Loneliness matters: a theoretical and empirical review of consequences and mechanisms
Open accessAbstract
As a social species, humans rely on a safe, secure social surround to survive and thrive. Perceptions of social isolation, or loneliness, increase vigilance for threat and heighten feelings of vulnerability while also raising the desire to reconnect. Implicit hypervigilance for social threat alters psychological processes that influence physiological functioning, diminish sleep quality, and increase morbidity and mortality. The purpose of this paper is to review the features and consequences of loneliness within a comprehensive theoretical framework that informs interventions to reduce loneliness. We review physical and mental health consequences of loneliness, mechanisms for its effects, and effectiveness of extant interventions. Features of a loneliness regulatory loop are employed to explain cognitive, behavioral, and physiological consequences of loneliness and to discuss interventions to reduce loneliness. Loneliness is not simply being alone. Interventions to reduce loneliness and its health consequences may need to take into account its attentional, confirmatory, and memorial biases as well as its social and behavioral effects.
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
Lonely people may be particularly susceptible to disengaging from treatment early.
“Given that loneliness is a significant and independent risk factor for complex psychopathology, including depression and suicidal ideation [8,9,11,12,34-36], lonely people may be particularly susceptible to disengaging from treatment early.”
From The Effectiveness of a Smartphone Intervention Targeting Suicidal Ideation in Young Adults: Randomized Controlled Trial Examining the Influence of Loneliness (2023) · cites this paper as [34]
The ‘Loneliness Matters for Mental Health and Cognitive Functioning’ section reports associations with psychoses and suicide and says loneliness predicts later increases in depressive symptoms. It does not specifically establish suicidal ideation or an independent risk for complex psychopathology as a whole. The statement about early treatment disengagement follows the citation and reads as the citing authors’ inference, not a finding attributed to this source. Page numbers were not available in our copy. (LLM, conf=0.78)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredLoneliness is associated with more complex psychopathology, including depression and suicidal ideation.
“These results are consistent with the existing literature examining the relationship between loneliness and mental health to the extent that they suggest that loneliness is associated with more complex psychopathology [8,9,11,12,34-36].”
From The Effectiveness of a Smartphone Intervention Targeting Suicidal Ideation in Young Adults: Randomized Controlled Trial Examining the Influence of Loneliness (2023) · cites this paper as [34]
The “Loneliness Matters for Mental Health and Cognitive Functioning” section associates loneliness with personality disorders, psychoses, suicide, and increased depressive symptoms, supporting the broader claim about complex psychopathology. It does not specifically mention suicidal ideation; suicide is a distinct outcome. (LLM, conf=0.85)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredBoth social isolation and loneliness are related to negative health-related behaviors, such as reduced physical activity and smoking.
“Moreover, both social isolation and loneliness have been shown to be related to negative health-related behaviors, such as reduced physical activity and smoking [24,27–29]”
From Examining social isolation and loneliness in combination in relation to social support and psychological distress using Canadian Longitudinal Study of Aging (CLSA) data (2020) · cites this paper as [24]
The Health behaviors section (page unavailable) reports that loneliness predicted reduced physical activity and discusses other health-compromising behaviors, including alcohol abuse. It does not link smoking to loneliness or establish that social isolation, separately from loneliness, is associated with reduced activity or smoking; its mention of social isolation concerns exercise's effects on neurogenesis in animals. (LLM, conf=0.88)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredLoneliness is a powerful emotional state that urges consumers to seek social connections.
“First, research in psychology indicates that loneliness is a powerful emotional state that urges consumers to seek social connections (Hawkley and Cacioppo 2010; Holt-Lunstad et al. 2015).”
From AI Companions Reduce Loneliness (2024) · cites this paper as Hawkley and Cacioppo 2010
Up to 80% of young people typically report experiencing loneliness.
“That feelings of isolation were elevated before school lockdowns (T2) might reflect normal trends, because up to 80% of young people typically report experiencing loneliness (Hawkley & Cacioppo, 2010), while one in ten report “often” feeling lonely (Snape & Manclossi, 2018).”
From Adolescents' longitudinal trajectories of mental health and loneliness: The impact of COVID‐19 school closures (2022) · cites this paper as Hawkley & Cacioppo, 2010
Insufficient social connection is associated with lasting negative physical and mental health outcomes, including higher mortality.
“Indeed, feeling insufficiently connected to others is associated with profound and lasting negative consequences on physical and mental health, even leading to increased mortality.2”
From The effects of social deprivation on adolescent development and mental health (2020) · cites this paper as [2]
The experience of loneliness among participants was not premised upon physical isolation, but rather upon the assessment that interrelationships were not satisfying intimacy needs.
“In line with the literature, the experience of loneliness among participants was not premised upon physical isolation (Matthews et al., 2016), but rather upon the assessment that interrelationships were not satisfying intimacy needs (Hawkley & Cacioppo, 2010).”
From Living through lockdown: A qualitative exploration of individuals' experiences in the UK. (2022) · cites this paper as Hawkley & Cacioppo, 2010
Loneliness is associated with depression.
“Loneliness has also been shown to be associated with a wide range of physical and mental health outcomes, such as reduced cognitive function [23], depression [24–26], and mortality [3].”
The self-preservation motive causes lonely individuals to be hypervigilant to social threats, which may lead to worry about and even misinterpretation of social interactions.
“The self-preservation motive causes lonely individuals to be hypervigilant to social threats, which may lead to worry about and even mis-interpretation of social interactions.”
From Centennials, FOMO, and loneliness: an investigation of the impact of social networking and messaging/voip apps usage during the initial stage of the coronavirus pandemic (2021) · cites this paper as Hawkley and Cacioppo, 2010
Feelings of loneliness tend to be prevalent during adolescence.
“A recent review (Goossens, 2018) suggests that feelings of loneliness tend to be prevalent during adolescence, and that this relationship could be explained by the evolutionary theory of loneliness (Hawkley and Cacioppo, 2010) and the processes of social reorientation characteristic of this developmental period.”
From Centennials, FOMO, and loneliness: an investigation of the impact of social networking and messaging/voip apps usage during the initial stage of the coronavirus pandemic (2021) · cites this paper as Hawkley and Cacioppo, 2010
Loneliness activates two opposing motives: social re-connection and self-preservation.
“The theory states that loneliness activates two opposing motives: social re-connection and self-preservation.”
From Centennials, FOMO, and loneliness: an investigation of the impact of social networking and messaging/voip apps usage during the initial stage of the coronavirus pandemic (2021) · cites this paper as Hawkley and Cacioppo, 2010
There are three main pathways through which social relationships may affect health: behavioural, psychological and physiological mechanisms.
“Researchers have identified three main pathways through which social relationships may affect health: behavioural, psychological and physiological mechanisms.3 4”
Non-systematic reviews have identified similar findings with respect to increased risk of mortality, cardiovascular disease and outcomes, and mental health, with less evidence for other physical health conditions and behaviours.
“Non-systematic reviews have identified similar findings with respect to increased risk of mortality 59-64 , cardiovascular disease and outcomes 62, 65-72 , mental health 61, 62, 64, 73-90 , with less evidence for other physical health conditions and behaviours 72, 76, 80, 91-93 .”
From An overview of systematic reviews on the public health consequences of social isolation and loneliness (2017) · cites this paper as [61]
Non-systematic reviews have identified associations between social isolation/loneliness and changes to brain structure and processes, sympathetic neural tone, vascular stress responses, altered sleep and reduced sleep quality, cortisol secretion patterns, impaired cellular and humoral immunity, and reduced inflammatory responses.
“a number of non-systematic reviews have identified associations with changes to brain structure and processes, sympathetic neural tone, vascular stress responses, altered sleep and reduced sleep quality, cortisol secretion patterns, impaired cellular and humoral immunity, and reduced inflammatory responses 61, 80, 96, 102-106 .”
From An overview of systematic reviews on the public health consequences of social isolation and loneliness (2017) · cites this paper as [61]
Social relationships, both in quantity and quality, are a major contributing factor in lowering broad-based morbidity and mortality.
“Integrative reviews of the literature provide consistent evidence that social relationships – both quantity and quality – are a major contributing factor in lowering broad-based morbidity and mortality [1–3].”
From Loneliness and health in older adults: a mini-review and synthesis (2016) · cites this paper as [2]
Loneliness is associated with adverse health behaviors, including poorer health practices such as alcohol use and smoking, and fewer health-promoting behaviors such as less physical activity and poor nutrition, among older persons.
“loneliness has been found to be associated with adverse health behaviors – poorer health practices (e.g., alcohol use and smoking) and fewer health-promoting behaviors (e.g., less physical activity, poor nutrition) among older persons.”
From Loneliness and health in older adults: a mini-review and synthesis (2016) · cites this paper as [2]
Chronic loneliness disproportionately affects people older and younger than the participants studied here.
“Chronic loneliness disproportionately affects people older (that is, elderly people46) and younger (that is, adolescents14) than the participants studied here; future studies should test whether the current results generalize to those more vulnerable populations.”
From Acute social isolation evokes midbrain craving responses similar to hunger (2020) · cites this paper as [46]
Loneliness may appear either as a behavioural manifestation of cognitive deterioration or as an early sign of an underlying pathology contributing to MCI and dementia.
“loneliness may appear either as a behavioural manifestation of cognitive deterioration or as an early sign of an underlying pathology contributing to MCI and dementia (Hawkley and Cacioppo, 2010;Wilson and Bennett, 2017).”
From Does loneliness contribute to mild cognitive impairment and dementia? A systematic review and meta-analysis of longitudinal studies (2019) · cites this paper as Hawkley and Cacioppo, 2010
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Cites
Yusuf, S., Hawken, S., Ôunpuu, S., Dans, T., Avezum, A., Lanas, F., McQueen, M., Budaj, A., Pais, P., Varigos, J., et al. (2004) · The Lancet · doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(04)17018-9 · Cited by 12,026 · see citing works
(2000) · Cited by 9,198 · see citing works
Dickerson, S. S., & Kemeny, M. E. (2004) · Psychological Bulletin · doi:10.1037/0033-2909.130.3.355 · Cited by 5,881 · cited 1× · see citing works
“Social evaluative threat is known to be a potent elicitor of cortisol [74], and our theory that loneliness is characterized by chronic threat of and hypervigilance for negative social evaluation [9] is consistent with the finding that loneliness predicts increased cortisol awakening response.”
The Revised UCLA Loneliness Scale: concurrent and discriminant validity evidence
Russell, D., Peplau, L. A., & Cutrona, C. E. (1980) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-3514.39.3.472 · Cited by 5,173 · cited 3× · see citing works
“Loneliness is typically measured by asking individuals to respond to items such as those on the frequently used UCLA Loneliness Scale [7]: “I feel isolated,” © The Society of Behavioral Medicine 2010 Correspondence to: Louise C. Hawkley, hawkley@uchicago.edu.”
InfluentialA Survey Method for Characterizing Daily Life Experience: The Day Reconstruction Method
Kahneman, D., Krueger, A. B., Schkade, D. A., Schwarz, N., & Stone, A. A. (2004) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.1103572 · Cited by 3,422 · cited 1× · see citing works
“Almost 80% of our waking hours are spent with others, and on average, time spent with friends, relatives, spouse, children, and coworkers is rated more inherently rewarding than time spent alone [99, 100].”
Danesh, J., Wheeler, J. G., Hirschfield, G. M., Eda, S., Eiriksdottir, G., Rumley, A., Lowe, G. D. O., Pepys, M. B., & Gudnason, V. (2004) · New England Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1056/nejmoa032804 · Cited by 2,953 · cited 1× · see citing works
“In turn, many of these mechanisms are influenced by lifestyle factors such as diet, physical inactivity, and obesity—factors that alter blood lipids and inflammatory processes that have known consequences for vascular health and functioning [62, 63].”
Penedo, F. J., & Dahn, J. R. (2005) · Current Opinion in Psychiatry · doi:10.1097/00001504-200503000-00013 · Cited by 2,851 · cited 1× · see citing works
“Physical activity is a well-known protective factor for physical health, mental health, and cognitive functioning [40], suggesting that poorer self-regulation may contribute to the greater health risk associated with loneliness via diminished likelihood of engaging in”
Cacioppo, J. T., Hughes, M. E., Waite, L. J., Hawkley, L. C., & Thisted, R. A. (2006) · Psychology and Aging · doi:10.1037/0882-7974.21.1.140 · Cited by 2,380 · cited 1× · see citing works
“The causal nature of the association between loneliness and depressive symptoms appears to be reciprocal [32], but more recent analyses of five consecutive annual assessments of loneliness and depressive symptoms have shown that loneliness predicts increases in depressive symptoms over 1-year intervals, but depressive…”
Self-citationHemodynamic Patterns of Age-Related Changes in Blood Pressure: The Framingham Heart Study
Franklin, S. S., Gustin, W., Wong, N. D., Larson, M. G., Weber, M. A., Kannel, W. B., & Levy, D. (1997) · Circulation · doi:10.1161/01.cir.96.1.308 · Cited by 2,321 · cited 1× · see citing works
“TPR is the primary determinant of SBP until at least 50 years of age [57], which suggests that loneliness-related elevations in TPR in early to middleadulthood may lead to higher blood pressure in middle and older age.”
Perceived social isolation and cognition
Cacioppo, J. T., & Hawkley, L. C. (2009) · Trends in Cognitive Sciences · doi:10.1016/j.tics.2009.06.005 · Cited by 2,144 · cited 4× · see citing works
“Social evaluative threat is known to be a potent elicitor of cortisol [74], and our theory that loneliness is characterized by chronic threat of and hypervigilance for negative social evaluation [9] is consistent with the finding that loneliness predicts increased cortisol awakening response.”
InfluentialSelf-citationLoneliness: A Source Book of Current Theory, Research and Therapy
Blazer, D. G. (1983) · Journal of Gerontology · doi:10.1093/geronj/38.4.492 · Cited by 2,139 · see citing works
The clinical significance of loneliness: a literature review
Heinrich, L. M., & Gullone, E. (2006) · Clinical Psychology Review · doi:10.1016/j.cpr.2006.04.002 · Cited by 1,986 · cited 1× · see citing works
“For as many as 15–30% of the general population, however, loneliness is a chronic state [10, 11].”
Loneliness: A Sourcebook of Current Theory, Research and Therapy.
Peplau, L. A., & Perlman, D. (1984) · Contemporary Sociology A Journal of Reviews · doi:10.2307/2068915 · Cited by 1,937 · see citing works
The sympathetic control of blood pressure
Guyenet, P. G. (2006) · Nature reviews. Neuroscience · doi:10.1038/nrn1902 · Cited by 1,814 · cited 1× · see citing works
“The sympathetic branch of the autonomic nervous system plays a major role in maintaining basal vascular tone and TPR [64, 65] and elevated sympathetic tone is responsible for the development and maintenance of many forms of hypertension [66].”
Cacioppo, J. T., Hawkley, L. C., & Thisted, R. A. (2010) · Psychology and Aging · doi:10.1037/a0017216 · Cited by 1,757 · cited 1× · see citing works
“The causal nature of the association between loneliness and depressive symptoms appears to be reciprocal [32], but more recent analyses of five consecutive annual assessments of loneliness and depressive symptoms have shown that loneliness predicts increases in depressive symptoms over 1-year intervals, but depressive…”
Self-citationOxytocin, vasopressin, and the neurogenetics of sociality
Donaldson, Z. R., & Young, L. J. (2008) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.1158668 · Cited by 1,645 · cited 1× · see citing works
“ensure that humans survived, reproduced, and cared for offspring sufficiently long that they, too, could reproduce [96–98].”
Mortality Associated With Sleep Duration and Insomnia
Kripke, D. F., Garfinkel, L., Wingard, D. L., Klauber, M. R., & Marler, M. R. (2002) · Archives of General Psychiatry · doi:10.1001/archpsyc.59.2.131 · Cited by 1,614 · cited 1× · see citing works
“In addition, short sleep duration has been associated with risk for hypertension [45], incident coronary artery calcification [46], and mortality [47].”
Loneliness: human nature and the need for social connection
(2008) · Choice Reviews Online · doi:10.5860/choice.46-1765 · Cited by 1,572 · see citing works
Self-citationLoneliness and Risk of Alzheimer Disease
Wilson, R. S., Krueger, K. R., Arnold, S. E., Schneider, J. A., Kelly, J. F., Barnes, L. L., Tang, Y., & Bennett, D. A. (2007) · Archives of General Psychiatry · doi:10.1001/archpsyc.64.2.234 · Cited by 1,363 · cited 3× · see citing works
“Depressive symptoms had a modest effect on Alzheimer’s disease risk, but loneliness continued to exert a significant and much larger influence on Alzheimer’s disease than depressive symptoms when depressive symptoms were included in the model [29].”
Gangwisch, J. E., Heymsfield, S. B., Boden-Albala, B., Buijs, R. M., Kreier, F., Pickering, T. G., Rundle, A. G., Zammit, G. K., & Malaspina, D. (2006) · Hypertension · doi:10.1161/01.hyp.0000217362.34748.e0 · Cited by 1,284 · cited 1× · see citing works
“In addition, short sleep duration has been associated with risk for hypertension [ 45 ], incident coronary artery calcification [46], and mortality [47].”
Influences on Loneliness in Older Adults: A Meta-Analysis
Pinquart, M., & Sörensen, S. (2001) · Basic and Applied Social Psychology · doi:10.1207/153248301753225702 · Cited by 1,233 · see citing works
Loneliness and health: potential mechanisms
Cacioppo, J. T., Hawkley, L. C., Crawford, L. E., Ernst, J. M., Burleson, M. H., Kowalewski, R. B., Malarkey, W. B., Van Cauter, E., & Berntson, G. G. (2002) · Psychosomatic Medicine · doi:10.1097/00006842-200205000-00005 · Cited by 1,149 · cited 2× · see citing works
“In our study of young adults, loneliness was associated with elevated levels of total peripheral resistance (TPR [49, 56]).”
Self-citationCATTAN, M., WHITE, M., BOND, J., & LEARMOUTH, A. (2005) · Ageing and Society · doi:10.1017/s0144686x04002594 · Cited by 1,038 · see citing works
Influences on Loneliness in Older Adults: A Meta-Analysis
Pinquart, M., & Sorensen, S. (2001) · Basic and Applied Social Psychology · doi:10.1207/s15324834basp2304_2 · Cited by 1,036 · cited 1× · see citing works
“Loneliness is a common experience; as many as 80% of those under 18 years of age and 40% of adults over 65 years of age report being lonely at least sometimes [1– 3], with levels of loneliness gradually diminishing through the middle adult years, and then increasing in old age (i.e., ≥70 years) [ 2 ].”
Loneliness within a nomological net: An evolutionary perspective
Cacioppo, J. T., Hawkley, L. C., Ernst, J. M., Burleson, M., Berntson, G. G., Nouriani, B., & Spiegel, D. (2006) · Journal of Research in Personality · doi:10.1016/j.jrp.2005.11.007 · Cited by 1,010 · cited 4× · see citing works
“The Loneliness Model Our model of loneliness [8, 9] posits that perceived social isolation is tantamount to feeling unsafe, and this sets off implicit hypervigilance for (additional) social threat in the environment.”
InfluentialSelf-citationReducing Suicide--A National Imperative
(2002) · PsycEXTRA Dataset · doi:10.1037/e719942007-001 · Cited by 947 · see citing works
Cardiovascular, inflammatory, and metabolic consequences of sleep deprivation
Mullington, J. M., Haack, M., Toth, M., Serrador, J. M., & Meier-Ewert, H. K. (2009) · Progress in Cardiovascular Diseases · doi:10.1016/j.pcad.2008.10.003 · Cited by 783 · cited 1× · see citing works
“Experimental sleep deprivation has adverse effects on cardiovascular functioning, inflammatory status, and metabolic risk factors [44].”
Day-to-day dynamics of experience–cortisol associations in a population-based sample of older adults
Adam, E. K., Hawkley, L. C., Kudielka, B. M., & Cacioppo, J. T. (2006) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.0605053103 · Cited by 782 · cited 1× · see citing works
“Parallel multilevel causal models revealed that prior-day feelings of loneliness and related feelings of sadness, threat, and lack of control were associated with a higher cortisol awakening response the next day, but morning cortisol awakening response did not predict experiences of these psychosocial states later th…”
Self-citationPsychosocial Modifiers of Immunocompetence in Medical Students
Kiecolt‐Glaser, J. K., Garner, W. L., Speicher, C. E., Penn, G. M., Holliday, J. E., & Glaser, R. (1984) · Psychosomatic Medicine · doi:10.1097/00006842-198401000-00003 · Cited by 781 · cited 1× · see citing works
“Loneliness has been associated with impaired cellular immunity as reflected in lower natural killer (NK) cell activity and higher antibody titers to the Epstein Barr Virus and human herpes viruses [70, 80–82].”
Social regulation of gene expression in human leukocytes
Cole, S. W., Hawkley, L. C., Arevalo, J. M., Sung, C. Y., Rose, R. M., & Cacioppo, J. T. (2007) · Genome Biology · doi:10.1186/gb-2007-8-9-r189 · Cited by 745 · cited 3× · see citing works
“, perceived stress, depression, hostility), or medical risk factors [75].”
InfluentialSelf-citationHawkley, L. C., Thisted, R. A., Masi, C. M., & Cacioppo, J. T. (2010) · Psychology and Aging · doi:10.1037/a0017805 · Cited by 726 · cited 3× · see citing works
“, 1 year) fluctuations in loneliness were not significant predictors of SBP changes over 1-year intervals, but a trait-like component of loneliness present at study onset contributed to greater increases in SBP over 2-, 3-, and 4-year intervals [22].”
Self-citationFuster, V., Alexander, R. W., & O’Rourke, R. A. (1966) · Medical Entomology and Zoology · Cited by 705 · see citing works
Hawkley, L. C., Hughes, M. E., Waite, L. J., Masi, C. M., Thisted, R. A., & Cacioppo, J. T. (2008) · The Journals of Gerontology Series B: Psychological Sciences and Social Sciences · doi:10.1093/geronb/63.6.s375 · Cited by 666 · see citing works
Self-citationHealth Promoting Effects of Friends and Family on Health Outcomes in Older Adults
Seeman, T. E. (2000) · American Journal of Health Promotion · doi:10.4278/0890-1171-14.6.362 · Cited by 634 · see citing works
Wei, M., Russell, D. W., & Zakalik, R. A. (2005) · Journal of Counseling Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-0167.52.4.602 · Cited by 622 · see citing works
Steptoe, A., Owen, N., Kunz-Ebrecht, S. R., & Brydon, L. (2004) · Psychoneuroendocrinology · doi:10.1016/s0306-4530(03)00086-6 · Cited by 620 · cited 3× · see citing works
“Loneliness has been associated with urinary excretion of significantly higher concentrations of cortisol [70], and, in more recent studies, with higher levels of salivary or plasma cortisol [71, 72].”
Loneliness, social network size, and immune response to influenza vaccination in college freshmen
Pressman, S. D., Cohen, S., Miller, G. E., Barkin, A., Rabin, B. S., & Treanor, J. J. (2005) · Health Psychology · doi:10.1037/0278-6133.24.3.297 · Cited by 608 · cited 3× · see citing works
“In young adults, loneliness was associated with poorer antibody response to a component of the flu vaccine [72], suggesting that the humoral immune response may also be impaired in lonely individuals.”
Loneliness predicts reduced physical activity: Cross-sectional & longitudinal analyses.
Hawkley, L. C., Thisted, R. A., & Cacioppo, J. T. (2009) · Health Psychology · doi:10.1037/a0014400 · Cited by 608 · cited 3× · see citing works
“Compromised regulation of emotion in lonely individuals explained their diminished likelihood of performing any physical activity, and loneliness also predicted a decrease in physical activity over time [31].”
Self-citationLoneliness in everyday life: Cardiovascular activity, psychosocial context, and health behaviors.
Hawkley, L. C., Burleson, M. H., Berntson, G. G., & Cacioppo, J. T. (2003) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-3514.85.1.105 · Cited by 608 · cited 2× · see citing works
“In our study of young adults, loneliness was associated with elevated levels of total peripheral resistance (TPR [49, 56]).”
Self-citationPredictors of cognitive decline and mortality of aged people over a 10‐year period
Tilvis, R. S., Kahonen-Vare, M. H., Jolkkonen, J., Valvanne, J., Pitkala, K. H., & Strandberg, T. E. (2004) · The Journals of Gerontology Series A: Biological Sciences and Medical Sciences · doi:10.1093/gerona/59.3.m268 · Cited by 578 · cited 1× · see citing works
“For instance, the cognitive functioning of 75–85-year-olds (as assessed by the Mini-Mental State Examination) did not differ as a function of loneliness at baseline but diminished to a greater extent among those high than low in loneliness over a 10-year follow-up [28].”
Giving in to Feel Good: The Place of Emotion Regulation in the Context of General Self-Control
Tice, D. M., & Bratslavsky, E. (2000) · Psychological Inquiry · doi:10.1207/s15327965pli1103_03 · Cited by 569 · cited 1× · see citing works
“Regulation of emotion can enhance the ability to regulate other self-control behaviors [38], as is evident from research showing that positive affect predicts increased physical activity [39].”
Stress, loneliness, and changes in herpesvirus latency
Glaser, R., Kiecolt‐Glaser, J. K., Speicher, C. E., & Holliday, J. E. (1985) · Journal of Behavioral Medicine · doi:10.1007/bf00870312 · Cited by 502 · cited 1× · see citing works
“Loneliness has been associated with impaired cellular immunity as reflected in lower natural killer (NK) cell activity and higher antibody titers to the Epstein Barr Virus and human herpes viruses [70, 80–82].”
Lonely traits and concomitant physiological processes: the MacArthur social neuroscience studies
Cacioppo, J. T., Ernst, J. M., Burleson, M. H., McClintock, M. K., Malarkey, W. B., Hawkley, L. C., Kowalewski, R. B., Paulsen, A., Hobson, J. A., Hugdahl, K., et al. (2000) · International Journal of Psychophysiology · doi:10.1016/s0167-8760(99)00049-5 · Cited by 492 · cited 2× · see citing works
“Among young adults who were administered this task, the lonely and nonlonely groups did not differ in performance when directed to attend to their pre-potent right ear, but the lonely group performed significantly worse than the nonlonely group when directed to shift attention to their non-prepotent left ear [30].”
Self-citationThe pathophysiology of hypertension
Beevers, G., Lip, G. Y. H., & O'Brien, E. (2001) · BMJ · doi:10.1136/bmj.322.7291.912 · Cited by 488 · cited 5× · see citing works
“TPR is the primary determinant of SBP until at least 50 years of age [57], which suggests that loneliness-related elevations in TPR in early to middleadulthood may lead to higher blood pressure in middle and older age.”
InfluentialLoneliness is a unique predictor of age-related differences in systolic blood pressure.
Hawkley, L. C., Masi, C. M., Berry, J. D., & Cacioppo, J. T. (2006) · Psychology and Aging · doi:10.1037/0882-7974.21.1.152 · Cited by 488 · cited 7× · see citing works
“Hawkley LC, Hughes ME, Waite LJ, et al. From social structure factors to perceptions of relationship quality and loneliness: The Chicago Health, Aging, and Social Relations Study.”
InfluentialSelf-citationInterventions to reduce social isolation amongst older people: where is the evidence?
FINDLAY, R. A. (2003) · Ageing and Society · doi:10.1017/s0144686x03001296 · Cited by 479 · cited 1× · see citing works
“Findlay [87] was more cautious in his review, noting that only six of the 17 intervention studies in his review employed a randomized group comparison design, with the remaining 11 studies subject to the shortcomings and flaws of pre-post and nonrandomized group comparison designs.”
Social isolation delays the positive effects of running on adult neurogenesis
Stranahan, A. M., Khalil, D., & Gould, E. (2006) · Nature Neuroscience · doi:10.1038/nn1668 · Cited by 467 · cited 1× · see citing works
“Interestingly, animal research has shown that social isolation dampens the beneficial effects of exercise on neurogenesis [43], implying that health behaviors may better serve their purpose or have greater effect among those who feel socially connected than those who feel lonely.”
Do Lonely Days Invade the Nights? Potential Social Modulation of Sleep Efficiency
Cacioppo, J. T., Hawkley, L. C., Berntson, G. G., Ernst, J. M., Gibbs, A. C., Stickgold, R., & Hobson, J. A. (2002) · Psychological Science · doi:10.1111/1467-9280.00469 · Cited by 445 · cited 1× · see citing works
“In young adults, greater daytime dysfunction, a marker of poor sleep quality, was accompanied by more nightly micro-awakenings, an objective index of sleep continuity obtained from SleepCaps worn by participants during one night in the hospital and seven nights in their own beds at home [53].”
Self-citationPenninx, B. W. J. H., van Tilburg, T., Kriegsman, D. M. W., Deeg, D. J. H., Boeke, A. J. P., & van Eijk, J. T. M. (1997) · American Journal of Epidemiology · doi:10.1093/oxfordjournals.aje.a009305 · Cited by 438 · cited 1× · see citing works
“[15] showed that loneliness predicted all-cause mortality during a 29-month follow-up after controlling for age, sex, chronic diseases, alcohol use, smoking, self-rated health, and functional limitations.”
Socially Isolated Children 20 Years Later: Risk of Cardiovascular Disease
Caspi, A., Harrington, H., Moffitt, T. E., Milne, B. J., & Poulton, R. (2006) · Archives of Pediatrics & Adolescent Medicine · doi:10.1001/archpedi.160.8.805 · Cited by 414 · cited 2× · see citing works
“As noted earlier, chronic social isolation, rejection, and/or feelings of loneliness in early childhood, adolescence, and young adulthood cumulated in a dose–response fashion to predict cardiovascular health risk factors in young adulthood (26 years old), including elevated blood pressure [12].”
Physiology of cardiovascular aging
Folkow, B., & Svanborg, A. (1993) · Physiological Reviews · doi:10.1152/physrev.1993.73.4.725 · Cited by 392 · cited 1× · see citing works
“smooth muscle [59–61].”
Short sleep duration and incident coronary artery calcification
(2008) · JAMA · doi:10.1001/jama.2008.867 · Cited by 389 · cited 1× · see citing works
“In addition, short sleep duration has been associated with risk for hypertension [45], incident coronary artery calcification [46], and mortality [47].”
Hawkley, L. C., & Cacioppo, J. T. (2007) · Current Directions in Psychological Science · doi:10.1111/j.1467-8721.2007.00501.x · Cited by 389 · see citing works
Self-citationLoneliness, social interaction, and sex roles.
Wheeler, L. S., Reis, H. T., & Nezlek, J. B. (1983) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-3514.45.4.943 · Cited by 384 · cited 1× · see citing works
“especially the quality of one’s social relationships [2, 4–6].”
Eaker, E. D., Pinsky, J. L., & Castelli, W. P. (1992) · American Journal of Epidemiology · doi:10.1093/oxfordjournals.aje.a116381 · Cited by 383 · cited 1× · see citing works
“Physiological functioning The association between loneliness and cardiovascular disease and mortality [13, 14, 19] may have its roots in physiological changes that begin early in life.”
Cardiovascular Physiology—Changes With Aging
Cheitlin, M. D. (2003) · The American Journal of Geriatric Cardiology · doi:10.1111/j.1076-7460.2003.01751.x · Cited by 361 · cited 1× · see citing works
“smooth muscle [59–61].”
Situational versus chronic loneliness as risk factors for all-cause mortality
Shiovitz‐Ezra, S., & Ayalon, L. (2009) · International Psychogeriatrics · doi:10.1017/s1041610209991426 · Cited by 358 · cited 1× · see citing works
“Loneliness accrual effects are also evident in a study of mortality in the Health and Retirement Study; all-cause mortality over a 4-year followup was predicted by loneliness, and the effect was greater in chronically than situationally lonely adults [17].”
Reexamining Human Origins in Light of Ardipithecus ramidus
Lovejoy, C. O. (2009) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.1175834 · Cited by 356 · cited 1× · see citing works
“ensure that humans survived, reproduced, and cared for offspring sufficiently long that they, too, could reproduce [96–98].”
Social networks, social support, and mortality among older people in Japan
Sugisawa, H., Liang, J., & Liu, X. (1994) · Journal of Gerontology · doi:10.1093/geronj/49.1.s3 · Cited by 342 · cited 1× · see citing works
“[18] also found a significant effect of loneliness on mortality over a 3-year period, and this effect was explained by chronic diseases, functional status, and self-rated health.”
Urinary Cortisol Levels, Cellular Immunocompetency, and Loneliness in Psychiatric Inpatients
Kiecolt‐Glaser, J. K., Ricker, D. M., George, J. M., Messick, G., Speicher, C. E., Garner, W. L., & Glaser, R. (1984) · Psychosomatic Medicine · doi:10.1097/00006842-198401000-00004 · Cited by 322 · cited 1× · see citing works
“Loneliness has been associated with urinary excretion of significantly higher concentrations of cortisol [70], and, in more recent studies, with higher levels of salivary or plasma cortisol [71, 72].”
Depressive symptoms in late life: a 10-year follow-up
Heikkinen, R.-L., & Kauppinen, M. (2004) · Archives of Gerontology and Geriatrics · doi:10.1016/j.archger.2003.10.004 · Cited by 319 · see citing works
A comparison of health behaviours in lonely and non-lonely populations
Lauder, W., Mummery, K. W., Jones, M. C., & Caperchione, C. M. (2006) · Psychology Health & Medicine · doi:10.1080/13548500500266607 · Cited by 316 · cited 1× · see citing works
“A related literature shows that loneliness is also a risk factor for obesity [41] and healthcompromising behavior, including a greater propensity to abuse alcohol [42].”
Women, Loneliness, and Incident Coronary Heart Disease
Thurston, R. C., & Kubzansky, L. D. (2009) · Psychosomatic Medicine · doi:10.1097/psy.0b013e3181b40efc · Cited by 313 · cited 2× · see citing works
“Physiological functioning The association between loneliness and cardiovascular disease and mortality [13, 14, 19] may have its roots in physiological changes that begin early in life.”
Loneliness and alcohol abuse: A review of evidences of an interplay
Åkerlind, I., & Hörnquist, J. O. (1992) · Social Science & Medicine · doi:10.1016/0277-9536(92)90300-f · Cited by 309 · cited 1× · see citing works
“A related literature shows that loneliness is also a risk factor for obesity [41] and healthcompromising behavior, including a greater propensity to abuse alcohol [42].”
Predictors of Loneliness in U.S. Adults Over Age Sixty-Five
Theeke, L. A. (2009) · Archives of Psychiatric Nursing · doi:10.1016/j.apnu.2008.11.002 · Cited by 297 · cited 1× · see citing works
“For as many as 15–30% of the general population, however, loneliness is a chronic state [10, 11].”
Sander, R. (2005) · Nursing Older People · doi:10.7748/nop.17.1.40.s11 · Cited by 297 · cited 1× · see citing works
“Interventions for Loneliness Six qualitative reviews of the loneliness intervention literature have been published since 1984 [85–90], and all explicitly or implicitly addressed four main types of interventions: (1) enhancing social skills, (2) providing social support, (3) increasing opportunities for social interact…”
The meaning of good sleep: a longitudinal study of polysomnography and subjective sleep quality
Åkerstedt, T., Hume, K. I., Minors, D. S., & Waterhouse, J. M. (1994) · Journal of Sleep Research · doi:10.1111/j.1365-2869.1994.tb00122.x · Cited by 282 · cited 1× · see citing works
“The conjunction of daytime dysfunction and micro-awakenings is consistent with polysomnography studies showing a conjunction, essentially an equivalence, between subjective sleep quality and sleep continuity [54], and substantiates the hypothesis that loneliness impairs sleep quality.”
Loneliness: A Review of Current Literature, With Implications for Counseling and Research
McWhirter, B. T. (1990) · Journal of Counseling & Development · doi:10.1002/j.1556-6676.1990.tb02521.x · Cited by 281 · see citing works
Prevalence and Correlates of Nonrestorative Sleep Complaints
Ohayon, M. M. (2005) · Archives of Internal Medicine · doi:10.1001/archinte.165.1.35 · Cited by 276 · cited 1× · see citing works
“impairments, and cognitive and memory problems [48].”
Promoting social bonding: Strategies for helping the lonely and socially isolated.
Rook, K. S. (1984) · American Psychologist · doi:10.1037/0003-066x.39.12.1389 · Cited by 269 · cited 1× · see citing works
“Interventions for Loneliness Six qualitative reviews of the loneliness intervention literature have been published since 1984 [85–90], and all explicitly or implicitly addressed four main types of interventions: (1) enhancing social skills, (2) providing social support, (3) increasing opportunities for social interact…”
Causal beliefs, social participation, and loneliness among older adults: A longitudinal study
Newall, N. E. G., Chipperfield, J. G., Clifton, R. A., Perry, R. P., Swift, A., & Ruthig, J. C. (2009) · Journal of Social and Personal Relationships · doi:10.1177/0265407509106718 · Cited by 258 · cited 1× · see citing works
“Negative social expectations tend to elicit behaviors from others that confirm the lonely persons' expectations, thereby setting in motion a self-fulfilling prophecy in which lonely people actively distance themselves from would-be social partners even as they believe that the cause of the social distance is attributa…”
Social relationships, sleep quality, and interleukin-6 in aging women
Friedman, E. M., Hayney, M. S., Love, G. D., Urry, H. L., Rosenkranz, M. A., Davidson, R. J., Singer, B. H., & Ryff, C. D. (2005) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.0509281102 · Cited by 247 · cited 1× · see citing works
“, low energy, fatigue), but not with sleep duration [49–52].”
Loneliness impairs daytime functioning but not sleep duration.
Hawkley, L. C., Preacher, K. J., & Cacioppo, J. T. (2010) · Health Psychology · doi:10.1037/a0018646 · Cited by 247 · cited 1× · see citing works
“Cross-lagged panel analyses of the three consecutive days indicated potentially reciprocal causal roles for loneliness and daytime dysfunction: lonely feelings predicted daytime dysfunction the following day, and daytime dysfunction exerted a small but significant effect on lonely feelings the following day [55], effe…”
Self-citationEvolution for everyone: how Darwin's theory can change the way we think about our lives
(2007) · Choice Reviews Online · doi:10.5860/choice.45-0802 · Cited by 232 · see citing works
Gow, A. J., Pattie, A., Whiteman, M. C., Whalley, L. J., & Deary, I. J. (2007) · Journal of Individual Differences · doi:10.1027/1614-0001.28.3.103 · Cited by 231 · cited 1× · see citing works
“Feelings of loneliness at age 79 predicted “lifetime cognitive change” as indicated by lower IQ at age 79 adjusting for IQ at age 11, living arrangements at age 11 and at age 79, sex, marital status, and ideal level of social support [27].”
Reducing Suicide: A National Imperative
Wong, N. (2003) · American Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1176/appi.ajp.160.8.1534 · Cited by 229 · see citing works
Do Lonely Days Invade the Nights? Potential Social Modulation of Sleep Efficiency
Cacioppo, J. T., Hawkley, L. C., Berntson, G. G., et al. (2002) · Psychological Science · doi:10.1111/j.0956-7976.2002.00469.x · Cited by 214 · see citing works
Self-citationRoutasalo, P. E., Tilvis, R. S., Kautiainen, H., & Pitkala, K. H. (2009) · Journal of Advanced Nursing · doi:10.1111/j.1365-2648.2008.04837.x · Cited by 208 · cited 2× · see citing works
“Relative to the control group, individuals in the treatment group became more socially active, found new friends, and experienced an increase in feeling needed [93].”
Long-term follow-up of physical activity behavior in older adults.
McAuley, E., Morris, K. S., Motl, R. W., Hu, L., Konopack, J. F., & Elavsky, S. (2007) · Health Psychology · doi:10.1037/0278-6133.26.3.375 · Cited by 198 · cited 1× · see citing works
“Regulation of emotion can enhance the ability to regulate other self-control behaviors [38], as is evident from research showing that positive affect predicts increased physical activity [39].”
Does altered glucocorticoid homeostasis increase cardiovascular risk?
GIROD, J., & BROTMAN, D. (2004) · Cardiovascular Research · doi:10.1016/j.cardiores.2004.07.006 · Cited by 193 · cited 1× · see citing works
“coronary heart disease [67–69].”
Perese, E. F., & Wolf, M. (2005) · Issues in Mental Health Nursing · doi:10.1080/01612840590959425 · Cited by 189 · cited 1× · see citing works
“Interventions for Loneliness Six qualitative reviews of the loneliness intervention literature have been published since 1984 [85–90], and all explicitly or implicitly addressed four main types of interventions: (1) enhancing social skills, (2) providing social support, (3) increasing opportunities for social interact…”
Pitkala, K. H., Routasalo, P., Kautiainen, H., & Tilvis, R. S. (2009) · The Journals of Gerontology Series A: Biological Sciences and Medical Sciences · doi:10.1093/gerona/glp011 · Cited by 183 · cited 1× · see citing works
“This was accompanied by a significant improvement in self-rated health, fewer health care services and lower costs, and greater survival at 2-year follow-up [94].”
Vascular stiffening and arterial complianceImplications for systolic blood pressure
Schiffrin, E. L. (2004) · American Journal of Hypertension · doi:10.1016/j.amjhyper.2004.08.019 · Cited by 180 · cited 1× · see citing works
“Candidate mechanisms include agerelated changes in vascular physiology, including increased arterial stiffness [58], diminished endothelial cell release of nitric oxide, enhanced vascular responsivity to endothelial constriction factors, increases in circulating catecholamines, and attenuated vasodilator responses to…”
Social regulation of leukocyte homeostasis: the role of glucocorticoid sensitivity
Cole, S. W. (2008) · Brain, Behavior, and Immunity · doi:10.1016/j.bbi.2008.02.006 · Cited by 156 · cited 1× · see citing works
“In an extension of this work, a recent study showed that feelings of social isolation were associated with a proxy measure of functional glucocorticoid insensitivity [76].”
Social Neuroscience: Progress and Implications for Mental Health
Cacioppo, J. T., Amaral, D. G., Blanchard, J. J., Cameron, J. L., Carter, C. S., Crews, D. P., Fiske, S. T., Heatherton, T. F., Johnson, M. K., Kozak, M. J., et al. (2007) · Perspectives on Psychological Science · doi:10.1111/j.1745-6916.2007.00032.x · Cited by 132 · cited 1× · see citing works
“ensure that humans survived, reproduced, and cared for offspring sufficiently long that they, too, could reproduce [96–98].”
Self-citationInflammation and cortisol response in coronary artery disease
Nijm, J., & Jonasson, L. (2009) · Annals of Medicine · doi:10.1080/07853890802508934 · Cited by 128 · cited 1× · see citing works
“coronary heart disease [67–69].”
Social networks and longevity. A 14 year follow-up study among elderly in Denmark
Olsen, R. B., Olsen, J., Gunner-Svensson, F., & Waldstrøm, B. (1991) · Social Science & Medicine · doi:10.1016/0277-9536(91)90235-5 · Cited by 125 · cited 2× · see citing works
“Physiological functioning The association between loneliness and cardiovascular disease and mortality [13, 14, 19] may have its roots in physiological changes that begin early in life.”
Levine, S. D., & Mody, T. (2003) · Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews · doi:10.1016/s0149-7634(03)00011-3 · Cited by 106 · cited 1× · see citing works
“, [77–79]), suggesting that a subjective sense of social connectedness is important for genomic expression and normal immunoregulation in humans.”
Berguno, G., Leroux, P., McAinsh, K., & Shaikh, S. (2015) · The Qualitative Report · doi:10.46743/2160-3715/2004.1920 · Cited by 99 · see citing works
A review of loneliness concepts, with particular reference to old age
Weeks, D. J. (1994) · International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry · doi:10.1002/gps.930090502 · Cited by 99 · cited 1× · see citing works
“Loneliness is a common experience; as many as 80% of those under 18 years of age and 40% of adults over 65 years of age report being lonely at least sometimes [1– 3], with levels of loneliness gradually diminishing through the middle adult years, and then increasing in old age (i.”
Global Sleep Satisfaction of Older People: The Jerusalem Cohort Study
Jacobs, J. M., Cohen, A., Hammerman‐Rozenberg, R., & Stessman, J. (2006) · Journal of the American Geriatrics Society · doi:10.1111/j.1532-5415.2005.00579.x · Cited by 97 · cited 1× · see citing works
“, low energy, fatigue), but not with sleep duration [49–52].”
Pan, Y., Liu, Y., Young, K. A., Zhang, Z., & Wang, Z. (2009) · Neuroscience Letters · doi:10.1016/j.neulet.2009.02.064 · Cited by 92 · see citing works
Poletto, R., Steibel, J. P., Siegford, J. M., & Zanella, A. J. (2006) · Brain Research · doi:10.1016/j.brainres.2005.10.001 · Cited by 86 · see citing works
Social skills, stressful life events, and the development of psychosocial problems.
Segrin, C. (1999) · Journal of Social and Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1521/jscp.1999.18.1.14 · Cited by 75 · see citing works
Aging, ion channel expression, and vascular function
Toro, L., Marijic, J., Nishimaru, K., Tanaka, Y., Song, M., & Stefani, E. (2002) · Vascular Pharmacology · doi:10.1016/s0306-3623(02)00128-3 · Cited by 72 · cited 1× · see citing works
“smooth muscle [59–61].”
Perceived Alienation in Individs with Residual-Type Schizophrenia
Deniro, D. A. (1995) · Issues in Mental Health Nursing · doi:10.3109/01612849509006934 · Cited by 72 · cited 1× · see citing works
“Loneliness has been associated with personality disorders and psychoses [23–25], suicide [26], impaired cognitive performance and cognitive decline over time [27–29], increased risk of Alzheimer’s Disease [29], diminished executive control [30, 31], and increases in depressive symptoms [32–35].”
Loneliness and Sleep during Adolescence
Mahon, N. E. (1994) · Perceptual and Motor Skills · doi:10.2466/pms.1994.78.1.227 · Cited by 71 · cited 1× · see citing works
“, low energy, fatigue), but not with sleep duration [49–52].”
Glucocorticoid-induced hypertension: from mouse to man
Whitworth, J. A., Schyvens, C. G., Zhang, Y., Mangos, G. J., & Kelly, J. J. (2001) · Clinical and Experimental Pharmacology and Physiology · doi:10.1046/j.1440-1681.2001.03584.x · Cited by 66 · cited 1× · see citing works
“coronary heart disease [67–69].”
Richman, N. E., & Sokolove, R. L. (1992) · Psychoanalytic Psychology · doi:10.1037/h0079323 · Cited by 65 · cited 1× · see citing works
“Loneliness has been associated with personality disorders and psychoses [23–25], suicide [26], impaired cognitive performance and cognitive decline over time [27–29], increased risk of Alzheimer’s Disease [29], diminished executive control [30, 31], and increases in depressive symptoms [32–35].”
Neeleman, J., & Power, M. (1994) · Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology · doi:10.1007/bf00796448 · Cited by 57 · cited 1× · see citing works
“Loneliness has been associated with personality disorders and psychoses [23–25], suicide [26], impaired cognitive performance and cognitive decline over time [27–29], increased risk of Alzheimer’s Disease [29], diminished executive control [30, 31], and increases in depressive symptoms [32–35].”
Social Support Mediates Loneliness and Human Herpesvirus Type 6 (HHV‐6) Antibody Titers
Dixon, D. A., Cruess, S. E., Kilbourn, K. M., Klimas, N. G., FLETCHER, M. A., Ironson, G. H., Baum, A. E., Schneiderman, N., & Antoni, M. H. (2001) · Journal of Applied Social Psychology · doi:10.1111/j.1559-1816.2001.tb02665.x · Cited by 50 · cited 1× · see citing works
“Loneliness has been associated with impaired cellular immunity as reflected in lower natural killer (NK) cell activity and higher antibody titers to the Epstein Barr Virus and human herpes viruses [70, 80–82].”
Social relationships and immune processes in HIV seropositive gay and bisexual men
Miller, G. E., Kemeny, M. E., Taylor, S. E., Cole, S. W., & Visscher, B. R. (1997) · Annals of Behavioral Medicine · doi:10.1007/bf02883331 · Cited by 48 · cited 3× · see citing works
“These data suggest that loneliness protects against disease progression, but no association was observed between loneliness and time to AIDS diagnosis or AIDS-related mortality [84].”
Straits-Tröster, K. A., Patterson, T. L., Semple, S. J., Temoshok, L. R., Roth, P. G., McCutchan, J. A., Chandler, J. L., & Grant, I. (1994) · Psychology and Health · doi:10.1080/08870449408407481 · Cited by 37 · cited 1× · see citing works
“Among HIV-positive men without AIDS, loneliness was associated with a lower count of CD4 T-lymphocytes in one study [83] but was not associated with the CD4 count in another study [84].”
Sounding the Trumpet of Jakarta
Rafei, U. (1998) · Health Promotion International · doi:10.1093/heapro/13.1.1 · Cited by 22 · see citing works
(1998) · American Journal of Health Promotion · doi:10.4278/0890-1171-13.1.tahp-1 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Flagged first, then by citations
Research works printed but not linked: 1
- [99]Emler N Goodman R Ben Ze’ev A Gossip, reputation, and adaptation Good Gossip Lawrence University of Kansas Press 1994 34 46
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Loneliness and Social Isolation as Risk Factors for Mortality: A Meta-Analytic Review
Holt-Lunstad, J., Smith, T. B., Baker, M., Harris, T., & Stephenson, D. (2015) · Perspectives on Psychological Science · doi:10.1177/1745691614568352 · Cited by 6,043 · see citing works
Using social and behavioural science to support COVID-19 pandemic response
Bavel, J. J. V., Baicker, K., Boggio, P. S., Capraro, V., Cichocka, A., Cikara, M., Crockett, M. J., Crum, A. J., Douglas, K. M., Druckman, J. N., et al. (2020) · Nature Human Behaviour · doi:10.1038/s41562-020-0884-z · Cited by 4,964 · see citing works
Leigh-Hunt, N., Bagguley, D., Bash, K., Turner, V., Turnbull, S., Valtorta, N., & Caan, W. (2017) · Public Health · doi:10.1016/j.puhe.2017.07.035 · Cited by 2,158 · see citing works
Valtorta, N. K., Kanaan, M., Gilbody, S., Ronzi, S., & Hanratty, B. (2016) · Heart · doi:10.1136/heartjnl-2015-308790 · Cited by 1,971 · see citing works
Social Withdrawal in Childhood
Rubin, K. H., Coplan, R. J., & Bowker, J. C. (2009) · Annual Review of Psychology · doi:10.1146/annurev.psych.60.110707.163642 · Cited by 1,503 · see citing works
Wang, J., Mann, F., Lloyd-Evans, B., Ma, R., & Johnson, S. (2018) · BMC Psychiatry · doi:10.1186/s12888-018-1736-5 · Cited by 1,494 · see citing works
Social isolation, loneliness and health in old age: a scoping review
Courtin, E., & Knapp, M. (2017) · Health & Social Care in the Community · doi:10.1111/hsc.12311 · Cited by 1,463 · see citing works
Stress and parenting during the global COVID-19 pandemic
Brown, S. M., Doom, J. R., Lechuga-Peña, S., Watamura, S. E., & Koppels, T. (2020) · Child Abuse & Neglect · doi:10.1016/j.chiabu.2020.104699 · Cited by 1,344 · see citing works
Loneliness in the general population: prevalence, determinants and relations to mental health
Beutel, M. E., Klein, E. M., Brähler, E., Reiner, I., Jünger, C., Michal, M., Wiltink, J., Wild, P. S., Münzel, T., Lackner, K. J., et al. (2017) · BMC Psychiatry · doi:10.1186/s12888-017-1262-x · Cited by 1,223 · see citing works
Loneliness, health, and mortality in old age: A national longitudinal study
Luo, Y., Hawkley, L. C., Waite, L. J., & Cacioppo, J. T. (2012) · Social Science & Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.socscimed.2011.11.028 · Cited by 1,232 · see citing works
Self-citationChu, C., Buchman-Schmitt, J. M., Stanley, I. H., Hom, M. A., Tucker, R. P., Hagan, C. R., Rogers, M. L., Podlogar, M. C., Chiurliza, B., Ringer, F. B., et al. (2017) · Psychological Bulletin · doi:10.1037/bul0000123 · Cited by 1,231 · see citing works
“…a fundamental need to belong (Baumeister & Leary, 1995) that, when unmet, leads to a range of negative health outcomes (Cacioppo & Cacioppo, 2014; Hawkley & Cacioppo, 2010; HoltLunstad, Smith, Baker, Harris, & Stephenson, 2015; Holt-Lunstad, Smith, & Layton, 2010), including increased rates of…”
The effects of social deprivation on adolescent development and mental health
Orben, A., Tomova, L., & Blakemore, S.-J. (2020) · The Lancet Child & Adolescent Health · doi:10.1016/s2352-4642(20)30186-3 · Cited by 1,229 · see citing works
“Indeed, feeling insufficiently connected to others is associated with profound and lasting negative consequences on physical and mental health, even leading to increased mortality(2).”
Liu, C. H., Zhang, E., Wong, G. T. F., Hyun, S., & Hahm, H. “. (2020) · Psychiatry Research · doi:10.1016/j.psychres.2020.113172 · Cited by 1,157 · see citing works
Loneliness Across the Life Span
Qualter, P., Vanhalst, J., Harris, R., Van Roekel, E., Lodder, G., Bangee, M., Maes, M., & Verhagen, M. (2015) · Perspectives on Psychological Science · doi:10.1177/1745691615568999 · Cited by 1,080 · see citing works
More than a feeling: A unified view of stress measurement for population science
Epel, E. S., Crosswell, A. D., Mayer, S. E., Prather, A. A., Slavich, G. M., Puterman, E., & Mendes, W. B. (2018) · Frontiers in Neuroendocrinology · doi:10.1016/j.yfrne.2018.03.001 · Cited by 1,077 · see citing works
“For example, loneliness predicts earlier mortality (Holt-Lunstad et al., 2015), and is associated with less salutary profiles of cortisol and inflammatory responses to acute stress (Cacioppo et al., 2015; Eisenberger et al., 2017; Hawkley and Cacioppo, 2010).”
BackgroundEisenberger, N. I. (2012) · Nature Reviews Neuroscience · doi:10.1038/nrn3231 · Cited by 1,016 · see citing works
The trajectory of loneliness in response to COVID-19
Luchetti, M., Lee, J. H., Aschwanden, D., Sesker, A., Strickhouser, J. E., Terracciano, A., & Sutin, A. R. (2020) · American Psychologist · doi:10.1037/amp0000690 · Cited by 903 · see citing works
“This modest effect size is important to note: Even a small increase in loneliness may pose greater risk for poor health and well-being outcomes (Hawkley & Cacioppo, 2010).”
BackgroundLoneliness and health in older adults: a mini-review and synthesis
Ong, A. D., Uchino, B. N., & Wethington, E. (2016) · Gerontology · doi:10.1159/000441651 · Cited by 868 · see citing works
Loneliness around the world: age, gender, and cultural differences in loneliness
Barreto, M., Victor, C., Hammond, C., Eccles, A., Richins, M. T., & Qualter, P. (2021) · Personality and Individual Differences · doi:10.1016/j.paid.2020.110066 · Cited by 828 · see citing works
Kok, B. E., Coffey, K. A., Cohn, M. A., Catalino, L. I., Vacharkulksemsuk, T., Algoe, S. B., Brantley, M., & Fredrickson, B. L. (2013) · Psychological Science · doi:10.1177/0956797612470827 · Cited by 755 · see citing works
The Prevalence of Loneliness Among Adults: A Case Study of the United Kingdom
Victor, C. R., & Yang, K. (2012) · The Journal of Psychology · doi:10.1080/00223980.2011.613875 · Cited by 746 · see citing works
Loneliness and social isolation interventions for older adults: a scoping review of reviews
Fakoya, O. A., McCorry, N. K., & Donnelly, M. (2020) · BMC Public Health · doi:10.1186/s12889-020-8251-6 · Cited by 842 · see citing works
“Review papers were published between 1984 and 2017 and of these, systematic reviews were the most common type of reviews obtained [9, 10, 26, 31–41], followed by literature reviews [6, 42–47], evidence reviews [18, 48–50], narrative reviews [25, 51, 52], and other types of review including critical [53], empirical [54…”
BackgroundBu, F., Steptoe, A., & Fancourt, D. (2020) · Public Health · doi:10.1016/j.puhe.2020.06.036 · Cited by 703 · see citing works
Social determinants of health and survival in humans and other animals
Snyder-Mackler, N., Burger, J. R., Gaydosh, L., Belsky, D. W., Noppert, G. A., Campos, F. A., Bartolomucci, A., Yang, Y. C., Aiello, A. E., O’Rand, A., et al. (2020) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.aax9553 · Cited by 679 · see citing works
Association of loneliness with all-cause mortality: A meta-analysis
Rico‐Uribe, L. A., Caballero, F. F., Martín‐María, N., Cabello, M., Ayuso‐Mateos, J. L., & Miret, M. (2018) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0190033 · Cited by 662 · see citing works
Mushtaq, R. (2014) · JOURNAL OF CLINICAL AND DIAGNOSTIC RESEARCH · doi:10.7860/jcdr/2014/10077.4828 · Cited by 622 · see citing works
Creswell, J. D., Irwin, M. R., Burklund, L. J., Lieberman, M. D., Arevalo, J. M. G., Ma, J., Breen, E. C., & Cole, S. W. (2012) · Brain, Behavior, and Immunity · doi:10.1016/j.bbi.2012.07.006 · Cited by 607 · see citing works
Age and loneliness in 25 European nations
YANG, K., & VICTOR, C. (2011) · Ageing and Society · doi:10.1017/s0144686x1000139x · Cited by 540 · see citing works
The Effect of Loneliness on Distinct Health Outcomes: A Comprehensive Review and Meta-Analysis
Park, C., Majeed, A., Gill, H., Tamura, J., Ho, R. C., Mansur, R. B., Nasri, F., Lee, Y., Rosenblat, J. D., Wong, E., et al. (2020) · Psychiatry Research · doi:10.1016/j.psychres.2020.113514 · Cited by 604 · see citing works
Social isolation, loneliness and depression in young adulthood: a behavioural genetic analysis
Matthews, T., Danese, A., Wertz, J., Odgers, C. L., Ambler, A., Moffitt, T. E., & Arseneault, L. (2016) · Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology · doi:10.1007/s00127-016-1178-7 · Cited by 534 · see citing works
Lee, S. L., Pearce, E., Ajnakina, O., Johnson, S., Lewis, G., Mann, F., Pitman, A., Solmi, F., Sommerlad, A., Steptoe, A., et al. (2020) · The Lancet Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/s2215-0366(20)30383-7 · Cited by 545 · see citing works
The Emerging Field of Human Social Genomics
Slavich, G. M., & Cole, S. W. (2013) · Clinical Psychological Science · doi:10.1177/2167702613478594 · Cited by 523 · see citing works
Personality, Well-Being, and Health*
Friedman, H. S., & Kern, M. L. (2014) · Annual Review of Psychology · doi:10.1146/annurev-psych-010213-115123 · Cited by 530 · see citing works
Hearing Impairment and Incident Dementia and Cognitive Decline in Older Adults: The Health ABC Study
Deal, J. A., Betz, J., Yaffe, K. S., Harris, T. B., Purchase-Helzner, E., Satterfield, S., Pratt, S. R., Govil, N., Simonsick, E. M., Lin, F. R., et al. (2016) · The Journals of Gerontology Series A · doi:10.1093/gerona/glw069 · Cited by 515 · see citing works
Depression and Social Identity: An Integrative Review
Cruwys, T., Haslam, S. A., Dingle, G. A., Haslam, C., & Jetten, J. (2014) · Personality and Social Psychology Review · doi:10.1177/1088868314523839 · Cited by 498 · see citing works
Social support, social strain, loneliness, and well-being among older adults
Chen, Y., & Feeley, T. H. (2013) · Journal of Social and Personal Relationships · doi:10.1177/0265407513488728 · Cited by 502 · see citing works
Domènech-Abella, J., Mundó, J., Haro, J. M., & Rubio-Valera, M. (2019) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2018.12.043 · Cited by 469 · see citing works
Krendl, A. C., & Perry, B. L. (2020) · The Journals of Gerontology Series B · doi:10.1093/geronb/gbaa110 · Cited by 495 · see citing works
Perceived social isolation, evolutionary fitness and health outcomes: a lifespan approach
Hawkley, L. C., & Capitanio, J. P. (2015) · Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences · doi:10.1098/rstb.2014.0114 · Cited by 468 · see citing works
Self-citationHow the COVID-19 pandemic is focusing attention on loneliness and social isolation
Smith, B., & Lim, M. (2020) · Public Health Research and Practice · doi:10.17061/phrp3022008 · Cited by 460 · see citing works
Ben-Zeev, D., Scherer, E. A., Wang, R., Xie, H., & Campbell, A. T. (2015) · Psychiatric Rehabilitation Journal · doi:10.1037/prj0000130 · Cited by 429 · see citing works
User Experiences of Social Support From Companion Chatbots in Everyday Contexts: Thematic Analysis
Ta, V., Griffith, C., Boatfield, C., Wang, X., Civitello, M., Bader, H., DeCero, E., & Loggarakis, A. (2020) · Journal of Medical Internet Research · doi:10.2196/16235 · Cited by 461 · see citing works
“This is important because loneliness is currently a widespread global health issue [35] and can have serious negative effects on health [36-39].”
BackgroundWang, F., Gao, Y., Han, Z., Yu, Y., Long, Z., Jiang, X., Wu, Y., Pei, B., Cao, Y., Ye, J., et al. (2023) · Nature Human Behaviour · doi:10.1038/s41562-023-01617-6 · Cited by 474 · see citing works
No Employee an Island: Workplace Loneliness and Job Performance
Özçelik, H., & Barsade, S. G. (2018) · Academy of Management Journal · doi:10.5465/amj.2015.1066 · Cited by 451 · see citing works
Are loneliness and social isolation associated with cognitive decline?
Lara, E., Caballero, F. F., Rico‐Uribe, L. A., Olaya, B., Haro, J. M., Ayuso‐Mateos, J. L., & Miret, M. (2019) · International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry · doi:10.1002/gps.5174 · Cited by 423 · see citing works
Ge, L., Yap, C. W., Ong, R., & Heng, B. H. (2017) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0182145 · Cited by 432 · see citing works
The Stability and Change of Loneliness Across the Life Span: A Meta-Analysis of Longitudinal Studies
Mund, M., Freuding, M. M., Möbius, K., Horn, N., & Neyer, F. J. (2020) · Personality and Social Psychology Review · doi:10.1177/1088868319850738 · Cited by 417 · see citing works
Affective science and health: The importance of emotion and emotion regulation.
DeSteno, D. A., Gross, J. J., & Kubzansky, L. D. (2013) · Health Psychology · doi:10.1037/a0030259 · Cited by 417 · see citing works
Oh, H. J., Kim, J., Chang, J. J. C., Park, N., & Lee, S. (2022) · Computers in Human Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.chb.2022.107498 · Cited by 402 · see citing works
Loneliness, Mental Health, and Substance Use among US Young Adults during COVID-19
Horigian, V. E., Schmidt, R. D., & Feaster, D. J. (2020) · Journal of Psychoactive Drugs · doi:10.1080/02791072.2020.1836435 · Cited by 391 · see citing works
“Distinct from objective social isolation and solitude, loneliness is the feeling of lacking needed social connections (Hawkley and Cacioppo 2010), and has been associated with depression, suicidality, substance abuse (Lamis, Ballard, and Patel 2014), and cognitive decline, as well as overall health…”
BackgroundTrajectories of loneliness during childhood and adolescence: Predictors and health outcomes
Qualter, P., Brown, S. L., Rotenberg, K. J., Vanhalst, J., Harris, R. A., Goossens, L., Bangee, M., & Munn, P. (2013) · Journal of Adolescence · doi:10.1016/j.adolescence.2013.01.005 · Cited by 377 · see citing works
Emerson, E., Fortune, N., Llewellyn, G. M., & Stancliffe, R. J. (2020) · Disability and health journal · doi:10.1016/j.dhjo.2020.100965 · Cited by 385 · see citing works
The amygdala as a hub in brain networks that support social life
Bickart, K. C., Dickerson, B. C., & Feldman Barrett, L. (2014) · Neuropsychologia · doi:10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2014.08.013 · Cited by 344 · see citing works
Williams, W. C., Morelli, S. A., Ong, D. C., & Zaki, J. (2018) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/pspi0000132 · Cited by 352 · see citing works
Loneliness and the Big Five Personality Traits: A Meta–Analysis
Buecker, S., Maes, M., Denissen, J. J. A., & Luhmann, M. (2020) · European Journal of Personality · doi:10.1002/per.2229 · Cited by 385 · see citing works
Lindsay, E. K., Young, S., Brown, K. W., Smyth, J. M., & Creswell, J. D. (2019) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.1813588116 · Cited by 344 · see citing works
Grant, A. M. (2012) · Academy of Management Review · doi:10.5465/amr.2010.0280 · Cited by 356 · see citing works
Richard, A., Rohrmann, S., Vandeleur, C. L., Schmid, M., Barth, J., & Eichholzer, M. (2017) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0181442 · Cited by 350 · see citing works
Lara, E., Martín-María, N., De la Torre-Luque, A., Koyanagi, A., Vancampfort, D., Izquierdo, A., & Miret, M. (2019) · Ageing Research Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.arr.2019.03.002 · Cited by 351 · see citing works
Social Isolation, Loneliness, and Health Behaviors at Older Ages: Longitudinal Cohort Study
Kobayashi, L. C., & Steptoe, A. (2018) · Annals of Behavioral Medicine · doi:10.1093/abm/kax033 · Cited by 351 · see citing works
Pain, depression, and fatigue: Loneliness as a longitudinal risk factor.
Jaremka, L. M., Andridge, R. R., Fagundes, C. P., Alfano, C. M., Povoski, S. P., Lipari, A. M., Agnese, D. M., Arnold, M. W., Farrar, W. B., Yee, L. D., et al. (2014) · Health Psychology · doi:10.1037/a0034012 · Cited by 346 · see citing works
Mann, F., Bone, J. K., Lloyd-Evans, B., Frerichs, J., Pinfold, V., Ma, R., Wang, J., & Johnson, S. (2017) · Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology · doi:10.1007/s00127-017-1392-y · Cited by 346 · see citing works
Loneliness, isolation and the health of older adults: do we need a new research agenda?
Valtorta, N., & Hanratty, B. (2012) · Journal of the Royal Society of Medicine · doi:10.1258/jrsm.2012.120128 · Cited by 343 · see citing works
Dahlberg, L., & McKee, K. (2013) · Aging & Mental Health · doi:10.1080/13607863.2013.856863 · Cited by 343 · see citing works
Health behaviour changes during COVID-19 and the potential consequences: A mini-review
Arora, T., & Grey, I. (2020) · Journal of Health Psychology · doi:10.1177/1359105320937053 · Cited by 310 · see citing works
“Socially isolated individuals are more likely to abuse drugs (Hawkley and Cacioppo, 2010), smoke cigarettes (Dyal and Valente, 2015; Nino et al., 2016), be diagnosed with substance use disorder (Chou et al., 2011), and use alcohol, in the forms of both inebriation and binge drinking (Canham et al.,…”
BackgroundSMITH, K. J., & VICTOR, C. (2019) · Ageing and Society · doi:10.1017/s0144686x18000132 · Cited by 337 · see citing works
Loneliness, common mental disorders and suicidal behavior: Findings from a general population survey
Stickley, A., & Koyanagi, A. (2016) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2016.02.054 · Cited by 334 · see citing works
Loneliness and risk of dementia
Sutin, A. R., Stephan, Y., Luchetti, M., & Terracciano, A. (2020) · The Journals of Gerontology: Series B · doi:10.1093/geronb/gby112 · Cited by 331 · see citing works
COVID-19 anxiety symptoms associated with problematic smartphone use severity in Chinese adults
Elhai, J. D., Yang, H., McKay, D., & Asmundson, G. J. G. (2020) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2020.05.080 · Cited by 325 · see citing works
“Given that social isolation drives emotional distress and negative affect (Hawkley and Cacioppo, 2010; Leigh-Hunt et al., 2017), general anxiety and depression as well as anxiety specific to COVID-19 should, in turn, exacerbate PSU (reviewed in Elhai et al., 2019a; Yang et al., 2020).”
Loneliness predicts pain, depression, and fatigue: Understanding the role of immune dysregulation
Jaremka, L. M., Fagundes, C. P., Glaser, R., Bennett, J. M., Malarkey, W. B., & Kiecolt‐Glaser, J. K. (2012) · Psychoneuroendocrinology · doi:10.1016/j.psyneuen.2012.11.016 · Cited by 318 · see citing works
Mouratidis, K. (2017) · Cities · doi:10.1016/j.cities.2017.10.020 · Cited by 316 · see citing works
Social baseline theory: the social regulation of risk and effort
Coan, J. A., & Sbarra, D. A. (2015) · Current Opinion in Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.copsyc.2014.12.021 · Cited by 313 · see citing works
Boursier, V., Gioia, F., Musetti, A., & Schimmenti, A. (2020) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2020.586222 · Cited by 309 · see citing works
Lee, E. E., Depp, C., Palmer, B. W., Glorioso, D., Daly, R., Liu, J., Tu, X. M., Kim, H.-C., Tarr, P., Yamada, Y., et al. (2019) · International Psychogeriatrics · doi:10.1017/s1041610218002120 · Cited by 286 · see citing works
Mobile, social, and wearable computing and the evolution of psychological practice.
Morris, M. E., & Aguilera, A. (2012) · Professional Psychology Research and Practice · doi:10.1037/a0029041 · Cited by 294 · see citing works
Hoang, P., King, J. A., Moore, S., Moore, K., Reich, K., Sidhu, H., Tan, C. V., Whaley, C., & McMillan, J. (2022) · JAMA Network Open · doi:10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2022.36676 · Cited by 315 · see citing works
Social support mediates loneliness and depression in elderly people
Liu, L., Gou, Z., & Zuo, J. (2016) · Journal of Health Psychology · doi:10.1177/1359105314536941 · Cited by 352 · see citing works
Loneliness, Resilience, Mental Health, and Quality of Life in Old Age: A Structural Equation Model
Gerino, E., Rollè, L., Sechi, C., & Brustia, P. (2017) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2017.02003 · Cited by 311 · see citing works
Urban nature as a source of resilience during social distancing amidst the coronavirus pandemicPreprint
Samuelsson, K., Barthel, S., Colding, J., Macassa, G., & Giusti, M. (2020) · doi:10.31219/osf.io/3wx5a · Cited by 292 · see citing works
Predictors of loneliness among older women and men in Sweden: A national longitudinal study
Dahlberg, L., Andersson, L. F., McKee, K., & Lennartsson, C. (2014) · Aging & Mental Health · doi:10.1080/13607863.2014.944091 · Cited by 292 · see citing works
Acute social isolation evokes midbrain craving responses similar to hunger
Tomova, L., Wang, K. L., Thompson, T., Matthews, G. A., Takahashi, A., Tye, K. M., & Saxe, R. (2020) · Nature Neuroscience · doi:10.1038/s41593-020-00742-z · Cited by 283 · see citing works
Intrinsic Amygdala–Cortical Functional Connectivity Predicts Social Network Size in Humans
Bickart, K. C., Hollenbeck, M. C., Barrett, L. F., & Dickerson, B. C. (2012) · The Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1523/jneurosci.1599-12.2012 · Cited by 272 · see citing works
Loneliness in Psychosis: A Meta-analytical Review
da Rocha, B. M., Rhodes, S., Vasilopoulou, E., & Hutton, P. (2017) · Schizophrenia Bulletin · doi:10.1093/schbul/sbx036 · Cited by 286 · see citing works
The dimensions of successful young adult development: A conceptual and measurement framework
Scales, P. C., Benson, P., Oesterle, S., Hemphill, S. A., Hawkins, J. D., & Pashak, T. J. (2015) · Applied Developmental Science · doi:10.1080/10888691.2015.1082429 · Cited by 280 · see citing works
Leavell, M. A., Leiferman, J. A., Gascón, M., Braddick, F., González, J. C., & Litt, J. (2019) · Current Environmental Health Reports · doi:10.1007/s40572-019-00251-7 · Cited by 283 · see citing works
Buecker, S., Mund, M., Chwastek, S., Sostmann, M., & Luhmann, M. (2021) · Psychological Bulletin · doi:10.1037/bul0000332 · Cited by 295 · see citing works
Kujawa, A., Green, H. E., Compas, B. E., Dickey, L., & Pegg, S. L. (2020) · Depression and Anxiety · doi:10.1002/da.23109 · Cited by 281 · see citing works
“Critically, experiences associated with the pandemic, including social isolation, interpersonal strain, and uncontrollable stressors have particularly strong effects on internalizing symptoms (e.g., Hawkley & Cacioppo, 2010; Maier & Seligman, 2016; Rudolph et al., 2000; Tabak et al., 2015).”
BackgroundResolving uncertainty in a social world
FeldmanHall, O., & Shenhav, A. (2019) · Nature Human Behaviour · doi:10.1038/s41562-019-0590-x · Cited by 276 · see citing works
Mattering at the Intersection of Psychology, Philosophy, and Politics
Prilleltensky, I. (2019) · American Journal of Community Psychology · doi:10.1002/ajcp.12368 · Cited by 300 · see citing works
“Among the elderly, isolation is related to higher mortality rates and increased risk for cognitive decline and heart attacks (Hawkley & Cacioppo, 2010; Perissinotto, Stijacic, & Covinsky, 2012; Pinker, 2014).”
BackgroundKazdin, A. E. (2021) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781108993647.010 · Cited by 279 · see citing works
Aging and the HPA axis: Stress and resilience in older adults
Gaffey, A. E., Bergeman, C. S., Clark, L. A., & Wirth, M. M. (2016) · Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2016.05.036 · Cited by 273 · see citing works
Hickin, N., Käll, A., Shafran, R., Sutcliffe, S., Manzotti, G., & Langan, D. (2021) · Clinical Psychology Review · doi:10.1016/j.cpr.2021.102066 · Cited by 273 · see citing works
Loneliness and Mortality Among Older Adults in China
Luo, Y., & Waite, L. J. (2014) · The Journals of Gerontology Series B: Psychological Sciences and Social Sciences · doi:10.1093/geronb/gbu007 · Cited by 252 · see citing works
Effects of social isolation on glucocorticoid regulation in social mammals
Hawkley, L. C., Cole, S. W., Capitanio, J. P., Norman, G. J., & Cacioppo, J. T. (2012) · Hormones and Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.yhbeh.2012.05.011 · Cited by 262 · see citing works
Self-citationRelationship between loneliness and mental health in students
Richardson, T., Elliott, P., & Roberts, R. (2017) · Journal of Public Mental Health · doi:10.1108/jpmh-03-2016-0013 · Cited by 256 · see citing works
Towards a second-person neuropsychiatry
Schilbach, L. (2016) · Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences · doi:10.1098/rstb.2015.0081 · Cited by 251 · see citing works
The COVID-19 pandemic: a pandemic of lockdown loneliness and the role of digital technology
Shah, S. G. S., Nogueras, D., van Woerden, H. C., & Kiparoglou, V. (2020) · Journal of Medical Internet Research · doi:10.2196/22287 · Cited by 263 · see citing works
“Nonetheless, most people affected by social isolation and lockdown loneliness during the pandemic might not feel lonely yet because these effects may take some time to show up [56].”
Loneliness and Eating Disorders
Levine, M. P. (2012) · The Journal of Psychology · doi:10.1080/00223980.2011.606435 · Cited by 259 · see citing works
Achterbergh, L., Pitman, A., Birken, M., Pearce, E., Sno, H. N., & Johnson, S. (2020) · BMC Psychiatry · doi:10.1186/s12888-020-02818-3 · Cited by 266 · see citing works
Williams, C. Y. K., Townson, A. T., Kapur, M., Ferreira, A. F., Nunn, R., Galante, J., Phillips, V., Gentry, S. V., & Usher‐Smith, J. A. (2021) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0247139 · Cited by 250 · see citing works
“These findings collectively suggest a possible underlying cognitive aspect to loneliness, which may be targeted either directly using psychology-based interventions, or indirectly by exploring the causes of one’s loneliness and practising the development and maintenance of social relationships [77].”
Background
- Authors
- Hawkley, L. C., & Cacioppo, J. T.
- Affiliations
- University of Chicago (US)
- Corresponding author
- Hawkley, Louise C.
- Venue
- Annals of Behavioral Medicine
- Publisher
- Oxford University Press (OUP)
- Published
- 2010-07-22
- Volume
- 40
- Issue
- 2
- Pages
- 218-227
- ISSN
- 0742-5554 (ISSN-L)
- 0883-6612
- 1532-4796
- PMC
- PMC3874845
- OpenAlex
- W2168289525
- Cited by
- 4,782
- References
- 104
- Citations by year
- 2026: 598 · 2025: 580 · 2024: 534 · 2023: 576 · 2022: 561 · 2021: 515 · 2020: 379 · 2019: 230 · 2018: 191 · 2017: 149 · 2016: 111 · 2015: 131 · 2014: 92 · 2013: 63 · 2012: 40
- FWCI
- 7.30
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Locations
- Annals of Behavioral Medicine (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (acceptedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- Funders
- John Templeton Foundation
- National Institutes of Health (Z99 RG999999, 5r01ag036433-02)
- National Institute on Aging (R01 AG 036433-01, R01-AG036433, R01AG034052)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Health › Health disparities and outcomes
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Social Psychology › Death Anxiety and Social Exclusion
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Social Psychology › Attachment and Relationship Dynamics
- Keywords
- loneliness, social isolation, hypervigilance, social danger, vulnerability, sleep quality, physical health effects, mental health outcomes, attentional bias, memory bias, loneliness interventions, physiological function
- MeSH terms
- Cognition, Health Status, Humans, Hypothalamo-Hypophyseal System, Immune System, Loneliness, Mental Health, Mortality, Pituitary-Adrenal System, Gene Expression
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
