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Virtual reality as a therapeutic modality for children with cerebral palsy
Abstract
OBJECTIVE: The evidence for using virtual reality (VR) with children with cerebral palsy (CP) was examined. METHODS: A search of 13 electronic databases identified all types of studies examining VR as an intervention for children with CP. The most recent article included was published in October 2008. For each study, the quality of the methods was assessed using the appropriate scale. A total of 19 articles were retrieved. Thirteen studies from 11 articles were included in the final analysis. RESULTS: Outcomes documented brain reorganization/plasticity, motor capacity, visual-perceptual skills, social participation and personal factors. Two studies were randomized controlled trials. These reported conflicting results regarding motor outcomes. Twelve of the 13 studies presented positive outcomes in at least one domain. CONCLUSIONS: VR has potential benefits for children with CP. However, the current level of evidence is poor and empirical data is lacking. Future methodologically rigorous studies are required.
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“A review of virtual reality use by children with CP, which included motor but not postural control outcomes, agrees that substantial benefits could be gained from using virtual reality; however, the current evidence is weak. 66”
From Exercise interventions improve postural control in children with cerebral palsy: a systematic review (2015) · cites this paper as [66]
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“There is scope for new experiences, therapeutic benefits (Snider et al. 2010), even improvements in general accessibility for people who have better head control than hand control.”
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“Additional sensory information, such as sound through speakers or headphones, may also be included [4,8].”
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“The early results are showing that Active Video Game, which involves the use of movement of the body parts to play games are beneficial to cerebral palsy[9].”
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“VR, which presents a computer simulation of the real world that allows the user to experience the simulation through a humanmachine interface (Holden, 2005), has been widely explored as a training tool for motor rehabilitation in children with CP (Snider et al., 2010; Chen et al., 2014a; Choi et al., 2021).”
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BackgroundVirtual Reality As a Training Tool to Treat Physical Inactivity in Children
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“Using attractive, game-like environments, VR is a motivating and entertaining way to engage children with CP in therapy [2], while providing an opportunity for practice and repetition of movements.”
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Observing the use of an input device for rehabilitation purposes
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“…& Francis Augmented reality and virtual reality are also techniques used for physical and perceptive rehabilitation of patients with CP (Holden 2005, Snider et al. 2010) and may improve users’ participation (Koenig et al. 2008), exercise compliance and enhance exercise effectiveness (Bryanton et…”
MethodDie praktische Anwendung von Exergames und virtueller Realität in der pädiatrischen Rehabilitation
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“VR enhances sensorimotor integration in CP by improving visual perception, enabling precise body position and movement trajectory awareness, which optimizes motor accuracy and coordination (51, 52).”
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“…it is increasingly used in different types of health-related research geared towards rehabilitation and physical and/or psychological disabilities (Snider et al., 2010; Ravi et al., 2017; Bortone et al., 2018) and has demonstrated its feasibility in assessments of motor impairments among children.”
BackgroundMobile App as an Alternative in the Process of Speech Therapy in Children with Cerebral Palsy
Orbes, D., Guevara, J., Egas, P. F. B., & Toasa, R. M. (2022) · Lecture notes in networks and systems · doi:10.1007/978-3-031-11438-0_38 · Cited by 7
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“A large cohort of patients has now been in receipt of the virtual reality (VR) therapy, but in various formats with a variety of scales and scores that make comparisons difficult across studies (Bonnechere et al., 2014; Snider et al., 2010).”
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“It has been used therapeutically to enhance strength, range of motion, coordination, mental concentration, balance, and gait [17].”
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Driving improvement in spinal cord injury patients using virtual reality. Systematic review
Miguel-Rubio, A. D., Rascón-Maíz, J., Alba-Rueda, A., & Rodrigues‐de‐Souza, D. P. (2022) · Revista de Neurología · doi:10.33588/rn.7502.2022091 · Cited by 1
“En este estudio [7] se demuestra la eficacia de la RV para la rehabilitación de la conducción en la LM, así como en el de Snider et al [32] para el retraso cognitivo en la parálisis cerebral, en el de Mirelman et al [33] para el retraso motor después de un ictus, en el de Whitney et al [34] para el equilibrio y el con…”
BackgroundUpper limb training using visual feedback for children with cerebral palsy
Dilara Merve, S. A. R. I., & Kuru, T. (2022) · Journal of Exercise Therapy and Rehabilitation · doi:10.15437/jetr.878969 · Cited by 1
Wickramasinghe, B., Karunanayaka, K. T., Halloluwa, T., & Cheok, A. D. (2023) · International Conference on Advanced Research in Computing (ICARC) · doi:10.1109/icarc57651.2023.10145731 · Cited by 1
“The research done involving VR technology with a selected group of children with cerebral palsy showed better motor proficiency when compared to the traditional treatments [39].”
BackgroundComplications orthopédiques dans la paralysie cérébrale de l’enfant
Dziri, S., Salah, F. Z. B., Mrabet, A., Dziri, C., & Miri, I. (2016) · Motricité Cérébrale · doi:10.1016/j.motcer.2016.10.003 · Cited by 1
Immersive Virtual System Based on Games for Children’s Fine Motor Rehabilitation
Pruna, E., Tigse, J., Chuquitarco, A., Escobar, I., Pilatásig, M., & Galarza, E. D. (2018) · Lecture notes in computer science · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-95282-6_3 · Cited by 1
Factors associated with caregiver burden among caregivers of cerebral palsy children.
Yousaf, A., Iqbal, H., Zubair, R., Kashif, M., Hassan, D., & Ahmed, R. (2020) · The Professional Medical Journal · doi:10.29309/tpmj/2020.27.08.3781 · Cited by 1
Examining the Validity of Accelerometry for Measuring Arm Movements in Children
Dawe, J. (2017) · TSpace (University of Toronto) · Cited by 1
Watanave, H. A. C., & Chacón, M. F. S. (2018) · Universidad Peruana de Ciencias Aplicadas (UPC) · doi:10.19083/tesis/628222 · Cited by 1
Anticipatory and Reactive Mechanisms of Postural Control in Children and Adolescents
Mills, R. (2018) · uO Research (University of Ottawa) · doi:10.20381/ruor-22181 · Cited by 1
Al-Amri, M., Ghoussayni, S., & Ewins, D. (2011) · ORCA Online Research @Cardiff (Cardiff University)
Virtual reality based lower extremity exercises for children with cerebral palsy: Preliminary work
Al-Amri, M., Abásolo, D., Ghoussayni, S., & Ewins, D. (2013) · International Conference on Virtual Rehabilitation · doi:10.1109/icvr.2013.6662076
“Strategies to address this issue include the use of virtual reality (VR) environments [4], such that exercise can then become, for instance, a structured ‘game’ that the child can become immersed in.”
BackgroundUser evaluation of a virtual rehabilitation system during reaching exercises: a pilot study
Al-Amri, M., Abásolo, D., Ghoussayni, S., & Ewins, D. (2016) · ORCA Online Research @Cardiff (Cardiff University)
Marrón, E. M., Redolar-Ripoll, E., Boixadós, M., & Gómez, B. B. (2013)
Pavão, S. L., Arnoni, J. L. B., de Oliveira, A. K. C., & Rocha, N. A. C. F. (2014) · Revista Paulista de Pediatria (English Edition) · doi:10.1016/s2359-3482(15)30075-0
Virtual system for lower limbs strengthening in children
Pruna, E., Escobar, I., Pilatásig, M., Navarrete, M., Cardenas, A., & Bucheli, J. (2017) · IEEE CHILEAN Conference on Electrical, Electronics Engineering, Information and Communication Technologies (CHILECON) · doi:10.1109/chilecon.2017.8229575
“[13] Snider L, Majnemer A, Darsaklis V.”
3D Virtual System for Strengthening Lower and Upper Limbs in Children
Pruna, E., Tigse, J., Chuquitarco, A., Pilatásig, M., Escobar, I., & Galarza, E. D. (2018) · Advances in intelligent systems and computing · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-77712-2_97
Rehabilitation and Medical Assistant Technique in Virtual Reality
Sharma, G. (2017) · Advances in medical technologies and clinical practice book series · doi:10.4018/978-1-5225-2829-6.ch011
Gaming Technologies for Children and Youth with Cerebral Palsy
Gilbertson, T., Hsu, L., McCoy, S. W., & O’Neil, M. E. (2019) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-50592-3_179-1
Gross motor function in patients with cerebral palsy in rehabilitation process with virtual reality
Ide, F. C., Kühlkamp, M. B., Pimenta, R. D. A., Rezende, L. P., & Neto, F. R. (2021) · Saúde e Desenvolvimento Humano · doi:10.18316/sdh.v9i1.6747
Torres, J. J. R., & Sánchez, M. J. T. (2021)
Rehabilitation and Medical Assistant Technique in Virtual Reality
Sharma, G. (2018) · IGI Global eBooks · doi:10.4018/978-1-5225-5469-1.ch025
Technology in Rehabilitative Interventions for Children
Antonietti, A., & Traficante, D. (2022) · MDPI eBooks · doi:10.3390/books978-3-0365-4291-1
Noori, M., Akbarfahimi, N., Hosseini, S. A., & Vahedi, M. (2022) · Iranian Journal of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences · doi:10.5812/ijpbs-123340
“Children with CP also have difficulties with their daily function and participation, resulting in low physical activity levels, such as walking, running, and climbing stairs (2, 3).”
BackgroundMethod
Metadata
- Authors
- Snider, L., Majnemer, A., & Darsaklis, V.
- Affiliations
- McGill University (CA)
- Corresponding author
- Snider, Laurie
- Venue
- Developmental Neurorehabilitation
- Publisher
- Informa UK Limited
- Published
- 2010-01
- Volume
- 13
- Issue
- 2
- Pages
- 120-128
- ISSN
- 1363-8491 (ISSN-L)
- 1751-8423
- 1751-8431
- OpenAlex
- W2068620558
- Cited by
- 211
- References
- 37
- Citations by year
- 2026: 2 · 2025: 11 · 2024: 8 · 2023: 11 · 2022: 13 · 2021: 14 · 2020: 13 · 2019: 18 · 2018: 16 · 2017: 13 · 2016: 13 · 2015: 10 · 2014: 22 · 2013: 18 · 2012: 16
- FWCI
- 2.11
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Developmental Neurorehabilitation (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- McGill University Health Centre
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Rehabilitation › Cerebral Palsy and Movement Disorders
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Rehabilitation › Stroke Rehabilitation and Recovery
- Physical Sciences › Computer Science › Human-Computer Interaction › Virtual Reality Applications and Impacts
- Keywords
- virtual reality, cerebral palsy, children, motor capacity, neuroplasticity, visual perceptual skills, social participation (health and rehabilitation), rehabilitation, quality of evidence
- MeSH terms
- Brain, Cerebral Palsy, Child, Computer Simulation, Humans, Magnetic Resonance Imaging, Motivation, Motor Skills, Neuronal Plasticity, Self Concept, Social Behavior, User-Computer Interface, Visual Perception, Treatment Outcome
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