The DOI matches its Crossref record; 14 of the 15 references it cites were found in a registry or an index; 1 of the 24 sources its claims cite were checked for support.
Exploratory design in medical nanotechnology: a mechanical artificial red cell.
Open accessAbstract
Molecular manufacturing promises precise control of matter at the atomic and molecular level, allowing the construction of micron-scale machines comprised of nanometer-scale components. Medical nanomachines will be among the earliest applications. The artificial red blood cell or "respirocyte" proposed here is a bloodborne spherical 1-micron diamondoid 1000-atm pressure vessel with active pumping powered by endogenous serum glucose, able to deliver 236 times more oxygen to the tissues per unit volume than natural red cells and to manage carbonic acidity. An onboard nanocomputer and numerous chemical and pressure sensors enable complex device behaviors remotely reprogrammable by the physician via externally applied acoustic signals.
Overview
AI snapshot
Written from the paper’s full text.
TL;DR
This paper presents an exploratory design for a spherical 1-micron diamondoid artificial red cell (“respirocyte”) with active molecular sorting rotors, onboard nanocomputer, sensors, and glucose-powered pumping. It claims the baseline device could deliver 236 times more oxygen to tissues per unit volume than natural red cells and carry CO2 mechanically rather than chemically.
Key findings
- The baseline respirocyte is a 1-micron spherical diamondoid pressure vessel with 18 billion structural atoms plus 9 billion temporarily resident molecules when fully loaded, 12 equatorial pumping stations, and at least tenfold redundancy in all components except the pressure tanks.
- Each respirocyte stores 1.51 × 10^9 O2 molecules, 100% accessible to tissues; full duplication of human blood active capacity requires 5.36 × 10^12 devices, corresponding to a standard ~5.61 cm3 therapeutic dose of 50% aqueous colloidal suspension.
- The device is claimed to deliver 236 times more oxygen per unit volume than natural red cells and can supply all respiratory gas requirements from onboard storage for nearly 2 minutes for non-breathing patients; an augmentation dose of 9.54 × 10^14 respirocytes could provide 12 minutes at peak exertion and 3.8 hours at rest.
- Onboard power comes from endogenous serum glucose; the design includes a ~10^4 bit/sec computer, 500 kilobits of memory, acoustic remote reprogramming, and mechanical CO2 transport that largely eliminates the need to manage carbonic acidity.
Methods
- Exploratory engineering design paper: proposes and sizes a specific medical nanodevice using molecular manufacturing assumptions and Drexler nanosystems estimates.
- Design calculations use Van der Waals gas storage, Stokes settling, rotor scaling, component volume/mass allocations, and respiratory physiology estimates; baseline assumptions include 1-micron diameter, 1000 atm peak O2 tank pressure, and 50% engine efficiency.
- No experimental data, prototype, or clinical testing are reported; safety and biocompatibility issues are said to be considered elsewhere [18].
Limitations
- The paper states the device cannot be built today, the design is preliminary/exploratory, glucose engine design is a critical research issue, and safety/biocompatibility are considered elsewhere.
- The text makes evident that performance figures depend on assumed future nanomechanical components and conservative design choices, with no in vivo validation.
- The paper also notes that diamond coating biocompatibility has not been extensively investigated, and potential immune, filtration, shear, and erythropoiesis issues are addressed only briefly.
Model-written summary. Check it against the paper before relying on it.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
44 Own interpretation · 40 No basis given · 11 No full text of the sources · 10 Not checked yet · 4 Sources not found · 1 Supported · 1 Own method · 1 Own result
Every source the paper cites for this claim was checked and supports it.
In the paper
“The use of reversible logic could significantly reduce power consumption [14].”
§ NEW CONCEPTS AND THEORIES EXPLORATORY DESIGN IN MEDICAL NANOTECHNOLOGY: A MECHANICAL ARTIFICIAL RED CELL > 5 4 Onboard CornDutation
What the sources say
- Supportedcites [14] Merkle RC, 1993, Nanotechnology source
The Introduction says reversible computation could reduce energy dissipation, and §2, “Reversible architectures,” says a reversible approach could significantly reduce a computer’s overall energy dissipation. This supports the cited claim that reversible logic could significantly reduce power consumption. (LLM, conf=0.94)
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Supported
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Since hemoglobin normally operates between 95% saturation (arterial) and 70% saturation (venous), only 25% of stored 0 2 is accessible to the tissues, so active capacity of human blood is 8.1 x 1021 02 molecules.”
§ NEW CONCEPTS AND THEORIES EXPLORATORY DESIGN IN MEDICAL NANOTECHNOLOGY: A MECHANICAL ARTIFICIAL RED CELL > 4.1 M m u m T h e r u e u t ic Dose
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Rests on an assumption: The average male human body has 3 x 10^13 red blood cells, each containing 2.7 x 10^8 hemoglobin molecules binding four O2 molecules per hemoglobin, giving a total human blood storage capacity of 3.24 x 10^22 O2 molecules.
- Rests on an assumption: Hemoglobin normally operates between 95% saturation (arterial) and 70% saturation (venous), so only 25% of stored O2 is accessible to the tissues.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“RSR -1.00 (100%) coverage occurs at D=2.68 microns, the upper limit.”
§ NEW CONCEPTS AND THEORIES EXPLORATORY DESIGN IN MEDICAL NANOTECHNOLOGY: A MECHANICAL ARTIFICIAL RED CELL > FREITAS
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“so full duplication of human blood active capacity requires deployment of 5.36 x 1012 devices.”
§ NEW CONCEPTS AND THEORIES EXPLORATORY DESIGN IN MEDICAL NANOTECHNOLOGY: A MECHANICAL ARTIFICIAL RED CELL > 4.1 M m u m T h e r u e u t ic Dose
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“This pumping rate, -108 molecules/sec for the gases, is not diffusion limited because [ 111 maximum diffusion current J4rcRCD -lo9 molecules/sec, for gas diffusion coefficient D-2 x 10-9 m%ec for 0 2 and C02 in distilled water at 20 OC, C=7.3 x 1022 molecules Ogm3 (arterial blood), and R=0.5 micron.”
§ NEW CONCEPTS AND THEORIES EXPLORATORY DESIGN IN MEDICAL NANOTECHNOLOGY: A MECHANICAL ARTIFICIAL RED CELL > 3.1 Power
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [111]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Not matched
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“The smaller the respirocyte, the slower it settles out of suspension, as given by Stokes Law: Vt=2gR2(pl-p2)/9rl, where Vt is terminal velocity (cdsec), g is the acceleration of gravity (98 1 cm/sec2), p 1 and p2 are device and fluid densities (gm/cm3), and 11 is coefficient of viscosity (1.1 centipoise for plasma, 4 centipoise for whole blood at 310 OK).”
§ NEW CONCEPTS AND THEORIES EXPLORATORY DESIGN IN MEDICAL NANOTECHNOLOGY: A MECHANICAL ARTIFICIAL RED CELL > FREITAS
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“In the absence of functioning red cells the 0 2 contained in a 1 cm3 injection of lo00 atm microtanks would be exhausted in 2 minutes.”
§ NEW CONCEPTS AND THEORIES EXPLORATORY DESIGN IN MEDICAL NANOTECHNOLOGY: A MECHANICAL ARTIFICIAL RED CELL > 2. PRELIMINARY DESIGN ISSUES
hedgeddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: unclear — It is unclear why the paper says it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“In the baseline design (diameter D=l micron), 37.28% of tank surface consists of sorting rotors and related subsystems (Section 3.5).”
§ NEW CONCEPTS AND THEORIES EXPLORATORY DESIGN IN MEDICAL NANOTECHNOLOGY: A MECHANICAL ARTIFICIAL RED CELL > FREITAS
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Onboard power is provided by a mechanochemical engine that exoergically combines glucose and oxygen to generate mechanical energy to drive molecular sorting rotors and other subsystems, as demonstrated in principle in a variety of biological motor systems.”
§ NEW CONCEPTS AND THEORIES EXPLORATORY DESIGN IN MEDICAL NANOTECHNOLOGY: A MECHANICAL ARTIFICIAL RED CELL > 3.1 Power
boosteddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“The attending physician can broadcast signals to molecular mechanical systems deployed in the human body most conveniently using modulated compressive pressure pulses received by mechanical transducers embedded in the surface of the respirocyte.”
§ NEW CONCEPTS AND THEORIES EXPLORATORY DESIGN IN MEDICAL NANOTECHNOLOGY: A MECHANICAL ARTIFICIAL RED CELL > 3.2 Communications
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Probably not a substantial claim. 34
- It may state two separate claims as one. 46
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“At typical blood concentrations, this sensor, which measures 45 nm x 45 nm x 10 nm comprising -500,000 atoms (-10-20 kg), should count -100,OOO molecules/sec of glucose, -30,000 molecules/sec of arterial or venous C02, or -2,000 molecules/sec of arterial or venous 02.”
§ NEW CONCEPTS AND THEORIES EXPLORATORY DESIGN IN MEDICAL NANOTECHNOLOGY: A MECHANICAL ARTIFICIAL RED CELL > Sensors
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper may give no reason why it holds. It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The rate of separation is further enhanced either by commanding respirocytes to empty all tanks, lowering net density to 66% of blood plasma density, or by commanding respirocytes to blow a 5-micron 0 2 gas bubble to which the device may adhere via surface tension, allowing it to rise at 45 d o u r under normal gravitational acceleration.”
§ NEW CONCEPTS AND THEORIES EXPLORATORY DESIGN IN MEDICAL NANOTECHNOLOGY: A MECHANICAL ARTIFICIAL RED CELL > FREITAS
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: unclear — It is unclear why the paper says it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“A 1-micron respirocyte with density ranging from 679 kg/m3 for tanks empty (vacuum) to 1370 kg/m3 for all tanks full would rise or fall at a maximum rate of 0.1-0.6 @ow, the settling rate for 0.1-micron particles is 100 times slower.”
§ NEW CONCEPTS AND THEORIES EXPLORATORY DESIGN IN MEDICAL NANOTECHNOLOGY: A MECHANICAL ARTIFICIAL RED CELL > FREITAS
hedgeddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Twelve pumping stations are spaced evenly along an equatorial circle.Each station has its own independent glucose engine, glucose tank, environmental glucose sensors, and glucose sorting rotors.”
§ NEW CONCEPTS AND THEORIES EXPLORATORY DESIGN IN MEDICAL NANOTECHNOLOGY: A MECHANICAL ARTIFICIAL RED CELL > 3.5 Baseline Configuration
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Gas pumping rotors are arrayed in a noncompact geometry to minimize the possibility of local molecule exhaustion during loading.”
§ NEW CONCEPTS AND THEORIES EXPLORATORY DESIGN IN MEDICAL NANOTECHNOLOGY: A MECHANICAL ARTIFICIAL RED CELL > 3.5 Baseline Configuration
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“If respkwytes are administered via hypodermal injection or transfusion as a hernatocrit-neutral50% aqueous colloidal suspension, this implies a standard -5.61 cm3 therapeutic dose of activated suspension, requiring only seconds to inject at, say, an accident scene.”
§ NEW CONCEPTS AND THEORIES EXPLORATORY DESIGN IN MEDICAL NANOTECHNOLOGY: A MECHANICAL ARTIFICIAL RED CELL > 4.1 M m u m T h e r u e u t ic Dose
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Each station alone can generate sufficient energy to power the entire respirocyte.”
§ NEW CONCEPTS AND THEORIES EXPLORATORY DESIGN IN MEDICAL NANOTECHNOLOGY: A MECHANICAL ARTIFICIAL RED CELL > 3.5 Baseline Configuration
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Any one pumping station, acting alone, can load or discharge any storage tank in -10 sec (typical capillary transit time in tissues), whether gas, ballast water, or glucose.”
§ NEW CONCEPTS AND THEORIES EXPLORATORY DESIGN IN MEDICAL NANOTECHNOLOGY: A MECHANICAL ARTIFICIAL RED CELL > 3.5 Baseline Configuration
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“As respirocyte design radius shrinks, surface area per unit enclosed volume rises rapidly.”
§ NEW CONCEPTS AND THEORIES EXPLORATORY DESIGN IN MEDICAL NANOTECHNOLOGY: A MECHANICAL ARTIFICIAL RED CELL > FREITAS
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The glucose fuel tank is scaled such that one tankful of fuel drives the glucose engine at maximum output for 10 seconds, consuming 5% of the 0 2 gas stored onboard and releasing a volume of waste water approximately equal to the volume of the glucose consumed.”
§ NEW CONCEPTS AND THEORIES EXPLORATORY DESIGN IN MEDICAL NANOTECHNOLOGY: A MECHANICAL ARTIFICIAL RED CELL > 3.1 Power
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds. It may state two separate claims as one.
- Rests on an assumption: Natural cellular metabolic pathways using glycolysis and TCA cycles achieve only 68% efficiency.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“the present study assumes a spherical respirocyte diameter of -1 micron.”
§ NEW CONCEPTS AND THEORIES EXPLORATORY DESIGN IN MEDICAL NANOTECHNOLOGY: A MECHANICAL ARTIFICIAL RED CELL > FREITAS
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“By contrast, each respirocyte stores 1.51 x lo9 0 2 molecules, 100% of which is accessible to the tissues”
§ NEW CONCEPTS AND THEORIES EXPLORATORY DESIGN IN MEDICAL NANOTECHNOLOGY: A MECHANICAL ARTIFICIAL RED CELL > 4.1 M m u m T h e r u e u t ic Dose
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: unclear — It is unclear why the paper says it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Taking Drexler's estimate of 109 wattdm3 for mechanochemical power conversion [ 11, a glucose engine could measure 42 nm x 42 nm x 175 nm in size, comprising 108 atoms (-10-l8 kg).”
§ NEW CONCEPTS AND THEORIES EXPLORATORY DESIGN IN MEDICAL NANOTECHNOLOGY: A MECHANICAL ARTIFICIAL RED CELL > 3.1 Power
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [11] Berg H C, 1977, Biophys J source
hedgeddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Rests on an assumption: Natural cellular metabolic pathways using glycolysis and TCA cycles achieve only 68% efficiency.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“For instance, the smallest reasonable computer requires 105 nm3, a 58-nm diameter sphere (Section 3.4).”
§ NEW CONCEPTS AND THEORIES EXPLORATORY DESIGN IN MEDICAL NANOTECHNOLOGY: A MECHANICAL ARTIFICIAL RED CELL > FREITAS
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper may give no reason why it holds. It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Such a fuel tank can measure 42 nm x 42 nm x 115 nm in size comprising <lo8 atoms ( ~1 0 -l ~ kg), hold -106 glucose molecules and be filled using -10-3 sec of engine output.”
§ NEW CONCEPTS AND THEORIES EXPLORATORY DESIGN IN MEDICAL NANOTECHNOLOGY: A MECHANICAL ARTIFICIAL RED CELL > 3.1 Power
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper may give no reason why it holds. It may state two separate claims as one.
- Rests on an assumption: Natural cellular metabolic pathways using glycolysis and TCA cycles achieve only 68% efficiency.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Careful review of the baseline design suggests that the minimum rotor area necessary to achieve all performance specifications while maintaining 10: 1 subsystem redundancy (Section 3.5) is about 17,000 nm2, which implies D4.245 micron at RSR4.0902 (9.02%).”
§ NEW CONCEPTS AND THEORIES EXPLORATORY DESIGN IN MEDICAL NANOTECHNOLOGY: A MECHANICAL ARTIFICIAL RED CELL > FREITAS
hedgeddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“For instance, sorting rotors can be used to construct quantitative concentration sensors for any molecular species desired.”
§ NEW CONCEPTS AND THEORIES EXPLORATORY DESIGN IN MEDICAL NANOTECHNOLOGY: A MECHANICAL ARTIFICIAL RED CELL > Sensors
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The power system is scaled such that each glucose engine can fill the 0 2 tank from a fully empty condition in 10 seconds, requiring a peak continuous output of 3 x 10-13 watts.”
§ NEW CONCEPTS AND THEORIES EXPLORATORY DESIGN IN MEDICAL NANOTECHNOLOGY: A MECHANICAL ARTIFICIAL RED CELL > 3.1 Power
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Rests on an assumption: Natural cellular metabolic pathways using glycolysis and TCA cycles achieve only 68% efficiency.
In the paper
“Assuming -500 bits/sec-nm3 and 1018 bitdsec-watt for nanomechanical computers, and -5 bits/ nmA3 for nanomechanical mass storage systems [ 11, each lo4 bit/sec CPU is allocated a volume of -104 nm3 and consumes -10-14 watt (3% of the power output of one glucose engine), while 500 kilobits of memory requires -105 nm3.”
§ NEW CONCEPTS AND THEORIES EXPLORATORY DESIGN IN MEDICAL NANOTECHNOLOGY: A MECHANICAL ARTIFICIAL RED CELL > 5 4 Onboard CornDutation
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [11] Berg H C, 1977, Biophys J source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The artificial respirocyte is a spherical nanomedical device 1 micron in diameter consisting of 18 billion precisely arranged structural atoms plus 9 billion temporarily resident molecules when fully loaded.”
§ NEW CONCEPTS AND THEORIES EXPLORATORY DESIGN IN MEDICAL NANOTECHNOLOGY: A MECHANICAL ARTIFICIAL RED CELL > 3.5 Baseline Configuration
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“There are significant gains in gas molecule packing density up to lo00 atm, smaller gains at 10, OOO atm, and no significant gain at >1o0,ooO atm.”
§ NEW CONCEPTS AND THEORIES EXPLORATORY DESIGN IN MEDICAL NANOTECHNOLOGY: A MECHANICAL ARTIFICIAL RED CELL > 2. PRELIMINARY DESIGN ISSUES
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The number of sorting rotors scales with tank volume or R3; tank surface scales as R2; so the percentage of tank surface in rotors (Rotor/Surface Ratio or RSR) scales linearly with R (RSR -qD, q4.3728 fractional surface coverage).”
§ NEW CONCEPTS AND THEORIES EXPLORATORY DESIGN IN MEDICAL NANOTECHNOLOGY: A MECHANICAL ARTIFICIAL RED CELL > FREITAS
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Sorting rotors absorb glucose directly from the blood and store it in a fuel tank.Oxygen is tapped from onboard storage.”
§ NEW CONCEPTS AND THEORIES EXPLORATORY DESIGN IN MEDICAL NANOTECHNOLOGY: A MECHANICAL ARTIFICIAL RED CELL > 3.1 Power
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: unclear — It is unclear why the paper says it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Eliminating all redundancy reduces rotor requirements to 1700 nm2, which implies Dd.114 micron at RSR= 0.0412 (4.12%).”
§ NEW CONCEPTS AND THEORIES EXPLORATORY DESIGN IN MEDICAL NANOTECHNOLOGY: A MECHANICAL ARTIFICIAL RED CELL > FREITAS
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“The suspension is -300 times plasma viscosity (-castor oil or canola oil at 37 OC), still permitting ready plug flow [ 171.”
§ NEW CONCEPTS AND THEORIES EXPLORATORY DESIGN IN MEDICAL NANOTECHNOLOGY: A MECHANICAL ARTIFICIAL RED CELL > n
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [17] Goldsmith H L, 1986, Thromb Haemostasis source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“During this -30 sec charging process, the respirocytes absorb 53.7 liters of 0 2 @ STP, store 0.78 liters of C02 waste, release enough energy to warm bag contents to 42 OC, and leave behind a 0.005M glucose solution, closely matching normal blood concentration and temperature.”
§ NEW CONCEPTS AND THEORIES EXPLORATORY DESIGN IN MEDICAL NANOTECHNOLOGY: A MECHANICAL ARTIFICIAL RED CELL > n
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper may give no reason why it holds. It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Using onboard (21 n n ~) ~ pressure transducers, respirocytes can detect, record, or respond to changes in heart rate or blood pressure, since arterial pressure is normally 0.1-0.2atm (-lO-l9 joule/(21 nm)3 sensor) and systolic/diastolic differential is 0.05-0.07atm (4-6 x 10-20joule/(21 nm)3 sensor), both well above the mean thermal noise limit of kT -4 x joule at human body temperature [6].”
§ NEW CONCEPTS AND THEORIES EXPLORATORY DESIGN IN MEDICAL NANOTECHNOLOGY: A MECHANICAL ARTIFICIAL RED CELL > 4.3 RWD imvte Control Protoco 1s
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [6] Merkle RC, 1996
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The baseline respirocyte can deliver 236 times more oxygen to the tissues per unit volume than natural red cells, and enjoys a similar advantage in carbon dioxide transport.”
§ NEW CONCEPTS AND THEORIES EXPLORATORY DESIGN IN MEDICAL NANOTECHNOLOGY: A MECHANICAL ARTIFICIAL RED CELL > 6. SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper may give no reason why it holds. It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Each stage can conservatively provide a concentration factor of 1O00, so a multi-stage cascade should ensure storage of virtually pure gases.”
§ NEW CONCEPTS AND THEORIES EXPLORATORY DESIGN IN MEDICAL NANOTECHNOLOGY: A MECHANICAL ARTIFICIAL RED CELL > FREITAS
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: unclear — It is unclear why the paper says it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Rupture risk and explosive energy rise with pressure, so a standard lo00 atm peak operating pressure appears optimum, providing high packing density with an extremely conservative 100-fold structural safety margin.”
§ NEW CONCEPTS AND THEORIES EXPLORATORY DESIGN IN MEDICAL NANOTECHNOLOGY: A MECHANICAL ARTIFICIAL RED CELL > 2. PRELIMINARY DESIGN ISSUES
hedgeddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Artificial mechanical red cells can give physicians the ability to precisely control saturation curve profiles independently for oxygen and carbon dioxide, either to maximize gas transport efficiency or to meet specialized demand functions imposed by emergency situations, unusual activities, or specific medical treatments.”
§ NEW CONCEPTS AND THEORIES EXPLORATORY DESIGN IN MEDICAL NANOTECHNOLOGY: A MECHANICAL ARTIFICIAL RED CELL > FREITAS
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper may give no reason why it holds. It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The easiest way to prevent carbon dioxide toxicity is to provide additional tankage for C 0 2 transport and some active means for gas loading at the tissues and unloading at the lungs.”
§ NEW CONCEPTS AND THEORIES EXPLORATORY DESIGN IN MEDICAL NANOTECHNOLOGY: A MECHANICAL ARTIFICIAL RED CELL > 2. PRELIMINARY DESIGN ISSUES
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: fails — It may be too vague to check against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“These proposals have two principal failings.First, once discharged the devices become useless.As with current blood substitutes, discharge time is too short.”
§ NEW CONCEPTS AND THEORIES EXPLORATORY DESIGN IN MEDICAL NANOTECHNOLOGY: A MECHANICAL ARTIFICIAL RED CELL > 2. PRELIMINARY DESIGN ISSUES
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The system presented here has at least tenfold redundancy in all components, excluding the pressure tanks which, because of their compartmentalized structure, may be regarded as having even greater redundancy.”
§ NEW CONCEPTS AND THEORIES EXPLORATORY DESIGN IN MEDICAL NANOTECHNOLOGY: A MECHANICAL ARTIFICIAL RED CELL > 3.5 Baseline Configuration
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Typical molecular concentrations in the blood for target molecules of interest (02, C02, N2 and glucose) are -10-4.which should be sufficient to ensure at least 90% occupancy of rotor binding sites at the stated rotor speed [ 1 I.”
§ NEW CONCEPTS AND THEORIES EXPLORATORY DESIGN IN MEDICAL NANOTECHNOLOGY: A MECHANICAL ARTIFICIAL RED CELL > FREITAS
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [ 1 I
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: unclear — It is unclear why the paper says it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
In the paper
“Molecular sorting rotors can be designed from about 105 atoms (including the housing), measuring roughly 7 nm x 14 nm x 14 nm in size with a mass of 2 x 10-21 kg.”
§ NEW CONCEPTS AND THEORIES EXPLORATORY DESIGN IN MEDICAL NANOTECHNOLOGY: A MECHANICAL ARTIFICIAL RED CELL > FREITAS
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [11] Berg H C, 1977, Biophys J source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Neither problem may be overcome using passive systems alone.”
§ NEW CONCEPTS AND THEORIES EXPLORATORY DESIGN IN MEDICAL NANOTECHNOLOGY: A MECHANICAL ARTIFICIAL RED CELL > 2. PRELIMINARY DESIGN ISSUES
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Another design issue that arises when operating in an aqueous medium is buoyancy, which can readily be controlled by loading or unloading water ballast.”
§ NEW CONCEPTS AND THEORIES EXPLORATORY DESIGN IN MEDICAL NANOTECHNOLOGY: A MECHANICAL ARTIFICIAL RED CELL > FREITAS
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The easiest way to extend duration is to provide for recharging the microvessels with oxygen gas, preferably via the lungs since direct regeneration of 0 2 from C02 is energetically prohibitive.”
§ NEW CONCEPTS AND THEORIES EXPLORATORY DESIGN IN MEDICAL NANOTECHNOLOGY: A MECHANICAL ARTIFICIAL RED CELL > 2. PRELIMINARY DESIGN ISSUES
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper may give no reason why it holds. It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Rotors are fully reversible, so they can be used to load or unload gas storage tanks, depending upon the direction of rotor rotation.”
§ NEW CONCEPTS AND THEORIES EXPLORATORY DESIGN IN MEDICAL NANOTECHNOLOGY: A MECHANICAL ARTIFICIAL RED CELL > FREITAS
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: unclear — It is unclear why the paper says it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Smaller cells may have more difficulty defending against environmental insults and face more numerous potential filtration sites throughout the body, which factors argue for larger device sizes.”
§ NEW CONCEPTS AND THEORIES EXPLORATORY DESIGN IN MEDICAL NANOTECHNOLOGY: A MECHANICAL ARTIFICIAL RED CELL > FREITAS
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“These devices could sort small molecules of 20 or fewer atoms at a rate of 106 moleculedsec with laminar flow for an energy cost of 10-22 joule/molecule sorted, and pump against head pressures up to 30,000 atm at an additional energy cost up to 10-19 joule/molecule [ 11.”
§ NEW CONCEPTS AND THEORIES EXPLORATORY DESIGN IN MEDICAL NANOTECHNOLOGY: A MECHANICAL ARTIFICIAL RED CELL > FREITAS
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [11] Berg H C, 1977, Biophys J source
hedgeddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Drexler [l] estimates engines can be designed to operate at >99% efficiency.”
§ NEW CONCEPTS AND THEORIES EXPLORATORY DESIGN IN MEDICAL NANOTECHNOLOGY: A MECHANICAL ARTIFICIAL RED CELL > 3.1 Power
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [l]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Not matched
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Natural erythrocytes appear unhandicapped by their faster settling rate, so active ballast management for artificial respirocytes (which settle slower) is probably unnecessary in normal operations.”
§ NEW CONCEPTS AND THEORIES EXPLORATORY DESIGN IN MEDICAL NANOTECHNOLOGY: A MECHANICAL ARTIFICIAL RED CELL > FREITAS
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Rests on an assumption: Natural erythrocytes appear unhandicapped by their faster settling rate.
- Rests on an assumption: Individual red cells (1100 kg/m3) and blood plasma (1025 kg/m3 at 310 K) differ in density, causing red cells to settle out of suspension at 4-10 mm/hour depending on hematocrit and RBC aggregation.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Their addition to the blood pushes respiratory gas equilibrium toward higher C 0 2 tension and elevated hydrogen ion concentration, which could lead to carbon dioxide toxicity and acidosis (hypercapnia), especially in anemic, nonrespiratory, or ischemic patients, and to hyperoxic hemolysis and other complications.”
§ NEW CONCEPTS AND THEORIES EXPLORATORY DESIGN IN MEDICAL NANOTECHNOLOGY: A MECHANICAL ARTIFICIAL RED CELL > 2. PRELIMINARY DESIGN ISSUES
hedgeddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Note that physically stored C 0 2 makes no net addition to blood acidity.”
§ NEW CONCEPTS AND THEORIES EXPLORATORY DESIGN IN MEDICAL NANOTECHNOLOGY: A MECHANICAL ARTIFICIAL RED CELL > 2. PRELIMINARY DESIGN ISSUES
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
In the paper
“Pressure transducers consume minimal power because the input signal drives the motion; 0.1-atm MHz-pulse pressure sensors (10 nm)3 in size proposed by Merkle 161 consume only 10-20 joules/pulse detected.”
§ NEW CONCEPTS AND THEORIES EXPLORATORY DESIGN IN MEDICAL NANOTECHNOLOGY: A MECHANICAL ARTIFICIAL RED CELL > 3.2 Communications
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [161]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“An onboard nanocomputer and numerous chemical and pressure sensors enable complex device behaviors remotely reprogrammable by the physician via externally applied acoustic signals.”
§ NEW CONCEPTS AND THEORIES EXPLORATORY DESIGN IN MEDICAL NANOTECHNOLOGY: A MECHANICAL ARTIFICIAL RED CELL > Abstract
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper may give no reason why it holds. It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Such signals attenuate only -10% per 1 cm of travel, so whole-body broadcasts should be feasible even in emergency field situations.”
§ NEW CONCEPTS AND THEORIES EXPLORATORY DESIGN IN MEDICAL NANOTECHNOLOGY: A MECHANICAL ARTIFICIAL RED CELL > 3.2 Communications
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: unclear — It is unclear why the paper says it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Mechanisms proposed by Drexler [ 11 to transmit data at <10 MHz (-107 bitdsec) using peak-to-trough 10-atm pressure pulses (the same as medical pulse-echo diagnostic ultrasound systems) may be 4 2 1 nm)3 in size, comprising 105 atoms (-2 x 10-21 kg).”
§ NEW CONCEPTS AND THEORIES EXPLORATORY DESIGN IN MEDICAL NANOTECHNOLOGY: A MECHANICAL ARTIFICIAL RED CELL > 3.2 Communications
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [11] Berg H C, 1977, Biophys J source
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Molecular manufacturing promises precise control of matter at the atomic and molecular level, allowing the construction of micron-scale machines comprised of nanometer-scale components.”
- Also stated in: § 1. INTRODUCTION · plain
“Molecular manufacturing promises precise control of matter at the atomic and molecular level [ 11.”
§ NEW CONCEPTS AND THEORIES EXPLORATORY DESIGN IN MEDICAL NANOTECHNOLOGY: A MECHANICAL ARTIFICIAL RED CELL > Abstract
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [11] Berg H C, 1977, Biophys J source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Also stated in: § 1. INTRODUCTION · plain
In the paper
“In brief, mechanical failures are expected to be m and to cause negligible damage due to conservative device design and the high mechanical and thermal inertia of body tissues.”
§ NEW CONCEPTS AND THEORIES EXPLORATORY DESIGN IN MEDICAL NANOTECHNOLOGY: A MECHANICAL ARTIFICIAL RED CELL > 5. SAFETY AND BIOCOMPATIBILITY
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [18] Freitas RA, 1998
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The respirocyte is constructed of tough diamondoid material”
§ NEW CONCEPTS AND THEORIES EXPLORATORY DESIGN IN MEDICAL NANOTECHNOLOGY: A MECHANICAL ARTIFICIAL RED CELL > 6. SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Finally, although the biocompatibility of diamond coatings has not been extensively investigated, it should be possible to design a nonimmunogenic or privileged surface for the respirocytes.”
§ NEW CONCEPTS AND THEORIES EXPLORATORY DESIGN IN MEDICAL NANOTECHNOLOGY: A MECHANICAL ARTIFICIAL RED CELL > 5. SAFETY AND BIOCOMPATIBILITY
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: fails — It may be too vague to check against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“This is probably near the maximum safe level for hematologically intact patients, as normal hematocrits rarely exceed -52%.”
§ NEW CONCEPTS AND THEORIES EXPLORATORY DESIGN IN MEDICAL NANOTECHNOLOGY: A MECHANICAL ARTIFICIAL RED CELL > n
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Rests on an assumption: The human male hematocrit has a normal range of 40%-52%, average 46%.
- Rests on an assumption: Normal hematocrits rarely exceed ~52%.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Collisions between respirocytes and formed blood elements produce low shear stresses, and trimming of the cellular glycocalyx by spinning sorting rotors is unlikely.”
§ NEW CONCEPTS AND THEORIES EXPLORATORY DESIGN IN MEDICAL NANOTECHNOLOGY: A MECHANICAL ARTIFICIAL RED CELL > 5. SAFETY AND BIOCOMPATIBILITY
hedgeddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper may give no reason why it holds. It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“In the presence of normally functioning red blood cells, respirocytes remain dormant and their supplemental caloric input requirement is -zero.”
§ NEW CONCEPTS AND THEORIES EXPLORATORY DESIGN IN MEDICAL NANOTECHNOLOGY: A MECHANICAL ARTIFICIAL RED CELL > 4.1 M m u m T h e r u e u t ic Dose
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: unclear — It is unclear why the paper says it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“can be remotely reprogrammed via external acoustic signals to modify existing or to install new protocols”
§ NEW CONCEPTS AND THEORIES EXPLORATORY DESIGN IN MEDICAL NANOTECHNOLOGY: A MECHANICAL ARTIFICIAL RED CELL > 6. SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Respirocytes should not prevent aggregation or reduce margination of platelets and leukocytes.”
§ NEW CONCEPTS AND THEORIES EXPLORATORY DESIGN IN MEDICAL NANOTECHNOLOGY: A MECHANICAL ARTIFICIAL RED CELL > 5. SAFETY AND BIOCOMPATIBILITY
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper may give no reason why it holds. It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“This device cannot be built today.”
§ NEW CONCEPTS AND THEORIES EXPLORATORY DESIGN IN MEDICAL NANOTECHNOLOGY: A MECHANICAL ARTIFICIAL RED CELL > 6. SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“employs a variety of chemical, thermal and pressure sensors”
§ NEW CONCEPTS AND THEORIES EXPLORATORY DESIGN IN MEDICAL NANOTECHNOLOGY: A MECHANICAL ARTIFICIAL RED CELL > 6. SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“draws power from abundant natural serum glucose supplies”
§ NEW CONCEPTS AND THEORIES EXPLORATORY DESIGN IN MEDICAL NANOTECHNOLOGY: A MECHANICAL ARTIFICIAL RED CELL > 6. SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“though this can probably be reduced to -1% or less by employing a more energy-efficient design.”
§ NEW CONCEPTS AND THEORIES EXPLORATORY DESIGN IN MEDICAL NANOTECHNOLOGY: A MECHANICAL ARTIFICIAL RED CELL > 4.1 M m u m T h e r u e u t ic Dose
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Interference with erythropoiesis is avoided by adjusting respirocyte P o 2 P c o 2 response thresholds so that these devices activate only when red cells are stressed.”
§ NEW CONCEPTS AND THEORIES EXPLORATORY DESIGN IN MEDICAL NANOTECHNOLOGY: A MECHANICAL ARTIFICIAL RED CELL > 5. SAFETY AND BIOCOMPATIBILITY
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“has an onboard nanocomputer which enables the device to display many complex responses and behaviors”
§ NEW CONCEPTS AND THEORIES EXPLORATORY DESIGN IN MEDICAL NANOTECHNOLOGY: A MECHANICAL ARTIFICIAL RED CELL > 6. SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“thus is capable of operating intelligently and virtually indefinitely, unlike red cells which have a natural lifespan of 4 months.”
§ NEW CONCEPTS AND THEORIES EXPLORATORY DESIGN IN MEDICAL NANOTECHNOLOGY: A MECHANICAL ARTIFICIAL RED CELL > 6. SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper relies on this without support.
The biochemistry of respiratory gas transport in the blood is well understood.
“The biochemistry of respiratory gas transport in the blood is well understood.”
The paper relies on this without support.
No one has yet attempted a detailed exploratory design aimed at a targeted result.
“but no one has yet attempted a detailed exploratory design aimed at a targeted result.”
The paper relies on this without support.
Natural red blood cells store oxygen at an equivalent 0.51 atm pressure, of which only 0.13 atm is deliverable to tissues.
“(By comparison, natural red blood cells store oxygen at an equivalent 0.51 atm pressure, of which only 0.13 atm is deliverable to tissues.)”
The paper relies on this without support.
Natural erythrocytes appear unhandicapped by their faster settling rate.
“Natural erythrocytes appear unhandicapped by their faster settling rate”
The paper relies on this without support.
Natural cellular metabolic pathways using glycolysis and TCA cycles achieve only 68% efficiency.
“since natural cellular metabolic pathways using the glycolysis and tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycles achieve only 68% efficiency”
The paper relies on this without support.
Human capillaries average 8 microns in diameter but may be as small as 3.7 microns.
“They cannot be larger than human capillaries, which average 8 microns in diameter but may be as small as 3.7 microns”
The paper relies on this without support.
Natural red blood cells (7.82 micron x 2.58 micron biconcave disks) must fold in half to pass through capillaries single-file.
“so narrow that natural red blood cells (7.82 micron x 2.58 micron biconcave disks) must fold in half to pass, single-file.”
The paper relies on this without support.
Individual red cells (1100 kg/m3) and blood plasma (1025 kg/m3 at 310 K) differ in density, causing red cells to settle out of suspension at 4-10 mm/hour depending on hematocrit and RBC aggregation.
“By comparison, even the small difference in density between individual red cells (1 100 kg/m3) and blood plasma (1025 kg/m3 at 3 10 OK) causes red cells to settle out of suspension at a much faster 4-10 mm/hour depending on hematocrit (the volumetric % of blood occupied by red cells, typically 45% in humans) and degree of RI3C aggregation.”
The paper relies on this without support.
The average male human body has 3 x 10^13 red blood cells, each containing 2.7 x 10^8 hemoglobin molecules binding four O2 molecules per hemoglobin, giving a total human blood storage capacity of 3.24 x 10^22 O2 molecules.
“The average male human body has 3 x 1013 red blood cells, each containing 2.7 x 108 hemoglobin molecules binding four 0 2 molecules per hemoglobin, giving a total human blood storage capacity of 3.24 x 1G2 0 2 molecules.”
The paper relies on this without support.
Hemoglobin normally operates between 95% saturation (arterial) and 70% saturation (venous), so only 25% of stored O2 is accessible to the tissues.
“Since hemoglobin normally operates between 95% saturation (arterial) and 70% saturation (venous), only 25% of stored 0 2 is accessible to the tissues”
The paper relies on this without support.
Body blood circuit time is ~60 sec under resting conditions.
“Body blood circuit time is -60 sec under resting conditions”
The paper relies on this without support.
Respirocytes can establish higher osmotic gradients than natural red blood cells.
“since respirocytes can establish higher osmotic gradients than natural red blood cells”
The paper relies on this without support.
The human male hematocrit has a normal range of 40%-52%, average 46%.
“The human male hematocrit has a normal range of 40%-52%, average 46%.”
The paper relies on this without support.
Andean natives in high-altitude regions of Peru and Bolivia have adapted to thin air with hematocrits as high as 60%.
“Andean natives in high-altitude regions of Peru and Bolivia have adapted to thin air with hematocrits as high as 60%.”
The paper relies on this without support.
Polycythemia patients present hematocrits of 75%-85%, leading to disturbances in blood flow as blood viscosity increases with rising hematocrit.
“Polycythemia patients present hematocrits of 75%-85%.leading to disturbances in blood flow as blood viscosity increases with rising hematocrit.”
The paper relies on this without support.
Normal hematocrits rarely exceed ~52%.
“as normal hematocrits rarely exceed -52%.”
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
The source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“The pursuit of ever smaller tools to treat patients is approaching a pivotal juncture in medical history as advanced nanomedicine — specifically, medical nanorobotics — is expected to serve as a dynamic tool toward addressing most human brain disorders.”
From Human Brain/Cloud Interface (2019) · cites this paper as Freitas, 1998
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
Citations
Cites
Berg, H. C., & Purcell, E. M. (1977) · Biophysical Journal · doi:10.1016/s0006-3495(77)85544-6 · Cited by 1,758
Nanosystems, molecular machinery, manufacturing and computation
(1996) · Coordination Chemistry Reviews · doi:10.1016/s0010-8545(96)90165-4 · Cited by 972
Goldsmith, H. L., & Turitto, V. T. (1986) · PubMed · Cited by 476
Nanosystems: molecular machinery, manufacturing, and computation
(1993) · Choice Reviews Online · doi:10.5860/choice.30-5017 · Cited by 459
Goldsmith, H. L., & Turitto, V. T. (1986) · Thrombosis and Haemostasis · doi:10.1055/s-0038-1661576 · Cited by 363
Reversible electronic logic using switches
Merkle, R. C. (1993) · Nanotechnology · doi:10.1088/0957-4484/4/1/002 · Cited by 178
The technical feasibility of cryonics
Merkle, R. C. (1992) · Medical Hypotheses · doi:10.1016/0306-9877(92)90133-w · Cited by 47
Dewdney, A. K. (1988) · Scientific American · doi:10.1038/scientificamerican0188-100 · Cited by 18
Fahy, G. M. (1993) · Clinical Chemistry · doi:10.1093/clinchem/39.9.2011 · Cited by 14
Luke, H. D. (1972) · CERN Document Server (European Organization for Nuclear Research) · Cited by 9
Short-term and long-term possibilities for interventive gerontology.
Fahy, G. M. (1991) · PubMed · Cited by 8
Ayres, E. E. (1952) · Scientific American · doi:10.1038/scientificamerican0952-82 · Cited by 7
Nunn's Applied Respiratory Physiology, 5th Edition.
Warner, D. O., & Eisenach, J. C. (2002) · Anesthesiology · doi:10.1097/00000542-200207000-00062 · Cited by 6
Possible Medical Applications of Nanotechnology
(1992) · The MIT Press eBooks · doi:10.7551/mitpress/4838.003.0016 · Cited by 5
Research works printed but not linked: 9
- Fahy GM, 1991, Mt Sinai J Med, 58, 328
- Lampton C, 1995, Genetic Eng News, 4, 23
- Merkle RC, 1996, Advances in Anti-Aging Medicine, 1, 277
- Drexler KE, 1986, Engines of Creation:The Coming Era of Nanotechnology
- Merkle RC, 1994, Cryonics, 16
- Fahy GM, 1992, Nanotechnology:Research and Perspectives, 251
- Nunn JF, 1993, Nunn's Applied Respiratory Physiology4th Edition
- Hardy JD, 1982, Therapeutic Heat and ColdThird Edition., 172
- Freitas RA, 1998, Nanomedicine
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Bhatia, S. (2016) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-41129-3_2 · Cited by 532
Freitas, R. A. (2005) · Nanomedicine Nanotechnology Biology and Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.nano.2004.11.003 · Cited by 419
Alginate Nanoparticles for Drug Delivery and Targeting
Severino, P. B., da Silva, C. F., Andrade, L. N., Oliveira, D. D. L., Campos, J. R. S., & Souto, E. B. (2019) · Current Pharmaceutical Design · doi:10.2174/1381612825666190425163424 · Cited by 315
Jain, K. K. (2008) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-1-4939-6966-1 · Cited by 269
Nanotechnology, nanomedicine and nanosurgery.
Freitas, R. (2005) · International Journal of Surgery · doi:10.1016/j.ijsu.2005.10.007 · Cited by 233
Metadata
- Authors
- Frcitas, R. A.
- Corresponding author
- Frcitas, Robert A.
- Venue
- Artificial Cells, Blood Substitutes, and Biotechnology
- Publisher
- Informa UK Limited
- Published
- 1998-01
- Volume
- 26
- Issue
- 4
- Pages
- 411-430
- ISSN
- 1055-7172 (ISSN-L)
- 1073-1199
- 1532-4184
- OpenAlex
- W2101322365
- Cited by
- 167
- References
- 15
- Citations by year
- 2025: 4 · 2024: 9 · 2023: 8 · 2022: 8 · 2021: 5 · 2020: 6 · 2019: 5 · 2018: 4 · 2017: 10 · 2016: 10 · 2015: 8 · 2014: 13 · 2013: 5 · 2012: 11
- FWCI
- 1.47
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Locations
- Artificial Cells Blood Substitutes and Biotechnology (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Materials Science › General Materials Science › Nanotechnology research and applications
- Physical Sciences › Materials Science › Biomaterials › Nanoparticle-Based Drug Delivery
- Physical Sciences › Engineering › Biomedical Engineering › Molecular Communication and Nanonetworks
- Keywords
- molecular manufacturing, oxygen delivery, nanocomputers, blood substitutes
- MeSH terms
- Biocompatible Materials, Blood Substitutes, Humans, Male, Models, Theoretical, Oxygen, Medical Laboratory Science
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
A language model drew the claims from the paper on 2026-11-08, under version 3 of the claim definition (model deepseek-v4.1-flash, prompt extract-v3).
A second model labelled each claim on 2026-11-08 (model jev-1.13-20260917, definition revision gold-guideline-v0.2).
Cited sources are checked with a language model’s help (gpt-6-sol).
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
