Human Brain/Cloud Interface

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable), S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

Such human B/CI systems may dramatically alter human/machine communications, carrying the promise of significant human cognitive enhancement.

“Such human B/CI systems may dramatically alter human/machine communications, carrying the promise of significant human cognitive enhancement”

• cites Kurzweil, 2014Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

• cites Swan, 2016 sourceSupported

May combine two claims.

Medical neuralnanorobots are expected to have the capacity for real-time, non-destructive monitoring of single-neuron and single-synapse neuroelectric activity, local neuropeptide traffic, and other relevant functional data, while also allowing the acquisition of fundamental structural information from neuron surfaces, to enhance the connectome map of a living human brain.

“Medical neuralnanorobots are expected to have the capacity for real-time, non-destructive monitoring of single-neuron and single-synapse neuroelectric activity, local neuropeptide traffic, and other relevant functional data, while also allowing the acquisition of fundamental structural information from neuron surfaces, to enhance the connectome map of a living human brain”

• cites Sporns et al., 2005 sourcePartly supported

  Split into 2 atoms — 0 confirmed, 1 partially supported, 0 disputed, 0 misattributed, 1 unverifiable. Expand the claim to see per-atom verdicts.

  Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
• cites Lu et al., 2009Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

• cites Anderson et al., 2011Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

Proper synapse formation during childhood provides a substrate for cognition, whereas improper formation or functionality leads to neuro-developmental disorders including mental retardation and autism.

“Proper synapse formation during childhood provides a substrate for cognition, whereas improper formation or functionality leads to neuro-developmental disorders including mental retardation and autism”

• cites Rollenhagen and Lübke, 2006 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source
• cites Mcallister, 2007 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source
• cites Rollenhagen et al., 2007 sourcePartly supported

  The Introduction (pp. 10434–10444) links hippocampal mossy fiber synapses to processing, storage, and recall of spatial information, supporting a general connection between synapses and cognition. It does not establish that synapse formation during childhood provides that substrate or that improper formation or function leads to mental retardation or autism; searches for those developmental and disorder terms found no supporting passage. (LLM, conf=0.79)

  Experimental — accuracy not yet measured

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

The average number of glial cells in the human brain is estimated to be 84.61 ± 9.83 × 10^9, with the population of glial cells in the neocortex estimated at from 18.2 to 38.6 × 10^9.

“The average number of glial cells in the human brain is estimated to be 84.61 ± 9.83 × 109 (Herculano-Houzel, 2009), with the population of glial cells in the neocortex estimated at from 18.2 to 38.6 × 109”

• cites Herculano-Houzel, 2009 sourcePartly supported

  In “The cellular composition of the human brain” (page not provided), the paper reports about 85 billion non-neuronal cells in the adult male human brain, close to the cited estimate. It does not give the stated ±9.83 billion uncertainty there, and non-neuronal cells are not identified specifically as glial cells. The citation is attached to the whole-brain estimate, not the subsequent neocortex range. (LLM, conf=0.85)

  Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
• cites Karlsen and Pakkenberg, 2011 sourcePartly supported

  The Results (page unavailable) estimate 18.2 × 10^9 neocortical glial cells in the control group, supporting the lower figure. They do not give 38.6 × 10^9 or an 18.2–38.6 × 10^9 range; the reported range for controls is 15.0–21.8 × 10^9. The whole-brain estimate is explicitly attributed to Herculano-Houzel (2009) in the citing sentence, not to this paper. (LLM, conf=0.87)

  Experimental — accuracy not yet measured

May combine two claims.

Magnetoelectric nanoparticles have already been utilized to control intrinsic fields deep within the mouse brain and have permitted the coupling of external magnetic fields to neuronal electric fields.

“Magnetoelectric nanoparticles have already been utilized to control intrinsic fields deep within the mouse brain and have permitted the coupling of external magnetic fields to neuronal electric fields.”

• cites Yue et al., 2012 sourcePartly supported

  The Introduction describes how ME nanoparticles could couple externally controlled magnetic fields to local electric activity deep in the brain. But the Abstract and Conclusions identify this as a computational study modeling brain stimulation in a patient with Parkinson’s disease, not an experimental use in mouse brains. The claim overstates the work as an accomplished application and assigns it a mouse setting the paper does not report. (LLM, conf=0.91)

  Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
• cites Guduru et al., 2015 sourceSupported

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

This computational model may be questionable, however, as computers are based on von Neumann architecture, whereas brain circuits are not; and brains operate in a massively parallel manner, whereas computers do not.

“This computational model may be questionable, however, as computers are based on von Neumann architecture, whereas brain circuits are not; and brains operate in a massively parallel manner, whereas computers do not”

• cites Nagarajan and Stevens, 2008 sourceSupported
• cites Whitworth and Ryu, 2008Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

Van den Bosch et al. (2016) estimate that the storage capacity of the World Wide Web doubles every 3 years, with its computational capacity doubling every 1.5 years.

“Van den Bosch et al. (2016) estimate that the storage capacity of the World Wide Web doubles every 3 years, with its computational capacity doubling every 1.5 years.”

• cites Van den Bosch et al. (2016) sourceCould not verify

  The Introduction and the section on estimating search-engine size describe estimates of indexed Web pages, not storage or computational capacity. Searches for both capacities and the claimed three-year and 1.5-year doubling intervals found no passage addressing them in our copy. (LLM, conf=0.75)

  Experimental — accuracy not yet measured

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

The first reported direct transmission of information between two human brains without intervention of motor or peripheral sensory systems occurred in 2014, using a brain-to-brain communication technique referred to as "hyperinteraction".

“The first reported direct transmission of information between two human brains without intervention of motor or peripheral sensory systems occurred in 2014, using a brain-to-brain communication technique referred to as “hyperinteraction””

• cites Grau et al., 2014 sourceSupported

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

In 2016, much of the world's Internet traffic was transmitted via undersea fiber-optic cables; the 6,600 km-long MAREA Facebook/Microsoft-owned cable was estimated to carry 160 Tb/sec of data across the Atlantic Ocean.

“In 2016, much of the world’s Internet traffic was transmitted via undersea fiber-optic cables; the 6,600 km-long MAREA Facebook/Microsoft-owned cable was estimated to carry 160 Tb/sec of data across the Atlantic Ocean”

• cites Hecht, 2016 sourceSupported

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

There is currently a consensus that neurons and synapses constitute the fundamental electrochemical processing units of the human brain.

“However, there is currently a consensus that neurons and synapses constitute the fundamental electrochemical processing units of the human brain”

• cites Gkoupidenis et al., 2017 sourceSupported
• cites Jackman and Regehr, 2017 sourcePartly supported

  The Abstract (page not provided) says brain information processing relies on connections between neurons, and the section “Information transfer at synapses” describes synapses transmitting information to postsynaptic neurons. This supports their central role in neural processing, but the paper does not specifically characterize neurons and synapses as the fundamental electrochemical processing units of the human brain. The Introduction’s reference to a growing consensus concerns the mechanisms of long-term potentiation, not that characterization. (LLM, conf=0.82)

  Experimental — accuracy not yet measured

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Quantum dot fullerenes have been employed for in vitro and in vivo cellular membrane potential measurements.

“For example, quantum dot fullerenes have been employed for in vitro and in vivo cellular membrane potential measurements”

• cites Nag et al., 2017 sourceSupported

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

A recently developed ultra-low-power artificial synapse for neural computing has demonstrated the capacity to provide 500 distinct states.

“A recently developed ultra-low-power artificial synapse for neural computing has demonstrated the capacity to provide 500 distinct states”

• cites Van de Burgt et al., 2017 sourceSupported

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

The use of carbon-nanotube-based electrical stimulation of targets deep within the brain has been proposed as a novel treatment modality for patients with Parkinson's disease and other CNS disorders.

“The use of carbon-nanotube-based electrical stimulation of targets deep within the brain has been proposed as a novel treatment modality for patients with Parkinson’s disease and other CNS disorders”

• cites Srikanth and Kessler, 2012 sourcePartly supported

  The Parkinson disease section proposes carbon-nanotube-based deep brain stimulation as a possible treatment for Parkinson disease, based on neuronal stimulation findings. It does not propose that specific method for other CNS disorders; its broader discussion concerns nanotechnology generally. Page numbers are unavailable in our copy. (LLM, conf=0.88)

  Experimental — accuracy not yet measured

May combine two claims.

The BBB forms a dynamic, blood-and-brain-regulated, strict physical, transport, metabolic, and immunologic barrier while it is permeable to O2 and CO2 and other gaseous molecules, as well as water and other lipid soluble substances; the barrier is very restrictive to large molecules.

“This is primarily due to the BBB forming a dynamic, blood-and-brain-regulated, strict physical, transport, metabolic, and immunologic barrier while it is permeable to O2 and CO2 and other gaseous molecules, as well as water and other lipid soluble substances (Serlin et al., 2015), the barrier is very restrictive to large molecules.”

• cites Serlin et al., 2015 sourceSupported

May combine two claims.

The human brain might even have more than 100 times higher computational capacity than previously thought, based on the discovery that dendrites may generate nearly 10 times as many electrochemical spikes as do neuron soma, and are hybrids that process both analog and digital signals.

“The human brain might even have more than 100 times higher computational capacity than previously thought, based on the discovery that dendrites may generate nearly 10 times as many electrochemical spikes as do neuron soma, and are hybrids that process both analog and digital signals”

• cites Moore et al., 2017 sourcePartly supported

  Split into 2 atoms — 0 confirmed, 2 partially supported, 0 disputed, 0 misattributed, 0 unverifiable. Expand the claim to see per-atom verdicts.

  Experimental — accuracy not yet measured

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Non-invasive neural BMI interface strategies include EEG, MEG, fMRI, and optical strategies including fNIRS.

“Non-invasive neural BMI interface strategies include the use of EEG, magnetoencephalography (MEG), fMRI (Miyawaki et al., 2008) and optical strategies, including fNIRS (Naseer and Hong, 2015).”

• cites Miyawaki et al., 2008 sourceSupported
• cites Naseer and Hong, 2015 sourceSupported

May combine two claims.

The human brain microvasculature is composed of an estimated ∼100 billion capillaries, with a combined surface area of ∼20 m2 and a total length of ∼400 miles.

“Once injected, the neuralnanorobots would have access to the dense microvasculature of human brain, which is composed of an estimated ∼100 billion capillaries, with a combined surface area of ∼20 m2 and a total length of ∼400 miles.”

• cites Pardridge, 2011 sourcePartly supported

  The Introduction’s “Anatomical considerations” section reports more than 100 billion capillaries in the human brain with a total length of approximately 400 miles. It says the capillary endothelium has a much larger surface area than the choroid plexus, but does not give the claimed figure of approximately 20 m². No page number is available in our copy. (LLM, conf=0.88)

  Experimental — accuracy not yet measured

May combine two claims.

A four-brain Brainet system dubbed an 'organic computer' always outperformed single-brain computation performance, particularly for discrimination tasks, in which the four brains 'voted' to generate the response.

“A four-brain Brainet system was dubbed an “organic computer” for mimicking simple computer-like operations, such as information-input retention, in a memory-like buffer composed of four serially connected rat brains (Pais-Vieira et al., 2015). This experimental Brainet system always outperformed single-brain computation performance, particularly for discrimination tasks, in which the four brains “”

• cites Pais-Vieira et al., 2015 sourcePartly supported

  The Results (Brainet for stimulus classification; page unavailable) report that a four-rat Brainet outperformed individual rats on stimulus discrimination and produced an overall classification vote. But the Methods (Adaptive decoding algorithm; page unavailable) describe votes calculated from individual neurons, not a vote cast by each brain. The Discussion says performance was “equal or superior” in all cases, so “always outperformed” overstates the finding. (LLM, conf=0.88)

  Experimental — accuracy not yet measured

May combine two claims.

A 10 μm3 volume of endoneurobots would egress the bloodstream, traverse the BBB, enter the brain parenchyma, navigate within the neuropil, enter the neuron cell soma, and position themselves intracellularly within the AIS.

“A 10 μm3 volume of endoneurobots (Figure 3) would subsequently egress the bloodstream, traverse the BBB by methods that have been extensively reviewed elsewhere (Freitas, 2016), enter the brain parenchyma, and begin to navigate within the neuropil. Subsequently, they would enter the neuron cell soma and position themselves intracellularly within the AIS (Martins et al., 2016).”

• cites Freitas, 2016Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

• cites Martins et al., 2016 sourceSupported

May combine two claims.

Neural dust power transmission is accomplished ultrasonically, enabling low-efficiency (7%, 11.6 dB) links, yielding ∼500 μW of received power with a 1 mm2 interrogator.

“Power transmission is accomplished ultrasonically to enable low-efficiency (7%, 11.6 dB) links, yielding ∼500 μW of received power (>107 higher than the ∼40 pW EM transmission available at a similar-size scale) with a 1 mm2 interrogator, which may eventually provide ∼10 μm sensing nodes.”

• cites Seo et al., 2013 sourcePartly supported

  The Power Delivery section (p. 5) models an ultrasonic link for a 100 µm node embedded 2 mm into the brain and reports 7% efficiency and approximately 500 µW received with a 1 mm² interrogator. It gives the link efficiency as −11.6 dB, not the claim’s positive 11.6 dB; these are modeled results, not a demonstrated transmission. (LLM, conf=0.88)

  Experimental — accuracy not yet measured

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

There are two types of BMI systems: one samples neural activity of a single brain and unidirectionally controls an external device; the other (sensory BMI) includes sensory feedback from the device to the brain.

“There are currently two different types of BMI systems. One type samples the neural activity of a single brain and unidirectionally controls an external device (Lebedev, 2014), while the other type (sensory BMI) includes sensory feedback from the device to the brain (O’Doherty et al., 2011).”

• cites Lebedev, 2014 sourceSupported
• cites O’Doherty et al., 2011 sourceSupported

May combine two claims.

Synapses play a crucial role in brain information processing and are involved in learning and memory, long-term and short-term memory storage and deletion, and temporal information processing.

“They play a crucial role in brain information processing (IBM, 2008) and are involved in learning and memory (Black et al., 1990; Bliss and Collingridge, 1993; Holtmaat and Svoboda, 2009; Liu et al., 2012), long-term and short-term memory storage and deletion (Kandel, 2001; Lee et al., 2008), and temporal information processing (Fuhrmann et al., 2002).”

• cites IBM, 2008Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

• cites Black et al., 1990 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source
• cites Bliss and Collingridge, 1993 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

May combine two claims.

Neuron-silicon junctions were spontaneously formed using nerve cells of a mammalian brain, permitting direct stimulation of nerve cells.

“Neuron-silicon junctions were spontaneously formed using the nerve cells of a mammalian brain, which permitted direct stimulation of nerve cells (Fromherz and Stett, 1995; Offenhausser, 1996; Vassanelli and Fromherz, 1997; Schätzthauer and Fromherz, 1998).”

• cites Fromherz and Stett, 1995 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source
• cites Offenhausser, 1996Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

• cites Vassanelli and Fromherz, 1997 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Synapses are either of the 5-25% electrical or 75-95% chemical variety.

“Synapses (either of the 5–25% electrical or 75–95% chemical variety (DeFelipe and Fariñas, 1992) are key components of the neural network that processes information.”

• cites DeFelipe and Fariñas, 1992 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

May combine two claims.

The BBB is not a perfect barrier, and perijunctional gaps of 0.5 μm have been reported.

“The BBB is not a perfect barrier, and perijunctional gaps of 0.5 μm have been reported (Stewart et al., 1987; Fraser and Dallas, 1993).”

• cites Stewart et al., 1987 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source
• cites Fraser and Dallas, 1993 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable), S4 (based).

It is conceivable that within the next 20-30 years, neuralnanorobotics may be developed to enable a safe, secure, instantaneous, real-time interface between the human brain and biological and non-biological computing systems, empowering brain-to-brain interfaces (BTBI), brain-computer interfaces (BCI), and sophisticated brain/cloud interfaces (B/CI).

“It is conceivable that within the next 20–30 years, neuralnanorobotics may be developed to enable a safe, secure, instantaneous, real-time interface between the human brain and biological and non-biological computing systems, empowering brain-to-brain interfaces (BTBI), brain-computer interfaces (BCI), and, in particular, sophisticated brain/cloud interfaces (B/CI).”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S4 (based). May combine two claims.

Three species of neuralnanorobots (endoneurobots, gliabots, and synaptobots) could traverse the blood-brain barrier, enter the brain parenchyma, ingress into individual human brain cells, and autoposition themselves at axon initial segments of neurons, within glial cells, and in intimate proximity to synapses.

“Subsequent to navigating the human vasculature, three species of neuralnanorobots (endoneurobots, gliabots, and synaptobots) could traverse the blood–brain barrier (BBB), enter the brain parenchyma, ingress into individual human brain cells, and autoposition themselves at the axon initial segments of neurons (endoneurobots), within glial cells (gliabots), and in intimate proximity to synapses (syn”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S4 (based).

Neuralnanorobotics may enable a B/CI with controlled connectivity between neural activity and external data storage and processing, via direct monitoring of the brain's ∼86 × 10^9 neurons and ∼2 × 10^14 synapses.

“Neuralnanorobotics may also enable a B/CI with controlled connectivity between neural activity and external data storage and processing, via the direct monitoring of the brain’s ∼86 × 109 neurons and ∼2 × 1014 synapses.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable), S4 (based).

One promising strategy for enabling a human brain/cloud interface (B/CI) would be based on neuralnanorobotics.

“One promising strategy for enabling such a system, denoted here as a “human brain/cloud interface” (“B/CI”), would be based on technologies referred to here as “neuralnanorobotics.””

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable), S4 (based).

A stable, secure, real-time system may allow for interfacing the cloud with the human brain.

“A stable, secure, real-time system may allow for interfacing the cloud with the human brain.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable), S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based).

Future neuralnanorobotics technologies are anticipated to facilitate accurate diagnoses and eventual cures for the ∼400 conditions that affect the human brain.

“Future neuralnanorobotics technologies are anticipated to facilitate accurate diagnoses and eventual cures for the ∼400 conditions that affect the human brain.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable), S4 (based).

A neuralnanorobotically enabled human B/CI might serve as a personalized conduit, allowing persons to obtain direct, instantaneous access to virtually any facet of cumulative human knowledge.

“A neuralnanorobotically enabled human B/CI might serve as a personalized conduit, allowing persons to obtain direct, instantaneous access to virtually any facet of cumulative human knowledge.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable), S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based).

Through TS, individuals might experience episodic segments of the lives of other willing participants (locally or remote) to encourage and inspire improved understanding and tolerance among all members of the human family.

“Through TS, individuals might experience episodic segments of the lives of other willing participants (locally or remote) to, hopefully, encourage and inspire improved understanding and tolerance among all members of the human family.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

An ongoing international "Nanofactory Collaboration" headed by Robert Freitas and Ralph Merkle has the primary objective of constructing the world's first nanofactory, which will permit the mass manufacture of advanced autonomous diamondoid neuralnanorobots for both medical and non-medical applications.

“An ongoing international “Nanofactory Collaboration” headed by Robert Freitas and Ralph Merkle has the primary objective of constructing the world’s first nanofactory, which will permit the mass manufacture of advanced autonomous diamondoid neuralnanorobots for both medical and non-medical applications”

• cites Freitas and Merkle, 2004Not checked — no full text of the source
• cites Freitas and Merkle, 2006Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

• cites Freitas, 2009 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable), S4 (based).

Neuralnanorobots are expected to empower non-medical paradigm-shifting applications, including significant human cognitive enhancement, by providing a platform for direct access to supercomputing storage and processing capabilities and interfacing with artificial intelligence systems.

“Neuralnanorobots are also expected to empower many non-medical paradigm-shifting applications, including significant human cognitive enhancement, by providing a platform for direct access to supercomputing storage and processing capabilities and interfacing with artificial intelligence systems.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based).

A specialized application of B/CI might be the capacity to engage in fully immersive experiential/sensory experiences, including transparent shadowing (TS).

“A specialized application might be the capacity to engage in fully immersive experiential/sensory experiences, including what is referred to here as “transparent shadowing” (TS).”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based).

When intended for use as a component of a B/CI system, carbon-nanotube-based electrical stimulation would also require a two-way information pathway at single-neuron resolution for neuronal electrochemical information recording.

“When intended for use as a component of a B/CI system, carbon-nanotube-based electrical stimulation would also require a two-way information pathway at single-neuron resolution for neuronal electrochemical information recording.”

May combine two claims.

The role of synapses as processing units of the human brain is reinforced by the results of computational simulation, which indicate that the computational power of a network is increased using dynamic synapses.

“The role of synapses as processing units of the human brain is reinforced by the results of computational simulation, which indicate that the computational power of a network is increased using dynamic synapses.”

• cites Maass and Zador, 1999 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source
• cites Fuhrmann et al., 2002 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source
• cites Kuzum et al., 2012 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based).

Current commercial 4G networks provide broadband speeds of up to 100 Mbits/sec.

“Current commercial 4G networks provide broadband speeds of up to 100 Mbits/sec.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based).

A neuralnanorobotics-mediated human B/CI, potentially available within 20-30 years, will require broadband Internet access with extremely high upload and download speeds, compared to today's rates.

“A neuralnanorobotics-mediated human B/CI, potentially available within 20–30 years, will require broadband Internet access with extremely high upload and download speeds, compared to today’s rates.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

Synapses are elements of the neural network that play a critical role in processing information in the brain, being involved in learning, long-term and short-term memory storage and deletion, and temporal information processing.

“Synapses are elements of the neural network that play a critical role in processing information in the brain, being involved in learning, long-term and short-term memory storage and deletion, and temporal information processing”

• cites Black et al., 1990 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source
• cites Bliss and Collingridge, 1993 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source
• cites Kandel, 2001 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

United States carriers have stated that they plan to deploy 5G technology in 2020 that will eventually bring speeds of around 10 gigabits per second to your phone, more than 600 times faster than typical 4G speeds and 10 times faster than Google Fiber's standard home broadband service.

“United States carriers have stated that they plan to deploy 5G technology in 2020 that will eventually “bring speeds of around 10 gigabits per second to your phone. That’s more than 600 times faster than typical 4G speeds of today’s mobile phones, and 10 times faster than Google Fiber’s standard home broadband service””

• cites Finley, 2018Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

May combine two claims.

For intravenous injection, at least 90% of nanoparticles have been observed to be sequestered within tissues and organs prior to reaching the brain, so intra-arterial injections might be more reliable.

“For intravenous injection, at least 90% of nanoparticles have been observed to be sequestered within tissues and organs prior to reaching the brain (Calvo et al., 2001), so intra-arterial injections might be more reliable.”

• cites Calvo et al., 2001 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

May combine two claims.

Carbon-nanotube-based electrical stimulation utilizes unidirectional electrical stimulation, which is more precise and avoids the surgical risks associated with deep macroelectrode insertion used with current methods of deep brain stimulation.

“This strategy utilizes unidirectional electrical stimulation, which is more precise and avoids the surgical risks associated with deep macroelectrode insertion, used with current methods of deep brain stimulation”

• cites Mayberg et al., 2005 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source
• cites Taghva et al., 2013 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

Currently, invasive and non-invasive brain-computer interfaces and non-invasive brain-to-brain communication systems have already been experimentally demonstrated and are the subject of serious research worldwide.

“Currently, invasive1 and non-invasive brain–computer interfaces and non-invasive brain-to-brain communication systems have already been experimentally demonstrated and are the subject of serious research worldwide.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

The human cerebellum and cerebral cortex together hold the vast majority (99.2%) of brain neurons.

“The human cerebellum and cerebral cortex together hold the vast majority (99.2%) of brain neurons”

• cites Azevedo et al., 2009 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

The average human brain is estimated to contain (86.06 ± 8.2) × 10^9 neurons, with ∼80.2% located in the cerebellum, ∼19% located in the cerebral cortex, and only ∼0.8% located throughout the rest of the brain.

“At the cellular level, the average human brain is estimated to contain (86.06 ± 8.2) × 109 neurons, with ∼80.2% (69.03 ± 6.65 × 109 neurons) located in the cerebellum, ∼19% (16.34 ± 2.17 × 109 neurons) located in the cerebral cortex, and only ∼0.8% (0.69 ± 0.12 × 109 neurons) located throughout the rest of the brain”

• cites Azevedo et al., 2009 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

According to one study, global Internet traffic in 2021 will be equivalent to 127 times the volume of the entire global Internet in 2005; globally, Internet traffic will reach 30 GB per capita by 2021, up from 10 GB per capita in 2016.

“According to one study, “Global Internet traffic in 2021 will be equivalent to 127 times the volume of the entire global Internet in 2005. Globally, Internet traffic will reach 30 GB per capita by 2021, up from 10 GB per capita in 2016””

• cites Cisco, 2017Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

May combine two claims.

Synapses, numbering (2.42 ± 0.29) × 10^14 in the average human brain, are collectively estimated to process information at spiking rates of (4.31 ± 0.86) × 10^15 spikes/sec, empowering the human brain to process data at (5.52 ± 1.13) × 10^16 bits/sec.

“In addition, synapses, numbering (2.42 ± 0.29) × 1014 in the average human brain, are collectively estimated to process information at spiking rates of (4.31 ± 0.86) × 1015 spikes/sec, empowering the human brain to process data at (5.52 ± 1.13) × 1016 bits/sec”

• cites Martins et al., 2012 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

The human brain comprises a remarkable information storage and processing system that possesses an extraordinary computation-per-volume efficiency, with an average weight of 1400 g and a volume of ∼1350 cm3, contained within an "average" intracranial volume of ∼1,700 cm3.

“The human brain comprises a remarkable information storage and processing system that possesses an extraordinary computation-per-volume efficiency, with an average weight of 1400 g and a volume of ∼1350 cm3, contained within an “average” intracranial volume of ∼1,700 cm3.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

As of October 2018, the average Internet peak connection speed was 189.33 Mbps in Singapore and 100.07 Mbps in the United States.

“As of October 2018, the average Internet peak connection speed was 189.33 Mbps in Singapore and 100.07 Mbps in the United States”

• cites Kemp, 2018Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based).

The primary challenge for worldwide global cloud-based information processing technologies is the speed of access to the system, or latency.

“However, the primary challenge for worldwide global cloud-based information processing technologies is the speed of access to the system, or latency.”

May combine two claims.

The human brain's functional action potential based information is estimated as 5.52 × 10^16 bits/sec, with a brain power output estimated at 15-25 W and a power density of 1.1-1.8 × 10^4 W/m3 at an operating temperature of 37.3°C.

“The human brain’s functional action potential based information is estimated as 5.52 × 1016 bits/sec (Martins et al., 2012), with a brain power output estimated at 15–25 W and a power density of 1.1–1.8 × 104 W/m3 at an operating temperature of 37.3°C”

• cites Martins et al., 2012 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source
• cites Freitas, 1999bNot matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

While the whole-brain glia/neuron ratio is ∼1:1, there are significant differences between brain domains: the glia/neuron ratio of the cerebral cortex is 3.72:1, but only 0.23:1 in the cerebellum; the basal ganglia, diencephalon, and brainstem have a combined ratio of 11.35:1.

“While the whole-brain glia/neuron ratio is ∼1:1, there are significant differences between brain domains. For example, the glia/neuron ratio of the cerebral cortex is 3.72:1 (60.84 billion glia; 16.34 billion neurons) but only 0.23:1 (16.04 billion glia; 69.03 billion neurons) in the cerebellum; the basal ganglia, diencephalon, and brainstem have a combined ratio of 11.35:1”

• cites Azevedo et al., 2009 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S1 (asserted), S2 (checkable), S3 (load-bearing).

Since it has been shown that certain customized nanoparticles may damage dopaminergic and serotoninergic systems, a further detailed analysis of the biodistribution and metabolism of nanoparticles will be required.

“Since it has been shown that certain customized nanoparticles may damage dopaminergic and serotoninergic systems, a further detailed analysis of the biodistribution and metabolism of nanoparticles will be required.”

• cites Cupaioli et al., 2014 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable), S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based).

Real-time monitoring of the whole human brain (by placing neuralnanorobots within each neuron and nearby synaptic connections to record/transmit data from localized neuron and synapse spiking) may provide redundant data that might be employed in the development of validation protocols.

“Real-time monitoring of the whole human brain (by placing neuralnanorobots within each neuron and nearby synaptic connections to record/transmit data from localized neuron and synapse spiking) may provide redundant data that might be employed in the development of validation protocols.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Another approximation, based on combining estimates for the different brain regions, produced a similar value of 94.2 ± 11.3 × 10^9 neurons for the whole human brain.

“Another approximation, based on combining estimates for the different brain regions, produced a similar value of 94.2 ± 11.3 × 109 neurons for the whole human brain”

• cites Martins et al., 2012 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based).

Small peptides may cross the BBB by either non-specific fluid-phase endocytosis or receptor-mediated transcytosis (RMT) mechanisms.

“However, small peptides may cross the BBB by either non-specific fluid-phase endocytosis or receptor-mediated transcytosis (RMT) mechanisms.”

May combine two claims.

The ratio of glia to neurons likely has functional relevance and varies between different brain regions.

“The ratio of glia to neurons likely has functional relevance (Nedergaard et al., 2003) and varies between different brain regions.”

• cites Nedergaard et al., 2003 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

May combine two claims.

Several neuronal noise sources influence the reliability and precision of neuronal signaling, so stimulus-response functions are sometimes unreliable and are dissociated from what is being encoded via spike activity.

“However, several neuronal noise sources influence the reliability and precision of neuronal signaling, so stimulus-response functions are sometimes unreliable and are dissociated from what is being encoded via spike activity”

• cites Bialek and Rieke, 1992 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Synapse loss, as occurs in Alzheimer's patients, is intimately associated with cognitive decline.

“Synapse loss, as occurs in Alzheimer’s patients, is intimately associated with cognitive decline”

• cites Dekosky and Scheff, 1990 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source
• cites Terry et al., 1991 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source
• cites Scheff and Price, 2006 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

The global storage capacity of Internet data centers in 2018 was 1450 exabytes.

“The global storage capacity of Internet data centers in 2018 was 1450 exabytes”

• cites Statistica, 2018Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable), S3 (load-bearing).

The global economic impact of cloud-based information processing over the next few decades may be at least an order of magnitude higher once cloud services are combined in previously unimagined ways, disrupting entire industries.

“The global economic impact of cloud-based information processing over the next few decades may be at least an order of magnitude higher once cloud services are combined in previously unimagined ways, disrupting entire industries”

• cites Miraz et al., 2015Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

A brief quantification of the brain's constituents includes ∼1,350 cm3 (∼75%) brain cells, ∼200 cm3 (15%) blood, and up to ∼150 cm3 (10%) of cerebrospinal fluid.

“A brief quantification of the brain’s constituents and operational parameters includes ∼1,350 cm3 (∼75%) brain cells, ∼200 cm3 (15%) blood, and up to ∼150 cm3 (10%) of cerebrospinal fluid”

• cites Rengachary and Ellenbogen, 2005Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

The raw computational power of the human brain has been estimated to range from 10^13 to 10^16 operations/sec.

“The raw computational power of the human brain has been estimated to range from 1013 to 1016 operations/sec”

• cites Merkle, 1989Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

May combine two claims.

Dendrites comprise more than 90% of neural tissue, so knowing that they are much more active than the soma would fundamentally alter our understanding of how the brain processes information.

“Dendrites comprise more than 90% of neural tissue, so knowing that they are much more active than the soma would fundamentally alter our understanding of how the brain processes information.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based).

Conventional fiber-optic cables transfer trillions of bits/sec between massive data centers.

“Conventional fiber-optic cables transfer trillions of bits/sec between massive data centers.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

The current round-trip latency rate for transatlantic loops between New York and London is ∼90 ms.

“For example, the current round-trip latency rate for transatlantic loops between New York and London is ∼90 ms”

• cites Verizon, 2014Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based). May combine two claims.

As of November 2018, the fastest supercomputer worldwide was Summit, developed at the United States Oak Ridge National Laboratory (Tennessee), with 122.3 petaflops on the High Performance Linpack (HPL) benchmark.

“As of November 2018, the fastest supercomputer worldwide was Summit, developed at the United States Oak Ridge National Laboratory (Tennessee), with 122.3 petaflops on the High Performance Linpack (HPL) benchmark.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable), S4 (based).

Within the next few decades, neuralnanorobotics may enable a non-destructive, real-time, ultrahigh-resolution interface between the human brain and external computing platforms such as the "cloud."

“Within the next few decades, neuralnanorobotics may enable a non-destructive, real-time, ultrahigh-resolution interface between the human brain and external computing platforms such as the “cloud.””

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable), S4 (based).

The monitoring of synapses is expected to be essential for a stable and robust fully functional real-time B/CI.

“The monitoring of synapses is expected to be essential for a stable and robust fully functional real-time B/CI.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S4 (based). May combine two claims.

These data would be transferred from the synaptobots to corresponding endoneurobots, then to the previously installed in vivo high-speed nanofiber-optic network, for subsequent transfer to the central units responsible for transmitting data to an external supercomputer.

“These data would be transferred from the synaptobots to corresponding endoneurobots (in some cases, with communications and other support from nearby gliabots). Once the data is received by the endoneurobots, it would proceed to the previously installed in vivo high-speed nanofiber-optic network, for subsequent transfer to the central units that are responsible for transmitting data to an external”

May combine two claims.

Neuralnanorobotics may be massively distributed, whereas surgically introduced neural implants must be positioned in one or several specific locations.

“Neuralnanorobotics may also be massively distributed, whereas surgically introduced neural implants must be positioned in one or several specific locations.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable), S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based).

Current technological trajectories appear to be converging toward the creation of systems that will have the capacity to empower a human B/CI.

“Current technological trajectories appear to be converging toward the creation of systems that will have the capacity to empower a human B/CI.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable), S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based).

An optimal ingress strategy for all species of neuralnanorobots may employ the most rapid route to the human brain through the vasculature.

“An optimal ingress strategy for all species of neuralnanorobots may employ the most rapid route to the human brain through the vasculature.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S4 (based).

Endoneurobots are autonomous neuron-resident neuralnanorobots that interface with all ∼86 × 10^9 human-brain neurons at the AIS to directly monitor and interact with action-potential-based electrically processed information.

“More specifically, endoneurobots are autonomous neuron-resident neuralnanorobots that interface with all ∼86 × 109 human–brain neurons at the AIS to directly monitor and interact with action-potential-based electrically processed information.”

• AssumptionRests on an assumption: The human brain contains approximately 86 × 10^9 neurons and 2 × 10^14 synapses.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based).

A process akin to diapedesis might be employed by B/CI neuralnanorobots to traverse the BBB.

“A process akin to “diapedesis” (the movement of leukocytes out of the circulatory system and toward the site of tissue damage or infection) might be employed by B/CI neuralnanorobots to traverse the BBB.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S4 (based). May combine two claims.

Neuralnanorobotics technologies may possess the appropriate scale for optimally enabling BCI, exhibiting suitable mobility, being minimally invasive, imparting negligible localized tissue damage, and possessing robust monitoring capabilities over distinct information channels without requiring conventional surgical implantation.

“Conversely, neuralnanorobotics technologies may possess the appropriate scale for optimally enabling BCI, exhibiting suitable mobility, being minimally invasive, imparting negligible localized tissue damage, and possessing robust monitoring capabilities over distinct information channels without requiring conventional surgical implantation.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S4 (based). May combine two claims.

All these data would be continually processed at sub-millisecond resolution, enabling a virtually real-time data stream between the human brain and the cloud.

“All these data would be continually processed at sub-millisecond resolution, enabling a virtually real-time data stream between the human brain and the cloud.”

Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

Any technology capable of establishing a long-term and non-destructive, real-time human interface with the cloud must embody: (1) ultrahigh-resolution mobility, (2) autonomous or semi-autonomous activity, (3) non-intrusive ingress/egress into/from the human body, and (4) supplying sufficient and robust information transfer bandwidth for interfacing with external supercomputing systems.

“However, since the human brain possesses cellular (neuron) and sub-cellular (synapse) processing elements, any technology that is capable of establishing a long-term and non-destructive, real-time human interface with the cloud must embody the following capabilities: (1) ultrahigh-resolution mobility, (2) autonomous or semi-autonomous activity, (3) non-intrusive (ideally, physiologically impercept”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based).

One of the other potential applications of syringe-injectable mesh nanoelectronics is in vivo multiplexed neural network recording.

“One of the other potential applications of syringe-injectable mesh nanoelectronics is in vivo multiplexed neural network recording.”

May combine two claims.

Neuralnanorobots could monitor relevant functional and structural connectome data, functional action-potential-based electrical information processing within synapses and neurons, and synaptic and neuronal structural changes associated with processing such electrolytic-based functional data.

“Neuralnanorobots could monitor relevant functional and structural connectome data, functional- action-potential-based electrical information processing that occurs within synapses and neurons, and synaptic and neuronal structural changes associated with processing such electrolytic-based functional data (Seung, 2011).”

• cites Seung, 2011 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S4 (based). May combine two claims.

Synaptobots would reside in the proper monitoring position within the neurons, in close proximity to presynaptic or postsynaptic structures, and monitor the action potentials and the structural changes initiated by the action-potential-based functional data.

“The synaptobots would reside in the proper monitoring position within the neurons, in close proximity to presynaptic or postsynaptic structures. Once in place, these neuralnanorobots would monitor the action potentials and the structural changes initiated by the action-potential-based functional data.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based). May combine two claims.

Synaptobots would enter the human body via the bloodstream, cross the BBB, enter the brain parenchyma, navigate within the neuropil, enter the neuron cell soma, and proceed intracellularly into the pre-synaptic or post-synaptic structure of a synapse.

“The synaptobots would also enter the human body via the bloodstream, cross the BBB (possibly assisted by auxiliary transport nanorobots), enter the brain parenchyma, commence navigation within the neuropil, enter the neuron cell soma, and then proceed intracellularly into the pre-synaptic or post-synaptic structure of a synapse.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Synaptobots, the most diminutive (0.5 μm3) of the three types of neuralnanorobots, are responsible for monitoring synapses.

“Synaptobots (Figure 5), the most diminutive (0.5 μm3) of the three types of neuralnanorobots, are responsible for monitoring synapses, which are relevant sub-cellular structures of the human brain.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S4 (based).

Synaptobots are autonomous neuron-resident neuralnanorobots that might employ multiple flexible stalk-mounted nanosensors to interface with each of the ∼2 × 10^14 synapses of the human brain to directly monitor and interact with synaptically processed and stored information.

“Synaptobots are autonomous neuron-resident neuralnanorobots that might employ multiple flexible stalk-mounted nanosensors to interface with each of the ∼2 × 1014 synapses of the human brain to directly monitor and interact with synaptically processed and stored information.”

• AssumptionRests on an assumption: The human brain contains approximately 86 × 10^9 neurons and 2 × 10^14 synapses.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based).

Neuralnanorobots might be transdermally injected, after which they would navigate the vasculature and anchor to the endothelial cells of the BBB.

“Neuralnanorobots might be transdermally injected, after which they would navigate the vasculature and anchor to the endothelial cells of the BBB.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable), S4 (based).

Current techniques, whether in present-day or extrapolated future forms, appear to be unscalable and incapable of fulfilling all of the temporal or spatial resolution requirements necessary for a properly comprehensive fully functional human B/CI.

“Current techniques, whether in present-day or extrapolated future forms, appear to be unscalable and incapable of fulfilling all of the temporal or spatial resolution requirements necessary for a properly comprehensive fully functional human B/CI.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable), S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based).

Once arrived at their designated neurons, the endoneurobots would autolocate and settle into their monitoring positions, intimately yet unobtrusively.

“Once arrived at their designated neurons, the endoneurobots would autolocate and settle into their monitoring positions, intimately yet unobtrusively.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S4 (based). May combine two claims.

Synaptobots would detect virtually all of the synaptically processed action potentials and their waveforms and report synaptically processed spikes into the data handling system.

“Synaptobots would detect virtually all of the synaptically processed action potentials and their waveforms and report synaptically processed spikes into the data handling system.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable).

These shortcomings suggest that neuralnanorobotics may be a preferred solution to the formidable challenges ahead in the development of B/CI technologies.

“These shortcomings suggest that neuralnanorobotics may be a preferred solution to the formidable challenges ahead in the development of B/CI technologies.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based).

Should large BBB junctional gaps be detected by the neuralnanorobots, they may be exploited to penetrate within the neuropil.

“Should large BBB junctional gaps be detected by the neuralnanorobots, they may be exploited to penetrate within the neuropil.”

May combine two claims.

The PSD consists of a disk-like structure with an average diameter of 300-400 nm (range 200-800 nm), a thickness of 30-60 nm, volume of ∼7.5 × 10^6 nm3, and mass of ∼1.1 GDa.

“The “typical” PSD consists of a disk-like structure with an average diameter of 300–400 nm (range 200–800 nm), a thickness of 30–60 nm (Baude et al., 1993; Rácz et al., 2004; Okabe, 2007; Sheng and Hoogenraad, 2007), volume of ∼7.5 × 106 nm3, and mass of ∼1.1 GDa (Chen et al., 2005).”

• cites Baude et al., 1993 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source
• cites Rácz et al., 2004Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

• cites Okabe, 2007 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

May combine two claims.

Since action potentials might be initiated in different subcellular compartments, the endoneurobots would be anchored at the AIS, where they would monitor most action potentials.

“Since action potentials might be initiated in different subcellular compartments, the endoneurobots would be anchored at the AIS (the most likely location for the initiation of action potentials), where they would monitor most action potentials.”

May combine two claims.

Each of the neural electrodes presently employed interfaces with very diminutive and specific brain regions, and are always confined to the surface areas of highly localized domains.

“Each of these electrodes interface with very diminutive and specific brain regions, and are always confined to the surface areas of highly localized domains.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based). May combine two claims.

Gliabots are glia-resident autonomous neuralnanorobots that are endowed with the capacity to monitor human-brain glial cells and may serve as supportive infrastructure elements of the system.

“Gliabots are glia-resident autonomous neuralnanorobots that are endowed with the capacity to monitor human–brain glial cells and may further serve as supportive infrastructure elements of the system.”

May combine two claims.

Endoneurobots and synaptobots might employ a tactile scanning probe to image the surrounding membrane surface area of (1.4 μm)2 in ∼2 sec at ∼1 nm2 resolution, or ∼50 s to ∼0.2 nm resolution, assuming a scan rate of ∼10^6 pixels/s.

“For the monitoring of neuronal structural changes (some of these triggered by the processing of action potentials), once they are securely anchored to the internal neuron membrane surface (with “typical” neurons having a “volume of 14,000 μm3 or (∼24 μm)3), endoneurobots and synaptobots might employ a tactile scanning probe to image the surrounding membrane surface area of (1.4 μm)2 in ∼2 sec at ∼”

• cites Freitas, 1999bNot matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S4 (based).

Neuralnanorobots would assist with the prediction of neurotransmitter bursts that traverse each synaptic gap.

“Consequently, neuralnanorobots would assist with the prediction of neurotransmitter bursts that traverse each synaptic gap.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable).

Such a capacity may elevate human collaboration, understanding, respect, and empathy to previously unimaginable levels.

“Such a capacity may be anticipated to elevate human collaboration, understanding, respect, and empathy to previously unimaginable levels (Domschke and Boehm, 2014).”

• cites Domschke and Boehm, 2014Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable), S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based).

TS capability might eventually lead to the minimization or elimination of most armed conflict.

“perhaps eventually leading to the minimization or elimination of most armed conflict.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

The degradation of PSD proteins via the ubiquitin-proteasome system also sculpts the PSD structure and plays a primary role in synaptic plasticity.

“The degradation of PSD proteins via the ubiquitin-proteasome system (Bingol and Schuman, 2006) also sculpts the PSD structure and plays a primary role in synaptic plasticity.”

• cites Bingol and Schuman, 2006 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable), S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based).

Under strict protocols, accredited spatial hosts would agree to allow single or multiple attendees, conceivably numbering in the millions, to literally experience portions of their life experiences over a predetermined timeline or schedule.

“Under strict protocols, accredited spatial hosts would agree to allow single or multiple attendees (conceivably numbering in the millions) to literally experience portions of their life experiences over a predetermined timeline/schedule.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable), S4 (based). May combine two claims.

TS may hold potential to facilitate understanding of the experiences of other people and to significantly increase empathy.

“TS may hold potential to facilitate understanding of the experiences of other people and to significantly increase empathy.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S4 (based).

The full sensorial realm, including physical presence, tactile sensations, olfactory, visual, tastes, and auditory, would be experienced by TS attendees as if they inhabited the body of the spatial host.

“The full sensorial realm (e.g., physical presence, tactile sensations, olfactory, visual, tastes, and auditory) would be experienced by the attendees, as if they inhabited the body of the spatial host.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S4 (based).

This may translate to the establishment of a very brief, approximately millisecond, latency from spatial host to attendee to allow for virtually instantaneous self-speak screening.

“This may translate to the establishment of a very brief (∼millisecond) latency, from spatial host to attendee, to allow for this virtually instantaneous self-speak screening.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable), S4 (based). May combine two claims.

These enhancements may assist humanity to adapt emergent artificial intelligence systems as human-augmentation technologies, facilitating the mitigation of new challenges to the human species.

“These enhancements may assist humanity to adapt emergent artificial intelligence systems as human-augmentation technologies, facilitating the mitigation of new challenges to the human species.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S4 (based).

The host will have no mental or physical perception that they are being shadowed by the attendees.

“The host will have no mental or physical perception that they are being “shadowed” by the attendees.”

May combine two claims.

Tagging all 2.42 × 10^14 synapses in the human brain with one robot each would require 24-242 × 10^12 synaptobots at 0.5 μm3 per robot, giving a total fleet volume of 1.2-12 × 10^13 μm3 or 12-120 cm3 and representing ∼0.9-9% of total brain volume-just within the "safe" tissue and organ intrusiveness limits.

“Tagging all 2.42 × 1014 synapses in the human brain with one robot each would require 24–242 × 1012 synaptobots at 0.5 μm3 per robot, giving a total fleet volume of 1.2–12 × 1013 μm3 or 12–120 cm3 and representing ∼0.9–9% of total brain volume-just within the “safe” tissue and organ intrusiveness limits.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Longer-term changes in the PSD structure and composition (from hours to days) involve altered protein synthesis, either within the neuronal cell body, or dendrites.

“Longer-term changes in the PSD structure and composition (from hours to days) involve altered protein synthesis, either within the neuronal cell body, or dendrites (Sheng and Hoogenraad, 2007).”

• cites Sheng and Hoogenraad, 2007 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S4 (based). May combine two claims.

TS attendees would retain their own identities and experience real-time live-feed full immersion into a portion of the host's life experiences.

“Although the attendees would retain their own identities and experience real-time live-feed full immersion into a portion of the host’s life experiences”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable), S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based).

TS sessions would offer exponentially higher resolution in every respect than today's seminars or lecture series.

“However, these TS sessions would offer exponentially higher resolution in every respect.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based).

These display modes may include optional text, imagery, and streaming video displays superimposed at customizable locations within the user's field of vision.

“These may include optional text, imagery, and streaming video displays that are superimposed at customizable locations within the user’s field of vision.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable), S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based).

Via TS, all knowledge-based queries and responses, as well as fully immersive experiences within avatars and other users, could include an optional toggle mode.

“It may be likely that via TS, all knowledge-based queries and responses, as well as fully immersive experiences within avatars and other users, could include an optional toggle mode.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable), S4 (based).

Cross-gender TS experiences might impact real-life relationships between genders, due to increased empathy and understanding.

“Cross-gender experiences might impact real-life relationships between genders, due to increased empathy and understanding.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable), S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based).

There will likely be several display modes available to B/CI users once the technology matures.

“Although beyond the scope and space constraints of this paper, we acknowledge that there will likely be several “display modes” available to B/CI users once the technology matures.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

By default, TS attendees might be completely blocked from any access to the thoughts, emotions, or self-speak of their spatial hosts for privacy.

“Although they would perceive the vocal instructions of the host, to temporally experience exactly what the spatial host is experiencing, for the sake of personal privacy, attendees might, by default, be completely blocked from any access to the thoughts, emotions, or self-speak of their spatial hosts (Ford, 2010).”

• cites Ford, 2010Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable), S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based).

Majority ethnic groups might be more sensitized to racism against minority ethnic groups after experiencing it through TS sessions.

“For example, perhaps those of majority ethnic groups might be more sensitized with the issue of racism against those of minority ethnic groups, once they “experience” it for themselves through TS sessions.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based). May combine two claims.

When this mode is engaged, internalized visualizations might be projected onto a float screen superimposed within the user's field of vision, where the float screen can be made more prominent via dynamic fading.

“When this mode is engaged, internalized visualizations might be projected as on to a “float screen” that can be superimposed within the user’s field of vision, where the float screen can be made more prominent in the user’s experience via dynamic fading.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable), S4 (based). May combine two claims.

For AI assessment of self-speak, the self-speak would have to be processed in real time or on the fly, because records of such self-speak would most likely be considered highly unethical.

“For this assessment to take place via AI, the self-speak in question would have to somehow be processed in real time/on the fly, as any records of such in any form, would most likely be considered as highly unethical.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable), S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based).

Once established and potentially utilized by a growing demographic, TS capability might have strong potential for conveying profound beneficial implications for human advancement across multiple domains.

“Once established and potentially utilized by a growing demographic, this capability might have strong potential for conveying profound beneficial implications for human advancement across multiple domains”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable), S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based).

In cases of unpleasant pain, the attendee might activate an instantaneous default auto-disengagement protocol once a particular physiological threshold is perceived by the B/CI system.

“For example, in cases of unpleasant pain, the attendee might activate an instantaneous default auto-disengagement protocol once a particular physiological threshold is perceived by the B/CI system.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable), S4 (based). May combine two claims.

Human B/CI systems mediated by neuralnanorobots might also upgrade mutual human understanding and collaboration by making it possible to engage humans in TS experiences, which could enable considerably improved understanding and tolerance among all members of our diverse human family.

“Human B/CI systems mediated by neuralnanorobots might also upgrade mutual human understanding and collaboration by making it possible to engage humans in TS experiences, which could enable considerably improved understanding and tolerance among all members of our diverse and amazing human family.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable), S4 (based).

It is likely that any self-speak of a spatial host will include their most private and intimate thoughts.

“However, it is likely that any self-speak of a spatial host will include their most private and intimate thoughts.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S4 (based). May combine two claims.

Neuralnanorobotics strategies involve direct, comprehensive monitoring of the approximately 86 × 10^9 neurons of the human brain, as well as its approximately 2 × 10^14 synapses and approximately 84 × 10^9 glial cells.

“Neuralnanorobotics strategies involve the direct, comprehensive monitoring of the ∼86 × 109 neurons of the human brain, as well as its ∼2 × 1014 synapses and ∼84 × 109 glial cells.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S4 (based).

There exists a clear and strong association between synapse bouton size/shape and the organellar and macromolecular changes that occur within the bouton.

“There exists a clear and strong association between synapse bouton size/shape and the organellar and macromolecular changes that occur within the bouton.”

May combine two claims.

Experimental data has provided a wide range of measured human intracranial volumes (1152-1839 cm3) and total average cerebral spinal fluid (CSF) volume (82-125.3 cm3), with a total brain-cell parenchyma volume of 1319 cm3, including 489 cm3 of white matter and 786 cm3 of gray matter.

“Experimental data has provided a wide range of measured human intracranial volumes (1152–1839 cm3) and total average cerebral spinal fluid (CSF) volume (82–125.3 cm3), with a total brain-cell parenchyma volume of 1319 cm3, including 489 cm3 of white matter and 786 cm3 of gray matter (Vaidyanathana et al., 1997; Nopoulos et al., 2000).”

• cites Vaidyanathana et al., 1997 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source
• cites Nopoulos et al., 2000 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable), S4 (based).

Neuralnanorobotically empowered B/CI technologies accompanied by supercomputing might permit users to experience fully immersive, real-time episodes of any willing human participant's life via non-intrusive Transparent Shadowing (TS).

“Neuralnanorobotically empowered B/CI technologies accompanied by supercomputing technologies might permit users to experience fully immersive, real-time episodes of the lives of any willing human participant on the planet, via non-intrusive “Transparent Shadowing (TS).””

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S4 (based).

Anyone on the planet who is B/CI enabled might be engaged as either a spatial host or an attendee.

“Hence, in essence, anyone on the planet (who is B/CI enabled) might be engaged as either a spatial host or an attendee.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable), S4 (based).

TS capability might assist with the further development of human collaboration and empathy.

“possibly assisting with the further development of human collaboration and empathy”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable), S4 (based). May combine two claims.

Experiencing episodes of the lives of those in other cultures and ethnic groups could promote cross-cultural understanding and tolerance, improving prospects for the reduction of hatred and racism.

“Experiencing episodes of the lives of those in other cultures and ethnic groups could promote cross-cultural understanding and tolerance, improving prospects for the reduction of hatred and racism.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S4 (based).

Neuralnanorobotic entities would transmit the nominal approximately 5 × 10^16 bits/sec of synaptically processed electronic information, encoded in approximately 4 × 10^15 spikes/sec flowing within the entire living human brain, wirelessly via a nanorobotic auxiliary 30 cm3 volume nanoscale fiber-optic system capable of handling approximately 10^18 bits/sec.

“Neuralnanorobotic entities would transmit the nominal ∼5 × 1016 bits/sec of synaptically processed electronic information, encoded in ∼4 × 1015 spikes/sec flowing within the entire living human brain, wirelessly via a nanorobotic auxiliary 30 cm3 volume nanoscale fiber-optic system that is capable of handling ∼1018 bits/sec.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S4 (based).

TS guests would have no capacity to control any aspect of the host.

“these guests would have no capacity to control any aspect of the host.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable), S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based).

Potential physiological transference issues may arise when two or more individuals are engaged in shared TS activities.

“Potential physiological transference issues may arise when two or more individuals are engaged in shared TS activities.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

The activity-dependent modification of PSD proteins occurring over timescales of seconds to hours is believed to underlie plasticity processes such as LTP and LTD.

“For instance, the activity-dependent modification of PSD proteins occurring over timescales of seconds to hours is believed to underlie plasticity processes such as LTP and LTD (Sheng and Hoogenraad, 2007).”

• cites Sheng and Hoogenraad, 2007 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S4 (based).

Three proposed classes of neuralnanorobots (endoneurobots, gliabots, and synaptobots) may employ approximately 3375 nm3 FET-based neuroelectric nanosensors to detect and monitor virtually all individual action potentials and their waveforms.

“Three proposed classes of neuralnanorobots (endoneurobots, gliabots, and synaptobots) may employ ∼3375 nm3 FET-based neuroelectric nanosensors to detect and monitor virtually all individual action potentials and their waveforms.”

May combine two claims.

Systems have performed well during acute recordings, but failed to function reliably over clinically relevant timelines, the result of brain tissue reaction against implants.

“Systems have performed well during acute recordings, but failed to function reliably over clinically relevant timelines, the result of brain tissue reaction against implants, making biocompatibility of implanted BCI systems a primary concern in current device design (Polikov et al., 2005; Winslow and Tresco, 2010; Tresco and Winslow, 2011).”

• cites Polikov et al., 2005 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source
• cites Winslow and Tresco, 2010 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source
• cites Tresco and Winslow, 2011 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S4 (based).

In TS, an individual might literally experience another person's life, through their own eyes, for a predetermined duration via an "extra life" session.

“In TS, an individual might literally experience another person’s life, through their own eyes, for a predetermined duration via an “extra life” session.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable), S4 (based). May combine two claims.

It might transition totally immersive virtual and augmented realities to unprecedented levels, allowing for more meaningful experiences and fuller or richer expression for, and between, users.

“Further, it might transition totally immersive virtual and augmented realities to unprecedented levels, allowing for more meaningful experiences and fuller/richer expression for, and between, users.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

In experimental work, dendritic spines that received LTP induction increased in volume, from 50 to 200%, with this increase persisting for more than 1 h following stimulation.

“In experimental work, dendritic spines that received LTP induction increased in volume, from 50 to 200% (Alvarez and Sabatini, 2007), with this increase persisting for more than 1 h following stimulation (Alvarez and Sabatini, 2007).”

• cites Alvarez and Sabatini, 2007 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable), S4 (based).

Given biologically constrained cognitive abilities, the human mind cannot keep pace with the increasingly rapid generation of human knowledge.

“Given our biologically constrained cognitive abilities, the impossibility of the human mind to keep pace with the increasingly rapid generation of human knowledge is evident.”

• AssumptionRests on an assumption: Human knowledge is being digitized at an accelerated exponential pace for storage and processing in the cloud.

May combine two claims.

During B/CI operations, one ∼10 μm3 endoneurobot would reside within every brain resident neuron, giving a total endoneurobot volume of 0.86 cm3, or only ∼0.06% of total brain volume.

“During B/CI operations, one ∼10 μm3 endoneurobot would reside within every brain resident neuron, giving a total endoneurobot volume of 0.86 cm3, or only ∼0.06% of total brain volume.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable), S4 (based).

With neuralnanorobotically enabled B/CI, individuals might engage in TS of voluntary or remunerated spatial hosts.

“With neuralnanorobotically enabled B/CI, individuals might engage in the TS of voluntary or remunerated “spatial hosts.””

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable), S4 (based). May combine two claims.

A human B/CI system mediated by neuralnanorobotics could empower individuals with instantaneous access to all cumulative human knowledge available in the cloud and significantly improve human learning capacities and intelligence.

“A human B/CI system mediated by neuralnanorobotics could empower individuals with instantaneous access to all cumulative human knowledge available in the cloud and significantly improve human learning capacities and intelligence.”

May combine two claims.

This may permit real-time brain-state monitoring and data extraction into an external supercomputer that communicates directly with the cloud.

“This may permit real-time brain-state monitoring and data extraction into an external supercomputer that communicates directly with the cloud.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S4 (based).

An eventual shift in gender attitudes could lead to decreased gender-related and domestic violence.

“It might be possible that an eventual shift in gender attitudes could lead to decreased gender-related and domestic violence.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable), S4 (based).

Minorities who experience a majority host might come to realize that many actions perceived by them as purposeful racism were entirely unintentional.

“Similarly, minorities who experience a majority host might come to realize that many actions perceived by them as purposeful racism were entirely unintentional.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Recent evidence points toward the rapid exchange of PSD proteins, such as AMPARS and PSD-95, even between neighboring synapses under steady-state conditions.

“Remarkably, recent evidence points toward the rapid exchange of PSD proteins, such as AMPARS and PSD-95, even between neighboring synapses under steady-state conditions (Sheng and Hoogenraad, 2007).”

• cites Sheng and Hoogenraad, 2007 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source