Cited by 187Smoking Behavior and CessationHealth disparities and outcomesSubstance Abuse Treatment and Outcomes

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A Systematic Review of Loneliness and Smoking: Small Effects, Big Implications

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Dyal, Stephanie R., Valente, Thomas W.·2015·Substance Use & Misuse

DOI 10.3109/10826084.2015.1027933PMC PMC4803029

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Abstract

BACKGROUND: Research supports an association between smoking and negative affect. Loneliness is a negative affective state experienced when a person perceives themselves as socially isolated and is associated with poor health behaviors and increased morbidity and early mortality. OBJECTIVES: In this article, we systematically review the literature on loneliness and smoking and suggest potential theoretical and methodological implications. METHODS: PubMed and PsycINFO were systematically searched for articles that assessed the statistical association between loneliness and smoking. Articles that met study inclusion criteria were reviewed. RESULTS: Twenty-five studies met inclusion criteria. Ten studies were conducted with nationally representative samples. Twelve studies assessed loneliness using a version of the UCLA Loneliness Scale and nine used a one-item measure of loneliness. Seventeen studies assessed smoking with a binary smoking status variable. Fourteen of the studies were conducted with adults and 11 with adolescents. Half of the reviewed studies reported a statistically significant association between loneliness and smoking. Of the studies with significant results, all but one study found that higher loneliness scores were associated with being a smoker. CONCLUSIONS/IMPORTANCE: Loneliness and smoking are likely associated, however, half of the studies reviewed did not report significant associations. Studies conducted with larger sample sizes, such as those that used nationally representative samples, were more likely to have statistically significant findings. Future studies should focus on using large, longitudinal cohorts, using measures that capture different aspects of loneliness and smoking, and exploring mediators and moderators of the association between loneliness and smoking.

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Authors: Dyal, S. R., & Valente, T. W.
Affiliations: University of Southern California (US)
Corresponding author: Dyal, Stephanie R.
ORCID: Valente, Thomas W.
Venue: Substance Use & Misuse
Publisher: Informa UK Limited
Published: 2015-11-10
Volume: 50
Issue: 13
Pages: 1697-1716
ISSN: 1082-6084 (ISSN-L)
1532-2491
DOI: 10.3109/10826084.2015.1027933
PMC: PMC4803029
OpenAlex: W2179633763
Cited by: 187
References: 63
Citations by year: 2026: 18 · 2025: 27 · 2024: 20 · 2023: 19 · 2022: 28 · 2021: 19 · 2020: 19 · 2019: 16 · 2018: 11 · 2017: 7 · 2016: 3
FWCI: 0.86
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: green
www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
Locations: Substance Use & Misuse (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (acceptedVersion)
PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
eScholarship (California Digital Library) (submittedVersion)
Funders: National Cancer Institute (R01CA157577)
Topics: Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Smoking Behavior and Cessation
Social Sciences › Health › Health disparities and outcomes
Health Sciences › Medicine › Epidemiology › Substance Abuse Treatment and Outcomes
Keywords: loneliness, smoking, social isolation, negative affect, health behavior, UCLA Loneliness Scale, adolescents, sample size effects, mediating and moderating effects
MeSH terms: Affect, Female, Humans, Loneliness, Male, Sex Factors, Smoking, Social Isolation, Health Behavior

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A Systematic Review of Loneliness and Smoking: Small Effects, Big Implications

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