which require reduction, e.g., by sodium borohydride prior to analysis [57].”
From Protein oxidation - Formation mechanisms, detection and relevance as biomarkers in human diseases (2021) · cites this paper as [50]
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Metadata
- Authors
- Vistoli, G., De Maddis, D., Cipak, A., Zarkovic, N., Carini, M., & Aldini, G.
- Affiliations
- University of Milan (IT)
- Corresponding author
- Aldini, G.
- Venue
- Free Radical Research
- Publisher
- Informa UK Limited
- Published
- 2013-06-17
- Volume
- 47
- Issue
- sup1
- Pages
- 3-27
- ISSN
- 1029-2470 (ISSN-L)
- 1071-5762
- OpenAlex
- W2136497849
- Cited by
- 823
- References
- 247
- Citations by year
- 2026: 38 · 2025: 58 · 2024: 84 · 2023: 85 · 2022: 96 · 2021: 84 · 2020: 68 · 2019: 69 · 2018: 61 · 2017: 64 · 2016: 41 · 2015: 37 · 2014: 31 · 2013: 3
- FWCI
- 3.86
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Locations
- Free Radical Research (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Institutional Repository of the Ruđer Bošković Institute (Ruđer Bošković Institute) (submittedVersion, other-oa)
- Funders
- Ministero dell'Università e della Ricerca
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Clinical Biochemistry › Advanced Glycation End Products research
- Life Sciences › Agricultural and Biological Sciences › Food Science › Potato Plant Research
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Biochemistry (medical) › Antioxidant Activity and Oxidative Stress
- Keywords
- advanced glycation end products, advanced lipoxidation end products, oxidative stress, diabetes mellitus, atherosclerosis, neurological disorders, AGE inhibitors
- MeSH terms
- Receptor for Advanced Glycation End Products, Humans, Pyruvaldehyde, Receptors, Immunologic, Lipid Peroxidation, Maillard Reaction, Glycation End Products, Advanced, Protein Carbonylation
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