Immunotoxicological profile of chloramine in female B6C3F1mice when administered in the drinking water for 28 days
Open accessAbstract
Monochloramine has been used to provide a disinfecting residual in water distribution systems where it is difficult to maintain an adequate free-chlorine residual or where disinfection by-product formation is of concern. The goal of this study was to characterize the immunotoxic effects of chloramine in female B(6)C(3)F(1) mice when administered via the drinking water. Mice were exposed to chloramine-containing deionized tap water at 2, 10, 20, 100, or 200 ppm for 28 days. No statistically significant differences in drinking water consumption, body weight, body weight gain, organ weights, or hematological parameters between the exposed and control animals were noted during the experimental period. There were no changes in the percentages and numbers of total B-lymphocytes, T-lymphocytes, CD4(+) and CD8(+) T-lymphocytes, natural killer (NK) cells, and macrophages in the spleen. Exposure to chloramine did not affect the IgM antibody-forming cell response to sheep red blood cells (SRBC) or anti-SRBC IgM antibody production. Minimal effects, judged to be biologically insignificant, were observed in the mixed-leukocyte response and NK activity. In conclusion, chloramine produced no toxicological and immunotoxic effects in female B(6)C(3)F(1) mice when administered for 28 days in the drinking water at concentrations ranging from 2-200 ppm.
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In mice, administration of monochloramine for 28 days at dose levels of 0.38-38 mg/kg bw/day resulted in some minimal immunological effects that were judged to be biologically insignificant.
“In mice, administration for 28 days at dose levels of 0.38-38 mg/kg bw/day resulted in some minimal immunological effects that were judged to be biologically insignificant.”
From Inorganic chloramines: a critical review of the toxicological and epidemiological evidence as a basis for occupational exposure limit setting (2020) · cites this paper as Guo et al. 2011
The Abstract reports that female mice received chloramine for 28 days and had minimal immunological effects judged biologically insignificant. However, Animal handling and chemicals gives the administered concentrations as 2–200 ppm, and the concluding passage estimates 40 mg/kg/day at the highest concentration; our copy does not state the claimed 0.38–38 mg/kg bw/day range. (LLM, conf=0.83)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredIn female B6C3F1 mice, 28-day monochloramine in drinking water at 2-200 mg/l produced no significant differences in drinking water consumption, body weight, body weight gain, organ weights or hematological parameters, and minimal immunological effects judged biologically insignificant.
“No significant differences in drinking water consumption, body weight, body weight gain, organ weights or hematological parameters were noted and some minimal immunological effects (mixed-leukocyte response and activity of natural killer cells) were judged to be biologically insignificant (Guo et al. 2011).”
From Inorganic chloramines: a critical review of the toxicological and epidemiological evidence as a basis for occupational exposure limit setting (2020) · cites this paper as Guo et al. 2011
No effects were observed in hematological parameters, organ weights, body weight, body weight gain or water consumption in mice administered monochloramine for 28 days at 0.38-38 mg/kg bw/day.
“No effects were observed in hematological parameters, organ weights, body weight, body weight gain or water consumption (Guo et al. 2011).”
From Inorganic chloramines: a critical review of the toxicological and epidemiological evidence as a basis for occupational exposure limit setting (2020) · cites this paper as Guo et al. 2011
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Cites
Volatile disinfection by-product analysis from chlorinated indoor swimming pools
Weaver, W. A., Li, J., Wen, Y., Johnston, J., Blatchley, M. R., & Blatchley III, E. R. (2009) · Water Research · doi:10.1016/j.watres.2009.04.035 · Cited by 172 · see citing works
Bowen, A. B., Kile, J. C., Otto, C., Kazerouni, N., Austin, C., Blount, B. C., Wong, H.-N., Beach, M. J., & Fry, A. M. (2007) · Environmental Health Perspectives · doi:10.1289/ehp.9555 · Cited by 40 · see citing works
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Wastensson, G., & Eriksson, K. (2020) · Critical Reviews in Toxicology · doi:10.1080/10408444.2020.1744514 · Cited by 30 · see citing works
- Authors
- Guo, T. L., Germolec, D. R., Collins, B. J., Luebke, R. W., Auttachoat, W., Smith, M. J., & White, K. L.
- Affiliations
- Virginia Commonwealth University (US)
- National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences (US)
- Environmental Protection Agency (US)
- Corresponding author
- White, Kimber L.
- Venue
- Journal of Immunotoxicology
- Publisher
- Informa UK Limited
- Published
- 2011-10-21
- Volume
- 8
- Issue
- 4
- Pages
- 381-388
- ISSN
- 1547-6901 (ISSN-L)
- 1547-691X
- OpenAlex
- W2112091884
- Cited by
- 2
- References
- 3
- Citations by year
- 2021: 1 · 2020: 1
- FWCI
- 0.00
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Locations
- Journal of Immunotoxicology (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
- Office of Research and Development
- Department of Health, Vermont
- National Institutes of Health
- National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences
- NHLBI Division of Intramural Research
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Health, Toxicology and Mutagenesis › Water Treatment and Disinfection
- Life Sciences › Immunology and Microbiology › Immunology › Immunotoxicology and immune responses
- Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Health, Toxicology and Mutagenesis › Environmental Toxicology and Ecotoxicology
- Keywords
- chloramines, monochloramine, immunotoxicity, drinking water disinfection, water distribution systems, B cells, T cells, natural killer cells, macrophages, IgM antibody response, B6C3F1 mice, hematological parameters
- MeSH terms
- Administration, Oral, Animals, Antibody Formation, Chloramines, Disinfectants, Female, Immune System, Immunity, Cellular, Immunity, Innate, Mice, Inbred Strains, Sheep, Spleen, Water Pollutants, Chemical, Water Supply, Toxicity Tests, Mice
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