The DOI matches its Crossref record; 46 of the 50 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Validation of the Insomnia Severity Index in Primary Care
Open accessAbstract
BACKGROUND: Although insomnia is a prevalent complaint with significant consequences on quality of life, health, and health care utilization, it often remains undiagnosed and untreated in primary care settings. Brief, reliable, and valid instruments are needed to facilitate screening for insomnia in general practice. This study examined psychometric indices of the Insomnia Severity Index (ISI) to identify individuals with clinically significant insomnia in primary care settings. METHODS: A sample of 410 patients recruited from 6 general medical clinics completed the ISI before their appointment with a primary care physician. A subsample of 101 individuals also completed a semistructured clinical interview by telephone to determine the presence or absence of an insomnia disorder. Reliability and validity indices were computed, as was the discriminative capacity of each individual item. Convergence between ISI total score and the diagnosis derived from the interview was investigated. Receiver operator characteristic analyses were used to determine the optimal ISI cutoff score that correctly identified individuals with an insomnia disorder. RESULTS: ISI internal consistency was excellent (Cronbach α = 0.92), and each individual item showed adequate discriminative capacity (r = 0.65-0.84). The area under the receiver operator characteristic curve was 0.87 and suggested that a cutoff score of 14 was optimal (82.4% sensitivity, 82.1% specificity, and 82.2% agreement) for detecting clinical insomnia. Agreement between the ISI cut score and the diagnostic interview was moderate (κ = 0.62). CONCLUSIONS: These findings suggest that the ISI is a valid screening instrument for detecting insomnia among patients consulting in primary care settings.
Overview
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
The source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“The questionnaire has been validated in clinical and community samples and is characterised by high internal consistency (α=0.90 to 0.92) and adequate discriminative validity of the individual items.77 78”
From Clinical and cost-effectiveness of a guided internet-based Acceptance and Commitment Therapy to improve chronic pain-related disability in green professions (PACT-A): Study protocol of a pragmatic randomised controlled trial (2020) · cites this paper as [78]
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Citations
Cites
Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders
Williams, J. B. W., & First, M. B. (2013) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/acrefore/9780199975839.013.104 · Cited by 109,845
Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders
(2012) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/springerreference_121117 · Cited by 20,772
Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders.
Widiger, T. A. (2000) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1037/10518-009 · Cited by 19,766
(1998) · The Journal of Clinical Psychiatry · Cited by 19,139
Measuring the Accuracy of Diagnostic Systems
Swets, J. A. (1988) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.3287615 · Cited by 10,058
Validation of the Insomnia Severity Index as an outcome measure for insomnia research
Bastien, C. (2001) · Sleep Medicine · doi:10.1016/s1389-9457(00)00065-4 · Cited by 8,067
Receiver-operating characteristic (ROC) plots: a fundamental evaluation tool in clinical medicine
ZWEIG, M. H., & Campbell, G. (1993) · Clinical Chemistry · doi:10.1093/clinchem/39.4.561 · Cited by 6,595
The mini international neuropsychiatric interview
Lecrubier, Y., Sheehan, D. V., Hergueta, T., & Weiller, E. (1998) · European Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/s0924-9338(99)80239-9 · Cited by 5,899
The International Classification of Sleep Disorders
Daroff, R. B. (1991) · Neurology · doi:10.1212/wnl.41.1.160 · Cited by 5,023
Morin, C. M., Belleville, G., Bélanger, L., & Ivers, H. (2011) · Sleep · doi:10.1093/sleep/34.5.601 · Cited by 4,620
Self-citation
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Mountjoy, M., Ackerman, K. E., Bailey, D. M., Burke, L. M., Constantini, N., Hackney, A. C., Heikura, I. A., Melin, A., Pensgaard, A. M., Stellingwerff, T., et al. (2023) · British Journal of Sports Medicine · doi:10.1136/bjsports-2023-106994 · Cited by 724
Insomnia and Risk of Cardiovascular Disease
Javaheri, S., & Redline, S. S. (2017) · CHEST Journal · doi:10.1016/j.chest.2017.01.026 · Cited by 757
Ma, L., Mazidi, M., Ke, L., Li, Y., Chen, S., Kirwan, R., Zhou, H., Yan, N., Rahman, A., Wang, W.-D., et al. (2021) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2021.06.021 · Cited by 527
Rusch, H. L., Rosario, M., Levison, L. M., Olivera, A., Livingston, W. S., Wu, T., & Gill, J. M. (2019) · Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1111/nyas.13996 · Cited by 500
Younes, F., Halawi, G., Jabbour, H., El Osta, N., Karam, L., Hajj, A., & Rabbaa Khabbaz, L. (2016) · PLOS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0161126 · Cited by 475
Metadata
- Authors
- Gagnon, C., Belanger, L., Ivers, H., & Morin, C. M.
- Affiliations
- Université Laval (CA)
- Venue
- The Journal of the American Board of Family Medicine
- Published
- 2013-11-01
- Volume
- 26
- Issue
- 6
- Pages
- 701-710
- ISSN
- 1557-2625 (ISSN-L)
- 1558-7118
- OpenAlex
- W2131444989
- Cited by
- 319
- References
- 50
- Citations by year
- 2026: 20 · 2025: 29 · 2024: 34 · 2023: 34 · 2022: 37 · 2021: 51 · 2020: 36 · 2019: 23 · 2018: 14 · 2017: 15 · 2016: 16 · 2015: 5 · 2014: 3 · 2013: 2
- FWCI
- 11.72
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Locations
- The Journal of the American Board of Family Medicine (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Sleep and related disorders
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Anxiety, Depression, Psychometrics, Treatment, Cognitive Processes
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Physiology (medical) › Obstructive Sleep Apnea Research
- Keywords
- Insomnia Severity Index, insomnia screening, primary care, psychometric validation, internal consistency, cut-off values, diagnostic accuracy, insomnia diagnosis, general practice
- MeSH terms
- Female, Humans, Sleep Initiation and Maintenance Disorders, Male, Middle Aged, Primary Health Care, Psychometrics, Quality of Life, Quebec, Surveys and Questionnaires, Retrospective Studies, ROC Curve, Severity of Illness Index, Prevalence
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
